发展中国家的电子政务挑战：基于云计算的电子公私合作模式研究
|
摘要
本文旨在研究通过运用信息通讯技术(也被称为电子政务)公共部门(包括政府部门、国有企业等政府相关机构)是如何从等级分明、官僚主义严重、效率低下以及不作为转变为高效、透明、有责任感、响应度高、有道德、以公民为中心的公共部门的。本文的重点在于研究发展中国家在电子政务方面面临的挑战,以及如何通过利用“云计算”实现跨越式发展的潜力创新公私合作模式来应对这些挑战。
本研究分析了公共部门因为运用信息通讯技术所引起改革,以及世界不同地区、不同国家所取得的进展。通过分析清晰地展示了那些在政务公开、政府效率、和电子政府准备度方面做得好的国家,在经济上也比较发达。当今社会,国家竞争力、创新能力、经济发展与公共管理水平的联系如此紧密,以至于全世界都需要一个“更好的政府”。
电子政务对发展中国家的好处是巨大的。然而,在许多发展中国家,政府和公共部门由于缺乏相应的资金和技能而不能及时实现这一概念。公私合作关系已经成为解决这个问题的可行途径,它使得私营机构充足的资金和技能可以被公共部门整合到电子政务项目上。公私合作模式可以使政府减少在IT基础设施的建设和维护上的投入,从而使其把更大的精力放在重要的功能上
但是如果仍然使用传统的方式为每一个政府部门建立一套独立的IT基础设施和资源,则必然导致系统的重复建设,以及低利用率、低反应速度和信息孤岛现象。云计算技术减少了单个部门在投资和管理IT资源方面的负担,使所有的政府机构加强信息技术基础建设成为可能。通过云计算技术,政府部门可以把精力集中在提供更优质的网络公共服务上,也可将资源用在他们的核心业务上以更好的服务大众。
本论文建议在云计算技术的基础上建立新的公私合作模式来建设、发展和管理电子政务,帮助解决发展中国家所面临的电子政务挑战。对保密信息和一般信息的不同需求,本文提出用“专有云”模式来应对保密信息需求,用“公共云”模式来满足更一般情况下的大部分公共信息需求。
这种模式的好处是利用先进的云计算技术将公共部门的低资金成本与私有部门的资本优势、技术优势、管理优势结合,组合成一种最佳的低成本(电子政务)解决方案。
本文还利用最优化理论简单地证明了与传统政府机构在电子政府的资金投入相比,本文所提出的模型具有更高的成本利用率、运作效率,更能优化ICT资源,并能够提高政府的服务质量。该模型可用于包括巴基斯坦在内的所有发展中国家。
The motivation behind this research is to understand the transformation of a hierarchical, bureaucratic, inefficient and non-responsive public sector to an efficient, transparent, accountable, responsive, moral and citizen-centric public sector through the use of electronic information and communications technologies also called e-Government. The main focus is to identify and examine the e-Government challenges faced by developing countries and how to address these challenges through an innovative Public-Private Partnership Model using the leapfrogging potential of Cloud Computing.
This research analyses the transformation of public sector through the application of ICT in government processes and the developments made by different countries in different regions of the world. From this analysis one thing is crystal clear that those countries that have open, efficient, transparent, accountable and responsive public-sector and high level of e-Government readiness are also top on the economic performance and competitiveness scoreboards. For example, the Scandinavian countries, North American Nations and East Asian Countries who constitute the top ten leaders in e-Government readiness index, also constitute the highest GDP per capita group of nations. This strong link between national competitiveness, economic growth, innovation strength and the quality of public administrations necessitates the importance of better government in the global economy.
The benefits of e-Government to developing nations are enormous. However, lack of appropriate funds and skills within the government and public sector often inhibit the implementation of this concept in many countries. Public-Private Partnership has emerged as a viable solution to this problem, thereby enabling adequate financial resources and skills of the private sector to be utilized for e-Government projects. The public-private partnership model relieves government of the responsibility of building and maintaining IT infrastructure, while focusing on its core function.
But if built and procured IT infrastructure and resources for public sector in traditional way for every agency individually, it will be characterized by low utilization, duplicative systems, long procurement cycle, and organizational "silos" Cloud computing has made it possible to consolidate IT infrastructure for all of the government which relieve the individual agencies of the burden of investing and managing IT resources. Instead they can focus on offering more high quality online public services and shift resources to focus on their core business, by better serving the citizenry.
In this dissertation a Public-Private partnership Model Based on Hybrid Cloud is proposed for development, implementation and management of e-Government best suited to address the challenges of e-Government particularly in developing countries. The model proposes a private cloud for confidential public information, and makes public the general information which constitutes a major portion of government information through public cloud.
The model combines the advantages of lower cost of capital of the public sector and financial, technological, and managerial strengths of the private sector along with the benefits of cloud computing technology to come up with an optimal total low cost solution. The Model is based on Mathematical optimization with no mathematical complexity which easily prove mathematically that the proposed structure will provide cost effectiveness, efficiency, optimization of ICT resources, and increased quality of service benefits to governments compared to traditional public sector investment in e-Government. The Model can be used in developing countries including Pakistan.
本研究分析了公共部门因为运用信息通讯技术所引起改革,以及世界不同地区、不同国家所取得的进展。通过分析清晰地展示了那些在政务公开、政府效率、和电子政府准备度方面做得好的国家,在经济上也比较发达。当今社会,国家竞争力、创新能力、经济发展与公共管理水平的联系如此紧密,以至于全世界都需要一个“更好的政府”。
电子政务对发展中国家的好处是巨大的。然而,在许多发展中国家,政府和公共部门由于缺乏相应的资金和技能而不能及时实现这一概念。公私合作关系已经成为解决这个问题的可行途径,它使得私营机构充足的资金和技能可以被公共部门整合到电子政务项目上。公私合作模式可以使政府减少在IT基础设施的建设和维护上的投入,从而使其把更大的精力放在重要的功能上
但是如果仍然使用传统的方式为每一个政府部门建立一套独立的IT基础设施和资源,则必然导致系统的重复建设,以及低利用率、低反应速度和信息孤岛现象。云计算技术减少了单个部门在投资和管理IT资源方面的负担,使所有的政府机构加强信息技术基础建设成为可能。通过云计算技术,政府部门可以把精力集中在提供更优质的网络公共服务上,也可将资源用在他们的核心业务上以更好的服务大众。
本论文建议在云计算技术的基础上建立新的公私合作模式来建设、发展和管理电子政务,帮助解决发展中国家所面临的电子政务挑战。对保密信息和一般信息的不同需求,本文提出用“专有云”模式来应对保密信息需求,用“公共云”模式来满足更一般情况下的大部分公共信息需求。
这种模式的好处是利用先进的云计算技术将公共部门的低资金成本与私有部门的资本优势、技术优势、管理优势结合,组合成一种最佳的低成本(电子政务)解决方案。
本文还利用最优化理论简单地证明了与传统政府机构在电子政府的资金投入相比,本文所提出的模型具有更高的成本利用率、运作效率,更能优化ICT资源,并能够提高政府的服务质量。该模型可用于包括巴基斯坦在内的所有发展中国家。
The motivation behind this research is to understand the transformation of a hierarchical, bureaucratic, inefficient and non-responsive public sector to an efficient, transparent, accountable, responsive, moral and citizen-centric public sector through the use of electronic information and communications technologies also called e-Government. The main focus is to identify and examine the e-Government challenges faced by developing countries and how to address these challenges through an innovative Public-Private Partnership Model using the leapfrogging potential of Cloud Computing.
This research analyses the transformation of public sector through the application of ICT in government processes and the developments made by different countries in different regions of the world. From this analysis one thing is crystal clear that those countries that have open, efficient, transparent, accountable and responsive public-sector and high level of e-Government readiness are also top on the economic performance and competitiveness scoreboards. For example, the Scandinavian countries, North American Nations and East Asian Countries who constitute the top ten leaders in e-Government readiness index, also constitute the highest GDP per capita group of nations. This strong link between national competitiveness, economic growth, innovation strength and the quality of public administrations necessitates the importance of better government in the global economy.
The benefits of e-Government to developing nations are enormous. However, lack of appropriate funds and skills within the government and public sector often inhibit the implementation of this concept in many countries. Public-Private Partnership has emerged as a viable solution to this problem, thereby enabling adequate financial resources and skills of the private sector to be utilized for e-Government projects. The public-private partnership model relieves government of the responsibility of building and maintaining IT infrastructure, while focusing on its core function.
But if built and procured IT infrastructure and resources for public sector in traditional way for every agency individually, it will be characterized by low utilization, duplicative systems, long procurement cycle, and organizational "silos" Cloud computing has made it possible to consolidate IT infrastructure for all of the government which relieve the individual agencies of the burden of investing and managing IT resources. Instead they can focus on offering more high quality online public services and shift resources to focus on their core business, by better serving the citizenry.
In this dissertation a Public-Private partnership Model Based on Hybrid Cloud is proposed for development, implementation and management of e-Government best suited to address the challenges of e-Government particularly in developing countries. The model proposes a private cloud for confidential public information, and makes public the general information which constitutes a major portion of government information through public cloud.
The model combines the advantages of lower cost of capital of the public sector and financial, technological, and managerial strengths of the private sector along with the benefits of cloud computing technology to come up with an optimal total low cost solution. The Model is based on Mathematical optimization with no mathematical complexity which easily prove mathematically that the proposed structure will provide cost effectiveness, efficiency, optimization of ICT resources, and increased quality of service benefits to governments compared to traditional public sector investment in e-Government. The Model can be used in developing countries including Pakistan.
引文
"Kofi Annan's IT challenge to Silicon Valley", Kofi Annan,5 November,2002,4:00 AM PT.http://news.cnet.com/2010-1069-964507.html accessed on July-17,2011
Ahmed K. Elmagarmid William J. McIver Jr. "The Ongoing March Toward Digital Government", IEEE Computer, February 2001.available from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=901165
Albert Greenberg, James Hamilton, David A. Maltz and Parveen Patel, "The Cost of a Cloud:Research Problems in Data Center Networks", ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 39, Number 1, January 2009
Alex Olesker, "The Cloud and the Digital Divide", CTOVision.com April 14,2011 available online at http://ctovision.com/2011/04/the-cloud-and-the-digital-divide/
Ali Khajeh-Hosseini, Ian Sommerville& Ilango Sriram, "Research Challenges for Enterprise Cloud Computing",1st ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SOCC 2010
Amy Schatz, " Obama CTO Addresses Cloud Computing, Cyber security", The Wall Street Journal, May-19,2009. available online at http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2009/05/21/obama-cto-addresses-cloud-computing-cybersecurity/
Armbrust M, Fox A., Griffith R., Joseph A. and Katz R, "Above the Clouds:A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing", Technical report No. UCB/EECS-2009-28 University of California at Berkley, USA., Feb-2009
Asia Cloud Computing Association (ACCA), "Cloud Readiness Index", September 2011
Asian Development Bank," Public-Private Partnerships Hand Book", ADB Publications,2008
Australian Government Infrastructure Australia," National Public-Private Partnerships Guidelines:Policy Frame work", Common Wealth of Australia, December-2008.
Australian Government, "Cloud Computing Strategic Direction Paper:Opportunities and applicability for use by the Australian Government", Department of Finance and Regulation, April-2011
Baum, C. and A. Di Maio, "Gartner's Four Phases of eGovernment Model", Gartner Group, Research Note,2000
Boss, G., Malladi, P., Quan, D., Legregni, L., Hall, H. (2007), "Cloud Computing", vailable at.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/zones/hipods/..
Charalampos Tsaravas, Marinos Themistocleous, "Cloud Computing and E-Government:A Literature Review", European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2011 (EMCIS2011) May 30-31 2011, Athens, Greece
D. Osborne, and T. Gaebler, "Reinventing Government:How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is transforming the Public Sector", Addison-Wesley (1992).
Darrell M. West, "Saving Money Through Cloud Computing", Governance Studies at Brooking, April-07,2010.
Dave Rosenberg, "Super cloud looms for Japanese government," CNetNews, May-14, 2009. available at http://news.cnet.com/8301-138463-10241081-62.html
David C. Wyld, "Moving to the Cloud:An Introduction to Cloud Computing in Government", IBM E-government Series,2009
David C. Wyld," A global look at cloud computing", tcWorld, magazine of international technology management, April 2010, available online at http://82.165.192.89/initial/index.php?id=157, retrieved March22,2012.
David Cearley, "Hype Cycle for Cloud Computing,2010:Hybrid Cloud Computing", Gartner RAS Core research Note G00201557, David Mitchell Smith, July-2010.
David Coursey & Donald F. Norris, "Models of E-Government:Are They Correct? An Empirical Assessment", Public Administration Review, May/June-2008
Deloitte Research, "At the Dawn of e-Government:The Citizen as Customer", Public Sector Institute (2000). Available online from http://www.egov.vic.gov.au/pdfs/e-government.pdf
Dr J Craig Mudge, "Cloud Computing:Opportunities and Challenges for Australia", The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE), September 2010
Dr. Vasudeva Varma," Cloud Computing for E-Governance", Cloud Computing Group International Institute of Information Technology (ⅢT), Hyderabad, India January-2010
Dung-Hai Liang, Dong-Shong Liang and I-Jyh Wen, "Applications of Both Cloud Computing and E-government in Taiwan", International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications Vol.5 No.5, May 2011
E-Government Strategy and 5-Year Plan for the Federal Government Electronic Government Directorate Ministry of IT May,2005
Election Commission of Pakistan, "List of District Wise Verified/Unverified/Augmented Voters" available online at http://www.ecp.gov.pk/VoterStats.aspx
Emmanuel C. Lallana PhD,'The Information Age'E-ASEAN Task Force, UNDP-APDIP, may 2003,
ENISA," Cloud Computing:benefits, risks and recommendations for information security", European Information and Network Security Agency, November-2009.
European Commission, " Guidelines for Successful Public-Private Partnerships", Directorate-General Regional Policy, March,2003
European Commission, "i2010 e-Government Action Plan:Accelerating e-Government in Europe for the Benefit of All",2006
European Commission, "The role of eGovernment for Europe's future", COM(2003) 567 final Brussels, September-2003
European Commission," Green Paper on public-private partnerships and Community law on public contracts and concessions [COM(2004) 327 final] available online at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&t ype_doc=COMfinal&an_doc=2004&nu_doc=327
Forrest, William, "Clearing the Air on Cloud Computing", McKinsey, April,2009. Gartner Says Cloud Computing Will Be As Influential As E-business, "Special Report Examines the Realities and Risks of Cloud Computing " STAMFORD, Conn., June 26,2008, Available at http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=707508
Gautham Nagesh, "USA gov's successful shift to cloud computing could become the model",NextGov, September-2009, available at http://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20090929_3601.php
Hank Intven, Jeremy Oliver & Edgardo Sepulveda, "Telecommunication Regulation Handbook:Overview of Telecommunication Regulation", infoDev, November 2000
IDC (2009) Press Release, "IDC Says Cloud Computing Is More Than Just Hype: Worldwide IT Spending On Cloud Services Expected To Reach US$42 Billion By 201", March-5,2009. Retrieved March-22,2012 from http://www.idc.com/AP/pressrelease.jsp?containerId=prSG21724009
infoDev, "Public-Private Partnerships in E-government:Hand Book'Prepared by Institute of Public-Private Partnership June 2009
infoDev, "Public-Private Partnerships in e-Government:Knowledge Map, " Published by The Institute of Public Private Partnerships Information for development Program June-2009
International Institute of Information Technology (ⅢT),"Cloud computing for e-government, a white paper", HIT, Hyderabad, January 2010
International Monetary Fund (IMF), "Public-Private Partnerships", Fiscal Affairs Department IMF, March 12,2004
International Telecommunications Union, " Statistics:Internet indicators; Fixed Line, Mobile, and Broad Band subscribers" available at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Indicators/Indicators.aspx#
International Telecommunications Union," The World in 2011:ICT Facts and Figures", ICT Data and Statistics Division, Telecommunication Development bureau ITU Geneva, Switzerland,2011
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan, " De-Regulation Policy for Telecom Sector", July 2003
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan, "Universal Service Fund Policy," Islamabad,2005
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan, 'Broadband Policy of Pakistan", November,2004
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan," Mobile Cellular Policy", January-28,2004
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan, "Universal Service Fund Rules", Islamabad, November-1,2006.
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan, "Access Promotion Rules", Islamabad, December-2004
IT and Telecommunication Wing, Ministry of Science & Technology GoP," IT Policy and Action Plan", Islamabad August-18,2000
Iyer, B. & Henderson, J. C. (2010), "Preparing for the Future:Understanding the Seven Capabilities of Cloud Computing" MIS Quarterly Executive, Vol.9, No.2, pp.117-131.
James SL Yong and Lim Hiap Koon, "E-Government:Enabling Public Sector Reform", e-government in Asia Chapterl,2009, available online at http://www.egov-in-asia.com/egov-2/cms_data/chapterl.pdf
Jason Morton, "Cloud computing can bridge digital divide ", available online at http://www.rackspace-hosting.de/rackspace-home/media-centre/news/article/article/cloud-computing-can-bridge-digital-divide/
Jeffrey R. Young," 3 Ways That Web-Based Computing Will Change Colleges," The Chronicle of Higher Education, October-2008. available at http://chronicle.com/article/3-Ways-That-Web-Based/32681
Jeffrey W. Seifert, "A Primer on E-Government:Sectors, Stages, Opportunities, and Challenges of Online Governance",2003, Congressional Research Service-The Library of Congress available from http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/RL31057.pdf
Joe Weinman," Smooth Operator:The Value of Demand Aggregation", Working Paper, February 27,2011
Jonathan Loew, Michael McLindon., "Why are Countries Interested in P3?" A P3 Primer, The institute for Public-Private Partnerships,2002. http//www.ip3.org/pub/publication002.htm
Jonathan Strickland, "How Cloud Computing works:Cloud Computing Applications", howstuffworks, retrieved from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing/cloud-computing2.htm
Joseph Wilson, PhD, "Telecom Regulatory & Policy Environment in Pakistan": results of the 2008 TRE Survey
Lasse Berntzen and Morten Goodwin Olsen," Benchmarking e-government:A comparative review of three international benchmarking studies",3rd international conference on Digital Society (ICDS),2009
Layne, K and Lee, J, "Developing Fully Functional e-Government:A Four Stage Model", Government Information Quarterly, Vol.18,No.2,2001
Lennart Nordfors, Boericson, Hemming Lindell & Jacob Lapidus, "eGovernment of Tomorrow, future scenarios for 2020", VINNOVA,2009
Luis M. Vaquero, Luis Rodero-Merino, Juan Caceres, Maik Lindner, "A Break in the Clouds:Towards a Cloud Definition", ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 39 Number 1, January-2009
Lynch, C. G., "How Vivek Kundra Fought Government Waste One Google App at a Time", CIO.com, September 22,2008. Retrieved March-24 from http://www.cio.com/article/450636/How_Vivek_Kundra_Fought_Government_Was te_One_Google_App_At_a_Time_
M. Jae Moon, "The evolution of E-Government among municipalities:Rhetoric or Reality?" Public Administration Review. Volume 62, Issue 4, pages 424-433, December-2002
Manish Pokharel and Jong Sou Park," Cloud Computing:Future solution for e-Governance," Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Theory and practice of electronic governance ICEGOV 2009
Manuel Pedro Rodriguez Bolivar, Laura Alcaide Munoz, & Antonio M. Lopez Hernandez, "Trends of e-Government Research Contextualization and Research Opportunities", the International Journal of Digital Accounting Research 2010
Mary Brandel," Cloud Computing Exit Strategy:Before you trust your business to the cloud, be sure you know how to get out", ComputerWorld, April-6,2009. Retrieved March 22,2012 from http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/335144/Exit_Strategy
Meheroo Jussawalla and Richard D. Taylor, "Information Technology Parks of the Asia Pacific:Lessons for the Regional Digital Divide", M.E Sharpe, Inc USA,2003.
Milton L. Mueller, Jr, " Universal Service:Competition, Interconnection, and Monopoly in the making of the American Telephone System", The MIT Press, 1997
Ministry of Finance, " Approach Paper on Defining Public Private Partnerships", Department of Economic Affairs, Government of India, February-2010
Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, "Annual Budget 20010-11", available online http://finance.gov.pk/budget/Budget_in_Brief_2010_11.pdf
Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, "Pakistan Policy on Public-Private Partnerships:Private participation in public infrastructure for better Public Services" IPDF Ministry of Finance GoP, January-26,2010
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, " Global E-Government Readiness Report 2004:Towards Access for Opportunity ",United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,2004
Nicholas G. Carr," The end of Corporate Computing", MITSloan Management Review,2005, Vol.46, No.3
NTISB Cabinet Division GoP," Policy for internet, intranet, websites and e-mail in Federal Government Organizations
OECD GOV/PGC/SBO(2008, "Public-Private Partnerships:In Pursuit of Risk Sharing and Value For Money" Winterthur, Switzerland, February-2008
Official Website of Balochistan Government," Important Links", available at:http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id= 385&Itemid=586
Oreste Signore, Franco Chesi & Maurizio Pollotti, "E-government:Challenges and Opportunities", CMG Italy- XIX Annual Conference June-2005, Florence, Italy
Pakistan MNP Database," About Mobile Number Portability", PMD(Guaranteed) Limited, available at http://www.pmdpk.com/about_us.php
Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act,1996
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority(PTA),"Annual Report 2000-2001"
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority," Industry Report:Telecomm Indicators", available at www.pta.gov.pk
Pallavi Aiyar,2010, "Cloud computing aims to bridge digital divide", Business Standard, Madrid July-12,2010. Retrieved from http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/cloud-computing-aims-to-bridge-digital-divide/401114/
Patricia J. Pascual, " e-Government, " e-ASEAN Task Force UNDP-APDIP, May 2003,p-10-12
Peter Mell and Tim Grance, "The National Institute of Standards and Technology Definition of Cloud Computing", Version 15,10-7-09 available online http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-145/Draft-SP-800-145_cloud-definition.pdf
Phillip J. Windley, "E-Government Maturity",2002, available at: www.windley.com/docs/eGovernment%20Maturity.pdf
Public Law 104-104, "The United States Telecommunications Act Of 1996",104th Congress, Feb-8,1996..
Qian, L., Luo, Z., Du, Y. & Guo, L. (2009), "Cloud Computing:An Overview" Proceedings of 1 st International Conference on Cloud Computing Conference, pp. 626-631.
Richard Lipsey," Technological Shocks:Past, Present and Future", October 1997availablehttp://www.sfu.ca/-rlipsey/PDFs/Technological_Shocks_Past_Present_And_Future.pdf, accessed on November-10,2011
Robin Hicks," Thailand hatches plan for private cloud", futureGov, May-25,2009. available at http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/2009/may/25/thailand-plans-private-cloud-e-gov/
Roger W. Harris," Information and Communication Technologies for poverty alleviation", Published by UNDP-APDIP,2004
Rolf Harms& Michael Yamartino," The economics of the cloud for the US public sector," Microsoft Corporation, November-2010
Russell Craig, Jeff Frazier, Norm Jacknis, Seanan Murphy, Carolyn Purcell, Patrick Spencer & JD Stanley, "Cloud Computing in the Public Sector:Public Manager's Guide to Evaluating and Adopting Cloud Computing", Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG), November 2009
Shailendra C. Jain Palvia, and Sushil S. Sharma," E-Government and E-Governance: Definitions/Domain Framework and Status around the World" computer Society of India,2007
Sheth, Rajen, "What We Talk About When We Talk About Cloud Computing,' Google Enterprise Blog, April 28,2009.
Sohan Singh Yadav, ZengWen Hua, " CLOUD:A Computing Infrastructure on Demand ",2010 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology, Chengdu, China April-2010.
Soumitra Sharma, " exploring best practices in Public Private Partnership (PPP) in e-government through select case-studies from India", ISBN:978-972-8924-35-5 (?) 2007 IADIS, IADIS International Conference e-Society 2007
Susan Cramm, "The Truths About IT Costs,", Harward Business Review,2009
Sushil Bhardwaj, Leena Jain, Sandeep Jain, "Cloud Computing:A Study of Infrastructure as a Service (Iaas)", International Journal of Engineering and Information Technology Vol 2, No.1 Copyright(?) 2010 waves publishers IJEIT 2010,2(1),60-63
The Canadian council for PPP available at http://www.pppcouncil.ca/resources/about-ppp/definitions.html
The Economist, "A Survey of Corporate IT:Let it rise", interview of Ludwig Siegele Technology correspondent, The Economist, October 23,2008. Retrieved March 22, 2012, from http://www.economist.com/node/12411882
The Telegraph Act,1885 available at http://www.pakistansocietyofcriminology.com/Admin/laws/TelegraphAct1885.pdf
The Wireless Telegraphy Act,1933 (Act No. XVIII Of 1933) available at http://www.btrc.gov.bd/legislation/acts/Wireless_Telegraphy_Act_1933.pdf
The World Bank Group," Corruption and Economic Development", available at http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/corruptn/cor02.htm.
The World Bank," Definition of E-government" retrieved from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONA NDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/EXTEGOVERNMENT/0,,content MDK:20507153-menuPK:702592-pagePK:148956-piPK:216618-theSitePK:7025 86,00.html
Tony Chan, "Asia Cloud Computing Association launches Cloud Readiness Index", greentelecomlive, July-5,2011.Retrieved March 27,2012 from http://www.greentelecomlive.com/2011/07/05/asia-cloud-computing-association-launches-cloud-readiness-index/
Tony Chan, "Full Interview:AT&T's Joe Weinman" Green Telecom Live, March 16, 2009 available at http://www.greentelecomlive.com/2009/03/16/full-interview-att%E2%80%99s-joe-weinman/
UNDESA, " E-Government Survey 2008, From e-Government to Connected government'
UNDESA, " Global E-government Readiness Report 2005:From e-Government to e-Inclusion", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs United, 2005
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), "Global E-Government Readiness Report 2005:from E-government to E-inclusion".
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UNDESA), "Plan of Action:E-Government for Development", May-2002
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, " E-Government Survey 2008:From e-Government to Connected government", UNDESA,2008
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, " Global E-Government Readiness Report 2004:Towards Access for Opportunity"
United Nations, "Guidebook on Promoting Good Governance in Public-Private Partnerships",United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,2008
United States General Accounting Office (GAO Glossary), " Public-Private Partnerships:Terms Related to Building and Facility Partnerships", April 1999
Valentina (Dardha) Ndou, "E-Government for Developing Countries:Opportunities And Challenges", The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, EJISDC (2004) 18,1,1-24
Vivek Kundra, "Federal Cloud Computing Strategy", February-8,2011, the white House Washington,
Voas, J. & Zhang, J. (2009),'Cloud Computing:New Wine or Just a New Bottle?' IEEE IT Professional, Vol.11, No.2, pp.15-17.
W. Lance Bennett and Philip N. Howard, "Evolving Public-Private Partnerships:A New Model for e-Government and e-Citizens", sponsored by Microsoft Partnerships for Technology Access, November-2009
World Bank, "Definition of e-Government, " available online at http.www.worldbank.org
World Bank," e-Government Primer",2009, Washington, DC; infoDev/World Bank
World Development Report 1994, "Infrastructure for Development", published for World Bank by Oxford university Press
Z. Al-adawi, S. Yousafzai & J. Pallister, "Conceptual Model of Citizen Adoption of E-Government", The Second International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT'05)
Zhang, Q., Cheng, L. & Boutaba, R. (2010), "Cloud computing:state-of-the-art and research challenges", Journal of Internet Services and Applications, Vol.1, No.1, pp.7-18.
Zorayda Ruth Andam,"e-commerce and e-business", E-ASEAN Task Force, UNDP-APDIP, may 2003.
Ahmed K. Elmagarmid William J. McIver Jr. "The Ongoing March Toward Digital Government", IEEE Computer, February 2001.available from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=901165
Albert Greenberg, James Hamilton, David A. Maltz and Parveen Patel, "The Cost of a Cloud:Research Problems in Data Center Networks", ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 39, Number 1, January 2009
Alex Olesker, "The Cloud and the Digital Divide", CTOVision.com April 14,2011 available online at http://ctovision.com/2011/04/the-cloud-and-the-digital-divide/
Ali Khajeh-Hosseini, Ian Sommerville& Ilango Sriram, "Research Challenges for Enterprise Cloud Computing",1st ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SOCC 2010
Amy Schatz, " Obama CTO Addresses Cloud Computing, Cyber security", The Wall Street Journal, May-19,2009. available online at http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2009/05/21/obama-cto-addresses-cloud-computing-cybersecurity/
Armbrust M, Fox A., Griffith R., Joseph A. and Katz R, "Above the Clouds:A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing", Technical report No. UCB/EECS-2009-28 University of California at Berkley, USA., Feb-2009
Asia Cloud Computing Association (ACCA), "Cloud Readiness Index", September 2011
Asian Development Bank," Public-Private Partnerships Hand Book", ADB Publications,2008
Australian Government Infrastructure Australia," National Public-Private Partnerships Guidelines:Policy Frame work", Common Wealth of Australia, December-2008.
Australian Government, "Cloud Computing Strategic Direction Paper:Opportunities and applicability for use by the Australian Government", Department of Finance and Regulation, April-2011
Baum, C. and A. Di Maio, "Gartner's Four Phases of eGovernment Model", Gartner Group, Research Note,2000
Boss, G., Malladi, P., Quan, D., Legregni, L., Hall, H. (2007), "Cloud Computing", vailable at.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/zones/hipods/..
Charalampos Tsaravas, Marinos Themistocleous, "Cloud Computing and E-Government:A Literature Review", European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems 2011 (EMCIS2011) May 30-31 2011, Athens, Greece
D. Osborne, and T. Gaebler, "Reinventing Government:How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is transforming the Public Sector", Addison-Wesley (1992).
Darrell M. West, "Saving Money Through Cloud Computing", Governance Studies at Brooking, April-07,2010.
Dave Rosenberg, "Super cloud looms for Japanese government," CNetNews, May-14, 2009. available at http://news.cnet.com/8301-138463-10241081-62.html
David C. Wyld, "Moving to the Cloud:An Introduction to Cloud Computing in Government", IBM E-government Series,2009
David C. Wyld," A global look at cloud computing", tcWorld, magazine of international technology management, April 2010, available online at http://82.165.192.89/initial/index.php?id=157, retrieved March22,2012.
David Cearley, "Hype Cycle for Cloud Computing,2010:Hybrid Cloud Computing", Gartner RAS Core research Note G00201557, David Mitchell Smith, July-2010.
David Coursey & Donald F. Norris, "Models of E-Government:Are They Correct? An Empirical Assessment", Public Administration Review, May/June-2008
Deloitte Research, "At the Dawn of e-Government:The Citizen as Customer", Public Sector Institute (2000). Available online from http://www.egov.vic.gov.au/pdfs/e-government.pdf
Dr J Craig Mudge, "Cloud Computing:Opportunities and Challenges for Australia", The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE), September 2010
Dr. Vasudeva Varma," Cloud Computing for E-Governance", Cloud Computing Group International Institute of Information Technology (ⅢT), Hyderabad, India January-2010
Dung-Hai Liang, Dong-Shong Liang and I-Jyh Wen, "Applications of Both Cloud Computing and E-government in Taiwan", International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications Vol.5 No.5, May 2011
E-Government Strategy and 5-Year Plan for the Federal Government Electronic Government Directorate Ministry of IT May,2005
Election Commission of Pakistan, "List of District Wise Verified/Unverified/Augmented Voters" available online at http://www.ecp.gov.pk/VoterStats.aspx
Emmanuel C. Lallana PhD,'The Information Age'E-ASEAN Task Force, UNDP-APDIP, may 2003,
ENISA," Cloud Computing:benefits, risks and recommendations for information security", European Information and Network Security Agency, November-2009.
European Commission, " Guidelines for Successful Public-Private Partnerships", Directorate-General Regional Policy, March,2003
European Commission, "i2010 e-Government Action Plan:Accelerating e-Government in Europe for the Benefit of All",2006
European Commission, "The role of eGovernment for Europe's future", COM(2003) 567 final Brussels, September-2003
European Commission," Green Paper on public-private partnerships and Community law on public contracts and concessions [COM(2004) 327 final] available online at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&t ype_doc=COMfinal&an_doc=2004&nu_doc=327
Forrest, William, "Clearing the Air on Cloud Computing", McKinsey, April,2009. Gartner Says Cloud Computing Will Be As Influential As E-business, "Special Report Examines the Realities and Risks of Cloud Computing " STAMFORD, Conn., June 26,2008, Available at http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=707508
Gautham Nagesh, "USA gov's successful shift to cloud computing could become the model",NextGov, September-2009, available at http://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20090929_3601.php
Hank Intven, Jeremy Oliver & Edgardo Sepulveda, "Telecommunication Regulation Handbook:Overview of Telecommunication Regulation", infoDev, November 2000
IDC (2009) Press Release, "IDC Says Cloud Computing Is More Than Just Hype: Worldwide IT Spending On Cloud Services Expected To Reach US$42 Billion By 201", March-5,2009. Retrieved March-22,2012 from http://www.idc.com/AP/pressrelease.jsp?containerId=prSG21724009
infoDev, "Public-Private Partnerships in E-government:Hand Book'Prepared by Institute of Public-Private Partnership June 2009
infoDev, "Public-Private Partnerships in e-Government:Knowledge Map, " Published by The Institute of Public Private Partnerships Information for development Program June-2009
International Institute of Information Technology (ⅢT),"Cloud computing for e-government, a white paper", HIT, Hyderabad, January 2010
International Monetary Fund (IMF), "Public-Private Partnerships", Fiscal Affairs Department IMF, March 12,2004
International Telecommunications Union, " Statistics:Internet indicators; Fixed Line, Mobile, and Broad Band subscribers" available at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Indicators/Indicators.aspx#
International Telecommunications Union," The World in 2011:ICT Facts and Figures", ICT Data and Statistics Division, Telecommunication Development bureau ITU Geneva, Switzerland,2011
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan, " De-Regulation Policy for Telecom Sector", July 2003
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan, "Universal Service Fund Policy," Islamabad,2005
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan, 'Broadband Policy of Pakistan", November,2004
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan," Mobile Cellular Policy", January-28,2004
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan, "Universal Service Fund Rules", Islamabad, November-1,2006.
IT and Telecommunication Division Ministry of IT Government of Pakistan, "Access Promotion Rules", Islamabad, December-2004
IT and Telecommunication Wing, Ministry of Science & Technology GoP," IT Policy and Action Plan", Islamabad August-18,2000
Iyer, B. & Henderson, J. C. (2010), "Preparing for the Future:Understanding the Seven Capabilities of Cloud Computing" MIS Quarterly Executive, Vol.9, No.2, pp.117-131.
James SL Yong and Lim Hiap Koon, "E-Government:Enabling Public Sector Reform", e-government in Asia Chapterl,2009, available online at http://www.egov-in-asia.com/egov-2/cms_data/chapterl.pdf
Jason Morton, "Cloud computing can bridge digital divide ", available online at http://www.rackspace-hosting.de/rackspace-home/media-centre/news/article/article/cloud-computing-can-bridge-digital-divide/
Jeffrey R. Young," 3 Ways That Web-Based Computing Will Change Colleges," The Chronicle of Higher Education, October-2008. available at http://chronicle.com/article/3-Ways-That-Web-Based/32681
Jeffrey W. Seifert, "A Primer on E-Government:Sectors, Stages, Opportunities, and Challenges of Online Governance",2003, Congressional Research Service-The Library of Congress available from http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/RL31057.pdf
Joe Weinman," Smooth Operator:The Value of Demand Aggregation", Working Paper, February 27,2011
Jonathan Loew, Michael McLindon., "Why are Countries Interested in P3?" A P3 Primer, The institute for Public-Private Partnerships,2002. http//www.ip3.org/pub/publication002.htm
Jonathan Strickland, "How Cloud Computing works:Cloud Computing Applications", howstuffworks, retrieved from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing/cloud-computing2.htm
Joseph Wilson, PhD, "Telecom Regulatory & Policy Environment in Pakistan": results of the 2008 TRE Survey
Lasse Berntzen and Morten Goodwin Olsen," Benchmarking e-government:A comparative review of three international benchmarking studies",3rd international conference on Digital Society (ICDS),2009
Layne, K and Lee, J, "Developing Fully Functional e-Government:A Four Stage Model", Government Information Quarterly, Vol.18,No.2,2001
Lennart Nordfors, Boericson, Hemming Lindell & Jacob Lapidus, "eGovernment of Tomorrow, future scenarios for 2020", VINNOVA,2009
Luis M. Vaquero, Luis Rodero-Merino, Juan Caceres, Maik Lindner, "A Break in the Clouds:Towards a Cloud Definition", ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 39 Number 1, January-2009
Lynch, C. G., "How Vivek Kundra Fought Government Waste One Google App at a Time", CIO.com, September 22,2008. Retrieved March-24 from http://www.cio.com/article/450636/How_Vivek_Kundra_Fought_Government_Was te_One_Google_App_At_a_Time_
M. Jae Moon, "The evolution of E-Government among municipalities:Rhetoric or Reality?" Public Administration Review. Volume 62, Issue 4, pages 424-433, December-2002
Manish Pokharel and Jong Sou Park," Cloud Computing:Future solution for e-Governance," Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Theory and practice of electronic governance ICEGOV 2009
Manuel Pedro Rodriguez Bolivar, Laura Alcaide Munoz, & Antonio M. Lopez Hernandez, "Trends of e-Government Research Contextualization and Research Opportunities", the International Journal of Digital Accounting Research 2010
Mary Brandel," Cloud Computing Exit Strategy:Before you trust your business to the cloud, be sure you know how to get out", ComputerWorld, April-6,2009. Retrieved March 22,2012 from http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/335144/Exit_Strategy
Meheroo Jussawalla and Richard D. Taylor, "Information Technology Parks of the Asia Pacific:Lessons for the Regional Digital Divide", M.E Sharpe, Inc USA,2003.
Milton L. Mueller, Jr, " Universal Service:Competition, Interconnection, and Monopoly in the making of the American Telephone System", The MIT Press, 1997
Ministry of Finance, " Approach Paper on Defining Public Private Partnerships", Department of Economic Affairs, Government of India, February-2010
Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, "Annual Budget 20010-11", available online http://finance.gov.pk/budget/Budget_in_Brief_2010_11.pdf
Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, "Pakistan Policy on Public-Private Partnerships:Private participation in public infrastructure for better Public Services" IPDF Ministry of Finance GoP, January-26,2010
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, " Global E-Government Readiness Report 2004:Towards Access for Opportunity ",United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,2004
Nicholas G. Carr," The end of Corporate Computing", MITSloan Management Review,2005, Vol.46, No.3
NTISB Cabinet Division GoP," Policy for internet, intranet, websites and e-mail in Federal Government Organizations
OECD GOV/PGC/SBO(2008, "Public-Private Partnerships:In Pursuit of Risk Sharing and Value For Money" Winterthur, Switzerland, February-2008
Official Website of Balochistan Government," Important Links", available at:http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id= 385&Itemid=586
Oreste Signore, Franco Chesi & Maurizio Pollotti, "E-government:Challenges and Opportunities", CMG Italy- XIX Annual Conference June-2005, Florence, Italy
Pakistan MNP Database," About Mobile Number Portability", PMD(Guaranteed) Limited, available at http://www.pmdpk.com/about_us.php
Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act,1996
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority(PTA),"Annual Report 2000-2001"
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority," Industry Report:Telecomm Indicators", available at www.pta.gov.pk
Pallavi Aiyar,2010, "Cloud computing aims to bridge digital divide", Business Standard, Madrid July-12,2010. Retrieved from http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/cloud-computing-aims-to-bridge-digital-divide/401114/
Patricia J. Pascual, " e-Government, " e-ASEAN Task Force UNDP-APDIP, May 2003,p-10-12
Peter Mell and Tim Grance, "The National Institute of Standards and Technology Definition of Cloud Computing", Version 15,10-7-09 available online http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-145/Draft-SP-800-145_cloud-definition.pdf
Phillip J. Windley, "E-Government Maturity",2002, available at: www.windley.com/docs/eGovernment%20Maturity.pdf
Public Law 104-104, "The United States Telecommunications Act Of 1996",104th Congress, Feb-8,1996..
Qian, L., Luo, Z., Du, Y. & Guo, L. (2009), "Cloud Computing:An Overview" Proceedings of 1 st International Conference on Cloud Computing Conference, pp. 626-631.
Richard Lipsey," Technological Shocks:Past, Present and Future", October 1997availablehttp://www.sfu.ca/-rlipsey/PDFs/Technological_Shocks_Past_Present_And_Future.pdf, accessed on November-10,2011
Robin Hicks," Thailand hatches plan for private cloud", futureGov, May-25,2009. available at http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/2009/may/25/thailand-plans-private-cloud-e-gov/
Roger W. Harris," Information and Communication Technologies for poverty alleviation", Published by UNDP-APDIP,2004
Rolf Harms& Michael Yamartino," The economics of the cloud for the US public sector," Microsoft Corporation, November-2010
Russell Craig, Jeff Frazier, Norm Jacknis, Seanan Murphy, Carolyn Purcell, Patrick Spencer & JD Stanley, "Cloud Computing in the Public Sector:Public Manager's Guide to Evaluating and Adopting Cloud Computing", Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG), November 2009
Shailendra C. Jain Palvia, and Sushil S. Sharma," E-Government and E-Governance: Definitions/Domain Framework and Status around the World" computer Society of India,2007
Sheth, Rajen, "What We Talk About When We Talk About Cloud Computing,' Google Enterprise Blog, April 28,2009.
Sohan Singh Yadav, ZengWen Hua, " CLOUD:A Computing Infrastructure on Demand ",2010 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology, Chengdu, China April-2010.
Soumitra Sharma, " exploring best practices in Public Private Partnership (PPP) in e-government through select case-studies from India", ISBN:978-972-8924-35-5 (?) 2007 IADIS, IADIS International Conference e-Society 2007
Susan Cramm, "The Truths About IT Costs,", Harward Business Review,2009
Sushil Bhardwaj, Leena Jain, Sandeep Jain, "Cloud Computing:A Study of Infrastructure as a Service (Iaas)", International Journal of Engineering and Information Technology Vol 2, No.1 Copyright(?) 2010 waves publishers IJEIT 2010,2(1),60-63
The Canadian council for PPP available at http://www.pppcouncil.ca/resources/about-ppp/definitions.html
The Economist, "A Survey of Corporate IT:Let it rise", interview of Ludwig Siegele Technology correspondent, The Economist, October 23,2008. Retrieved March 22, 2012, from http://www.economist.com/node/12411882
The Telegraph Act,1885 available at http://www.pakistansocietyofcriminology.com/Admin/laws/TelegraphAct1885.pdf
The Wireless Telegraphy Act,1933 (Act No. XVIII Of 1933) available at http://www.btrc.gov.bd/legislation/acts/Wireless_Telegraphy_Act_1933.pdf
The World Bank Group," Corruption and Economic Development", available at http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/corruptn/cor02.htm.
The World Bank," Definition of E-government" retrieved from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONA NDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/EXTEGOVERNMENT/0,,content MDK:20507153-menuPK:702592-pagePK:148956-piPK:216618-theSitePK:7025 86,00.html
Tony Chan, "Asia Cloud Computing Association launches Cloud Readiness Index", greentelecomlive, July-5,2011.Retrieved March 27,2012 from http://www.greentelecomlive.com/2011/07/05/asia-cloud-computing-association-launches-cloud-readiness-index/
Tony Chan, "Full Interview:AT&T's Joe Weinman" Green Telecom Live, March 16, 2009 available at http://www.greentelecomlive.com/2009/03/16/full-interview-att%E2%80%99s-joe-weinman/
UNDESA, " E-Government Survey 2008, From e-Government to Connected government'
UNDESA, " Global E-government Readiness Report 2005:From e-Government to e-Inclusion", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs United, 2005
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), "Global E-Government Readiness Report 2005:from E-government to E-inclusion".
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UNDESA), "Plan of Action:E-Government for Development", May-2002
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, " E-Government Survey 2008:From e-Government to Connected government", UNDESA,2008
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, " Global E-Government Readiness Report 2004:Towards Access for Opportunity"
United Nations, "Guidebook on Promoting Good Governance in Public-Private Partnerships",United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,2008
United States General Accounting Office (GAO Glossary), " Public-Private Partnerships:Terms Related to Building and Facility Partnerships", April 1999
Valentina (Dardha) Ndou, "E-Government for Developing Countries:Opportunities And Challenges", The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, EJISDC (2004) 18,1,1-24
Vivek Kundra, "Federal Cloud Computing Strategy", February-8,2011, the white House Washington,
Voas, J. & Zhang, J. (2009),'Cloud Computing:New Wine or Just a New Bottle?' IEEE IT Professional, Vol.11, No.2, pp.15-17.
W. Lance Bennett and Philip N. Howard, "Evolving Public-Private Partnerships:A New Model for e-Government and e-Citizens", sponsored by Microsoft Partnerships for Technology Access, November-2009
World Bank, "Definition of e-Government, " available online at http.www.worldbank.org
World Bank," e-Government Primer",2009, Washington, DC; infoDev/World Bank
World Development Report 1994, "Infrastructure for Development", published for World Bank by Oxford university Press
Z. Al-adawi, S. Yousafzai & J. Pallister, "Conceptual Model of Citizen Adoption of E-Government", The Second International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT'05)
Zhang, Q., Cheng, L. & Boutaba, R. (2010), "Cloud computing:state-of-the-art and research challenges", Journal of Internet Services and Applications, Vol.1, No.1, pp.7-18.
Zorayda Ruth Andam,"e-commerce and e-business", E-ASEAN Task Force, UNDP-APDIP, may 2003.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |