基于组织结构演变的生猪供应链质量激励契约研究
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摘要
猪肉是我国居民日常饮食中最重要的蛋白质来源，猪肉质量对我国食品安全具有重要战略意义。然而，近年来我国猪肉质量安全事件频频发生，尤其是生猪养殖环节违禁兽药、饲料添加剂所引发的质量安全事件更为突出。因此，控制猪肉供应链上游生猪质量安全隐患，是确保我国居民安全、健康消费猪肉的迫切需求。近年来，我国已进入生猪养殖规模化的快速发展阶段，实施生猪供应链质量管理的时机逐渐成熟，这为提高我国生猪质量水平创造了有力的外部条件。当前，生猪供应链质量控制契约已成为理论界普遍关注但尚未深入研究的热点问题，尤其缺乏嵌入我国生猪供应链组织结构演变趋势这一重要背景的研究成果。
基于上述背景，本文以分析我国生猪供应链组织结构演变路径及其特征为理论逻辑起点；其次，通过构建生猪供应链质量系统模型，分析松散型、中间型和一体化型三种组织结构模式下生猪供应链系统质量水平及其影响因素；再次，以生猪供应链质量激励契约为主线，依次研究内部惩罚契约、外部损失分担契约和内外损失分担契约在单核心和双核心中间型生猪供应链组织模式下的有效性、公平性和对养殖资源的利用率问题；论文最后综合评价了三种质量激励契约分别在单核心、双核心以及由单核心向双核心组织结构演变过程中的相对激励效果差异，并据此分析了当前我国生猪供应链质量激励契约选择问题。
通过本文的系统研究，得出以下结论：
（1）伴随我国生猪养殖规模化的快速发展，生猪供应链节点间的质量合作关系相应发现变化，推动生猪供应链组织结构演变遵循“松散型”、“中间型”和“一体化型”这一演化路径，且“中间型”组织模式是我国生猪供应链在未来较长时间内的主导模式。
（2）生猪供应链组织结构决定其系统质量水平。“松散型”和“一体化型”生猪供应链分别代表了生猪供应链系统质量水平最低和最高的两种组织模式，而“中间型”生猪供应链则根据生猪供应链节点间的契约类型而具有相应的质量水平。
（3）在单核心生猪供应链组织结构下，三种契约的综合激励效果依次为外部损失分担契约、内外损失分担契约和内部惩罚契约；而在双核心生猪供应链组织结构下，三种契约的综合激励效果依次为内外损失分担契约、外部损失分担契约和内部惩罚契约。
（4）生猪供应链组织结构由单核心向双核心演变时，内部惩罚契约、内外损失分担契约的综合激励效果提升，而外部损失分担契约的综合激励效果下降。即当生猪供应链组织结构由单核心向双核心演变时，内外损失分担契约与内部惩罚契约成为可供选择的契约类型，且内外损失分担契约的综合激励效果更为明显。
本文明晰了生猪供应链组织结构演变路径及其特征，揭示了生猪供应链组织结构模式与质量激励契约之间的最佳匹配规律，提出质量激励契约的三维评价标准，上述发现为生猪供应链组织结构变革、生猪质量激励契约设计与评价提供理论依据，并拓展了供应链组织结构与质量契约等基础理论。
Pork is the most important source of protein in Chinese consumers' daily diet. The qualityof pork has vital strategic significance to Chinese food safety. However, the security incidentsrelated to pork quality occur frequently in recent years. Incidents caused by using bannedveterinary medicine, feed additive are much more serious. Therefore, to reduce the potentialsafety hazards in the upstream of pork supply chain is very urgent to meet Chinese consumers'requirement for pork safety and healthy consumption. At present, the scale of pig breedingdevelops rapidly, and it is time to implement the quality management of pig supply chain, allof which provide favorable external conditions for improving the pig quality level. Thequality control contracts of pig supply chain gets a common attention, however, without beingresearched thoroughly in theoretical field. The research of the organization structureembedded in China pig supply chain is not sufficient.
Against this background, this dissertation takes the evolution and feature of organizationstructure of pig supply chain as its theoretical logic point. Secondly, by constructing a qualitysystem model about pig supply chain, it analyzes features and effect factors of the qualitymodel under three kinds of organization structure modes including loose supply chain,mediate type supply chain and integrated supply chain. Thirdly, based on the quality incentivecontract, it studies the efficiency, fairness and resource utilization of these three kinds ofquality incentive contracts under single core structure and dual core structure in mediate typesupply chain. In the end, it assesses the differences of relative incentive effects in single core,dual core, and the evolution from single core to dual core organization structure among thesethree quality incentive contracts. According the above study, the dissertation also analyzes thechoice of quality incentive contracts in China pig supply chain.
On the basis of systematic research, this dissertation gives the following conclusion:
(1) The scale of pig breeding develops rapidly, and the cooperative relationship betweenthe nodes of the pig supply chain changes correspondingly. The organization structure of thechain evolves from "loose supply chain","mediate type supply chain" to "integrated supplychain". The mediate type supply chain will be the dominant mode for a long time in thefuture.
(2) The organization structure of pig supply chain determines its system quality."Loosesupply chain" and "integrated supply chain" represent two organization structures which are with the worst quality level and the best quality level respectively. The quality level ofmediate type supply chain corresponds with the contract types between the nodes of pigsupply chain.
(3) When the organization structure of pig supply chain is in single core, three contractsranked according to their comprehensive incentive effects are external loss sharing contract,internal and external loss sharing contract and internal punishment contract. While the supplychain is in dual core, the three contracts will be ranked as internal and external loss sharingcontract, external loss sharing contract, and internal punishment contract orderly.
(4) When the organization structure of pig supply chain changes from single core to dualcore, the incentive effects of internal and external loss sharing contract and internalpunishment contract increase, while that of external loss sharing contract reduces. That is,when the organization structure of pig supply chain changes from single core to dual core,internal and external loss sharing contract and internal punishment contract increase becomeselection of contract types, and the internal and the comprehensive incentive effect is muchmore apparent.
The study reveals the evolution path and features of China pig supply chain. Meanwhile, itexplores the the inherent law of optimum matching between pig supply chain and qualityincentive contracts. It provides a theory reference for the organization structure revolution ofpig supply chain and the design of quality incentive contracts. What's more, it will be helpfulfor the relevant theoretical research in future.
基于上述背景，本文以分析我国生猪供应链组织结构演变路径及其特征为理论逻辑起点；其次，通过构建生猪供应链质量系统模型，分析松散型、中间型和一体化型三种组织结构模式下生猪供应链系统质量水平及其影响因素；再次，以生猪供应链质量激励契约为主线，依次研究内部惩罚契约、外部损失分担契约和内外损失分担契约在单核心和双核心中间型生猪供应链组织模式下的有效性、公平性和对养殖资源的利用率问题；论文最后综合评价了三种质量激励契约分别在单核心、双核心以及由单核心向双核心组织结构演变过程中的相对激励效果差异，并据此分析了当前我国生猪供应链质量激励契约选择问题。
通过本文的系统研究，得出以下结论：
（1）伴随我国生猪养殖规模化的快速发展，生猪供应链节点间的质量合作关系相应发现变化，推动生猪供应链组织结构演变遵循“松散型”、“中间型”和“一体化型”这一演化路径，且“中间型”组织模式是我国生猪供应链在未来较长时间内的主导模式。
（2）生猪供应链组织结构决定其系统质量水平。“松散型”和“一体化型”生猪供应链分别代表了生猪供应链系统质量水平最低和最高的两种组织模式，而“中间型”生猪供应链则根据生猪供应链节点间的契约类型而具有相应的质量水平。
（3）在单核心生猪供应链组织结构下，三种契约的综合激励效果依次为外部损失分担契约、内外损失分担契约和内部惩罚契约；而在双核心生猪供应链组织结构下，三种契约的综合激励效果依次为内外损失分担契约、外部损失分担契约和内部惩罚契约。
（4）生猪供应链组织结构由单核心向双核心演变时，内部惩罚契约、内外损失分担契约的综合激励效果提升，而外部损失分担契约的综合激励效果下降。即当生猪供应链组织结构由单核心向双核心演变时，内外损失分担契约与内部惩罚契约成为可供选择的契约类型，且内外损失分担契约的综合激励效果更为明显。
本文明晰了生猪供应链组织结构演变路径及其特征，揭示了生猪供应链组织结构模式与质量激励契约之间的最佳匹配规律，提出质量激励契约的三维评价标准，上述发现为生猪供应链组织结构变革、生猪质量激励契约设计与评价提供理论依据，并拓展了供应链组织结构与质量契约等基础理论。
Pork is the most important source of protein in Chinese consumers' daily diet. The qualityof pork has vital strategic significance to Chinese food safety. However, the security incidentsrelated to pork quality occur frequently in recent years. Incidents caused by using bannedveterinary medicine, feed additive are much more serious. Therefore, to reduce the potentialsafety hazards in the upstream of pork supply chain is very urgent to meet Chinese consumers'requirement for pork safety and healthy consumption. At present, the scale of pig breedingdevelops rapidly, and it is time to implement the quality management of pig supply chain, allof which provide favorable external conditions for improving the pig quality level. Thequality control contracts of pig supply chain gets a common attention, however, without beingresearched thoroughly in theoretical field. The research of the organization structureembedded in China pig supply chain is not sufficient.
Against this background, this dissertation takes the evolution and feature of organizationstructure of pig supply chain as its theoretical logic point. Secondly, by constructing a qualitysystem model about pig supply chain, it analyzes features and effect factors of the qualitymodel under three kinds of organization structure modes including loose supply chain,mediate type supply chain and integrated supply chain. Thirdly, based on the quality incentivecontract, it studies the efficiency, fairness and resource utilization of these three kinds ofquality incentive contracts under single core structure and dual core structure in mediate typesupply chain. In the end, it assesses the differences of relative incentive effects in single core,dual core, and the evolution from single core to dual core organization structure among thesethree quality incentive contracts. According the above study, the dissertation also analyzes thechoice of quality incentive contracts in China pig supply chain.
On the basis of systematic research, this dissertation gives the following conclusion:
(1) The scale of pig breeding develops rapidly, and the cooperative relationship betweenthe nodes of the pig supply chain changes correspondingly. The organization structure of thechain evolves from "loose supply chain","mediate type supply chain" to "integrated supplychain". The mediate type supply chain will be the dominant mode for a long time in thefuture.
(2) The organization structure of pig supply chain determines its system quality."Loosesupply chain" and "integrated supply chain" represent two organization structures which are with the worst quality level and the best quality level respectively. The quality level ofmediate type supply chain corresponds with the contract types between the nodes of pigsupply chain.
(3) When the organization structure of pig supply chain is in single core, three contractsranked according to their comprehensive incentive effects are external loss sharing contract,internal and external loss sharing contract and internal punishment contract. While the supplychain is in dual core, the three contracts will be ranked as internal and external loss sharingcontract, external loss sharing contract, and internal punishment contract orderly.
(4) When the organization structure of pig supply chain changes from single core to dualcore, the incentive effects of internal and external loss sharing contract and internalpunishment contract increase, while that of external loss sharing contract reduces. That is,when the organization structure of pig supply chain changes from single core to dual core,internal and external loss sharing contract and internal punishment contract increase becomeselection of contract types, and the internal and the comprehensive incentive effect is muchmore apparent.
The study reveals the evolution path and features of China pig supply chain. Meanwhile, itexplores the the inherent law of optimum matching between pig supply chain and qualityincentive contracts. It provides a theory reference for the organization structure revolution ofpig supply chain and the design of quality incentive contracts. What's more, it will be helpfulfor the relevant theoretical research in future.
引文
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