易腐品联合采购决策与费用分配研究
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摘要
新鲜水果、蔬菜、海鲜等产品的高易腐性以及独特的消费者鲜度偏好要求该类产品在以最短的时间从田间转移到餐桌时,降低其在流通中的损耗,保证其在流通中实现品质的稳定。受制于我国冷库、冷藏运输车等基础设施能力不足、储藏保鲜以及低温运输技术比较落后,我国易腐性食品在流通中的损耗比较大。近年来,随着经济的发展与居民生活水平的提高,人们对易腐性产品的需求量逐年增加,对产品的品质、多样性及鲜度提出了更高要求。加快实施易腐性产品供应链管理,对于保障消费安全以及降低企业物流成本来说具有重要意义。为此,本文以水果连锁店、大型连锁超市为研究对象,分析各零售商在联合采购下的订货策略以及费用分配问题。
首先,在各零售商补货能力有限的情况下,建立了多零售商联合采购的库存控制模型以及费用分配博弈模型,证明了多零售商在联合采购下存在最优订货策略以及费用分配博弈的核心非空,并对几种典型的比例分配解的效率进行了模拟分析。在此基础上,考虑了零售商集中存储产品时的联合采购问题,通过研究表明零售商联盟在集中存储产品时的费用低于独立存储产品时的费用。据此进一步考虑零售商允许缺货且缺货量完全拖后供给的联合采购问题,证明了最优订货策略的存在性,提出了属于费用分配博弈核心的比例分配方案并研究了该方案满足的公理性质。
其次,研究了供应商允许零售商延期支付货款时的多零售联合采购问题。在各零售商只有一类顾客情况下,研究了多零售商的订货策略以及费用分配方案,并分析了供应商提供的结汇期限变化以及变质率变化对零售商费用的影响；在各零售商有两类顾客情况下,证明了多零售商在联合采购模式下的费用小于各零售商独立采购时的费用,提出了属于费用分配博弈核心的比例分配解,重点考察了终端顾客比例对各零售商分担费用的影响。
再次,分析了不同订货策略下的多产品库存控制模型。在零售商对各种产品的需求均不为零时,证明大联盟在比例分配费用方案下属于博弈的最大一致集,因此不管从眼前利益还是长远利益来看,大联盟在该方案下都是稳定的。结合数值算例说明,存在零售商对某种产品的需求为零时,零售商联盟在统一订货策略下是不稳定的,单独订货策略是联盟选择的最佳订货策略。在单独订货策略下,证明了联盟对各种产品的订货策略,并分析了各零售商在单独订货策略下的费用分配问题。通过研究表明,零售商期望分担的费用存在一个上界和下界。在此基础上,我们分析了位于一条直线上的零售商联合采购、集中配送问题。证明了只有在某些情况下,零售商的合作是有意义的。结合数值算例说明,在零售商合作有益情况下,距供应商较近的零售商希望通过边际费用分配方案来分配合作后产生的费用,距供应商较远的零售商更偏好于比例分配方案。
而后,研究了供应商提供数量折扣下的联合采购问题。在供应商最大化其利益的情况下,分别证明了在零售商独立采购以及联合采购时最优数量折扣合同的存在性。通过研究表明,联合采购不仅使零售商的总费用减少,而且提高了供应商的利润。在此基础上,我们考虑了多零售商在联合采购时存在协调成本的情形,证明了零售商在协调成本满足一定条件下的合作是有意义的。
本论文的研究不仅可以丰富易腐品的库存控制模型,还可以促进合作博弈的理论与方法的发展,研究结果可以为易腐性产品供应链企业的联合采购提供理论方法和决策参考。
Due to the highly perishable nature and customers'special preferences of some products, such as fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, live seafood, we should transfer these products from the field to the table in the shortest possible time to maintain high food quality and reduce the losses. Since our country lacks cold storage, sophisticated transportation facilities and is backward in fresh-keeping technique, fresh products in process of circulation can cause even greater losses. In recent years, with economy developing and living standard improved, the demand for perishable products is on the decrease, with much higher requirement for the quality, the diversity, and the freshness. Implementing supply chain management has great significance for modern enterprise to reduce logistics costs and guarantee food safety. Therefore, with the fruit chain store and big chain superstores as the research project, this thesis studies the joint replenishment problem and cost allocation problem for multi-retailers when they form a purchasing alliance.
Firstly, inventory control model and cost allocation game under the finite replenishment rate are established when the retailers place their ordering simultaneously. It is proved that the optimal ordering policy exists, and the core of the cost allocation game is nonempty. The efficiency of several proportional rules is also studied by simulation. Based on this analysis, collaborative procurement problem when the retailers store their goods jointly in the storehouse with lowest holding cost is studied. The conclusion implies that the alliance's cost under centralized storage is lower than that under independent storage. Moreover, the inventory game with shortage and backlogging is considered. It is proved that the optimal ordering policy exists, and the proportional rule lies in the core. The property for proportional solution rules on the class of ordering cost games is also studied.
Secondly, the jointly replenishment problem for multi-retailers under the permissible delay of payments offered by the supplier is studied. When all the retailers have only one type of customers, the optimal ordering policy and the cost allocation problem are studied. The effects of credit terms and deterioration rates on the retailer's cost are also discussed. When all the retailers have two types of customers, the alliance's cost is less than the sum of retailer's cost when they order independently. The proportional allocation rule is defined and proved to be a core allocation. In addition, the effect of the final customer's rate on the retailer's cost is analyzed emphatically.
Thirdly, inventory models of multi-product under two different ordering policies are developed. When the demand for all the types of product is not equal to zero, ordering every product jointly may be a choice for the alliance. The grand coalition under the given proportional allocation rule lies in the largest consistent set. Therefore, the grand coalition is a stable outcome not only from the myopic point of view of stability but also from the farsighted point of view of stability. If there exists a retailer whose demand for some types of product is zero, the best ordering policy is ordering each product independently. Under this policy, the optimal ordering policy and the cost allocation problem are studied for each product. There exist lower bound and upper bound for each retailer's expected cost sharing. Based on this analysis, a distribution model for the retailers that lie in the line is developed. Only in some cases, the retailer's cooperation is meaningful, and the retailer near to the supplier prefers to the marginal vector solution, while the retailer located away from the supplier prefers to the proportional allocation rule.
Finally, the jointly replenishment problem for multi-retailers with quantity discount is studied. In the context of the supplier maximizing his profit, the optimal quantity discount contract exists when the retailers order independently and order jointly. The collaborative procurement not only leads to a decrease in each retailer's cost but also improves the supplier's profit. Moreover, if there exists cost coordination among retailer's in ordering jointly, it is proved that retailer's cooperation is meaningful in some circumstances.
This study enriches the inventory model with perishable products, and extends the theory and method of cooperative game. The results give a theoretical basis and reference for collaborative procurement and cost allocation problems in supply chains with perishable products.
首先,在各零售商补货能力有限的情况下,建立了多零售商联合采购的库存控制模型以及费用分配博弈模型,证明了多零售商在联合采购下存在最优订货策略以及费用分配博弈的核心非空,并对几种典型的比例分配解的效率进行了模拟分析。在此基础上,考虑了零售商集中存储产品时的联合采购问题,通过研究表明零售商联盟在集中存储产品时的费用低于独立存储产品时的费用。据此进一步考虑零售商允许缺货且缺货量完全拖后供给的联合采购问题,证明了最优订货策略的存在性,提出了属于费用分配博弈核心的比例分配方案并研究了该方案满足的公理性质。
其次,研究了供应商允许零售商延期支付货款时的多零售联合采购问题。在各零售商只有一类顾客情况下,研究了多零售商的订货策略以及费用分配方案,并分析了供应商提供的结汇期限变化以及变质率变化对零售商费用的影响；在各零售商有两类顾客情况下,证明了多零售商在联合采购模式下的费用小于各零售商独立采购时的费用,提出了属于费用分配博弈核心的比例分配解,重点考察了终端顾客比例对各零售商分担费用的影响。
再次,分析了不同订货策略下的多产品库存控制模型。在零售商对各种产品的需求均不为零时,证明大联盟在比例分配费用方案下属于博弈的最大一致集,因此不管从眼前利益还是长远利益来看,大联盟在该方案下都是稳定的。结合数值算例说明,存在零售商对某种产品的需求为零时,零售商联盟在统一订货策略下是不稳定的,单独订货策略是联盟选择的最佳订货策略。在单独订货策略下,证明了联盟对各种产品的订货策略,并分析了各零售商在单独订货策略下的费用分配问题。通过研究表明,零售商期望分担的费用存在一个上界和下界。在此基础上,我们分析了位于一条直线上的零售商联合采购、集中配送问题。证明了只有在某些情况下,零售商的合作是有意义的。结合数值算例说明,在零售商合作有益情况下,距供应商较近的零售商希望通过边际费用分配方案来分配合作后产生的费用,距供应商较远的零售商更偏好于比例分配方案。
而后,研究了供应商提供数量折扣下的联合采购问题。在供应商最大化其利益的情况下,分别证明了在零售商独立采购以及联合采购时最优数量折扣合同的存在性。通过研究表明,联合采购不仅使零售商的总费用减少,而且提高了供应商的利润。在此基础上,我们考虑了多零售商在联合采购时存在协调成本的情形,证明了零售商在协调成本满足一定条件下的合作是有意义的。
本论文的研究不仅可以丰富易腐品的库存控制模型,还可以促进合作博弈的理论与方法的发展,研究结果可以为易腐性产品供应链企业的联合采购提供理论方法和决策参考。
Due to the highly perishable nature and customers'special preferences of some products, such as fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, live seafood, we should transfer these products from the field to the table in the shortest possible time to maintain high food quality and reduce the losses. Since our country lacks cold storage, sophisticated transportation facilities and is backward in fresh-keeping technique, fresh products in process of circulation can cause even greater losses. In recent years, with economy developing and living standard improved, the demand for perishable products is on the decrease, with much higher requirement for the quality, the diversity, and the freshness. Implementing supply chain management has great significance for modern enterprise to reduce logistics costs and guarantee food safety. Therefore, with the fruit chain store and big chain superstores as the research project, this thesis studies the joint replenishment problem and cost allocation problem for multi-retailers when they form a purchasing alliance.
Firstly, inventory control model and cost allocation game under the finite replenishment rate are established when the retailers place their ordering simultaneously. It is proved that the optimal ordering policy exists, and the core of the cost allocation game is nonempty. The efficiency of several proportional rules is also studied by simulation. Based on this analysis, collaborative procurement problem when the retailers store their goods jointly in the storehouse with lowest holding cost is studied. The conclusion implies that the alliance's cost under centralized storage is lower than that under independent storage. Moreover, the inventory game with shortage and backlogging is considered. It is proved that the optimal ordering policy exists, and the proportional rule lies in the core. The property for proportional solution rules on the class of ordering cost games is also studied.
Secondly, the jointly replenishment problem for multi-retailers under the permissible delay of payments offered by the supplier is studied. When all the retailers have only one type of customers, the optimal ordering policy and the cost allocation problem are studied. The effects of credit terms and deterioration rates on the retailer's cost are also discussed. When all the retailers have two types of customers, the alliance's cost is less than the sum of retailer's cost when they order independently. The proportional allocation rule is defined and proved to be a core allocation. In addition, the effect of the final customer's rate on the retailer's cost is analyzed emphatically.
Thirdly, inventory models of multi-product under two different ordering policies are developed. When the demand for all the types of product is not equal to zero, ordering every product jointly may be a choice for the alliance. The grand coalition under the given proportional allocation rule lies in the largest consistent set. Therefore, the grand coalition is a stable outcome not only from the myopic point of view of stability but also from the farsighted point of view of stability. If there exists a retailer whose demand for some types of product is zero, the best ordering policy is ordering each product independently. Under this policy, the optimal ordering policy and the cost allocation problem are studied for each product. There exist lower bound and upper bound for each retailer's expected cost sharing. Based on this analysis, a distribution model for the retailers that lie in the line is developed. Only in some cases, the retailer's cooperation is meaningful, and the retailer near to the supplier prefers to the marginal vector solution, while the retailer located away from the supplier prefers to the proportional allocation rule.
Finally, the jointly replenishment problem for multi-retailers with quantity discount is studied. In the context of the supplier maximizing his profit, the optimal quantity discount contract exists when the retailers order independently and order jointly. The collaborative procurement not only leads to a decrease in each retailer's cost but also improves the supplier's profit. Moreover, if there exists cost coordination among retailer's in ordering jointly, it is proved that retailer's cooperation is meaningful in some circumstances.
This study enriches the inventory model with perishable products, and extends the theory and method of cooperative game. The results give a theoretical basis and reference for collaborative procurement and cost allocation problems in supply chains with perishable products.
引文
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