政府投资影响我国城乡收入差距的作用机制研究
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摘要
自改革开放以来我国城乡收入差距不断扩大,这已经成为社会稳定、经济可持续发展的隐患。城乡收入发展差距一直是个热点问题,已引起了政府和学界的广泛关注和重视。关于我国城乡收入差距的形成原因及缩小城乡发展差距的对策,国内外学者从不同角度进行了大量研究。
本文采用理论研究与实证研究相结合的方法,从农村人力资本外溢的角度解释城乡收入差距,通过构建理论模型解释城乡发展差距的演变路径和成因,强调政府干预是缩小城乡发展差距的重要途径。
本文的研究分导言、相关文献综述、理论研究、实证研究和政策建议五大部分。
导言部分(第一章),引出文章的研究问题,并对相关的概念、文章的创新点以及存在的不足作了简要的说明。
相关文献综述部分(第二章),从城乡收入差距研究指标、差距的成因和缩小差距的对策三个方面对相关文献作简要综述,并重点介绍本文研究的理论基础——侯风云的人力资本溢出效应两区域模型和贝克尔的家庭收入不平等及其世代间变动性理论。
理论部分(第三、四、五章)：在第三章,突出强调人力资本在经济发展中的重要作用,通过构造以人力资本为投入要素的城乡产出函数,静态分析农村人力资本向城市“溢出”的决定机制及其对城乡收入的影响；在第四章,受1992年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者加里·斯坦利·贝克尔的《家庭论》中“不平等和世代之间的变动性”一文的启发,试图在构造城乡收入函数的基础上,建立一个城乡收入不平等及其动态演化模型,分析政府投入水平、物质资本投资和人力资本存量以及一些社会参数对城乡收入水平的影响,考察城乡收入差距的动态演变：最后在第五章,通过对模型的分析,进一步说明政府行为在中国城乡经济发展中的作用：指出仅依靠市场的理性选择,必然造成城乡发展差距持续扩大的恶性循环：然而,如果辅之以政府的良性调节,城乡差距就会趋小
实证部分(第六章),通过收集的数据,实证说明城乡间物质资本投资差距、人力资本投资差距导致城乡收入差距的增大,但政府增加对农村的投资能够有效缩小城乡收入差距。
政策建议部分(第七章),在前文理论研究和实证检验的基础上提出政府应该从教育、科技、基础设施、农村金融、社会保障等几个方面加大对农村的投资额,缩小城乡发展差距的建议。
In China, since the reform and opening policy to outside, the urban-rural income inequality has been growing. This is a big treat to the stability of our society and the continuing development of economics. As a hot topic, the urban-rural income inequality has attracted the government and academia's attention. The scholars home and abroad conducted massive research from the different angles to study the reasons of income disparity and search the countermeasure to reduce it.
This article uses the method that the fundamental research combines with the empirical study, from the rural human capital overflow's angle to explain urban-rural income differential. It explains the urban-rural development disparity's evolutionary path and the reasons of formation through theoretical models. Finally it highlights that the government intervention is an effective and important way to reduce urban-rural development disparity.
This article is divided into five parts:the introduction, the related literature reviews, the fundamental research, the empirical study and the policy advisements.
The introduction part (the first chapter), draws out the article's research question, defines some related concepts and gives a brief introduction of the innovation as well as the existence insufficiency of this article.
The related literature reviews part (the second chapter), makes a brief summary to the related literature from three aspects:the indexes of urban-rural income disparity, the disparity origin, the countermeasures to reduce income gap. In addition, it introduces professor Hou's human capital overflow of two regions and Becker's household income inequality and generation variability theory in detail, which are the theoretical foundation of this paper.
The theory part (the third, fourth, fifth chapter):in the third chapter, it highlights the important role of human capital in economic development and statically analyzes the decision-making mechanism of rural human capital "spillover" to the city and its impact on the rural-urban income through urban and rural output function constructing by input elements of human capital; in the fourth and fifth chapters, enlightening by the paper "inequality and the variability between the generations," in " A Treatise on The Family "written by the Nobel Economics Prize winner Gary Becker. Stanley in 1992, it attempts to construct a function of the urban-rural inequality income dynamic evolution model based on the establishment of an urban-rural income function, to analyze the effects of the levels of government investment, physical capital investment and human capital stock, as well as a number of social parameters on urban-rural income levels, to examine the dynamic evolution of urban-rural income gap, and further to state the effect of the government's behavior in China's urban and rural economic development that only relys on the market's rational choice inevitably leads to the development gap between urban and rural areas continuing to expand in a vicious cycle; however, if supplemented by a benign adjustment by the government, the gap between urban and rural areas will tend to be smaller.
The empirical study part (the sixth chapter), through the empirical data, proves that the capital spending disparity and the human capital investment disparity cause the urban-rural income differential enlargement, but the government can reduce this trend effectively if it increases investment to the rural areas.
The policy suggestion part (the seventh chapter), in the preamble fundamental of theoretical research and empirical study, proposes that the government can increase investment to rural areas in the following aspects:the education, the science and technology, the infrastructure, the rural finance and the social security.
本文采用理论研究与实证研究相结合的方法,从农村人力资本外溢的角度解释城乡收入差距,通过构建理论模型解释城乡发展差距的演变路径和成因,强调政府干预是缩小城乡发展差距的重要途径。
本文的研究分导言、相关文献综述、理论研究、实证研究和政策建议五大部分。
导言部分(第一章),引出文章的研究问题,并对相关的概念、文章的创新点以及存在的不足作了简要的说明。
相关文献综述部分(第二章),从城乡收入差距研究指标、差距的成因和缩小差距的对策三个方面对相关文献作简要综述,并重点介绍本文研究的理论基础——侯风云的人力资本溢出效应两区域模型和贝克尔的家庭收入不平等及其世代间变动性理论。
理论部分(第三、四、五章)：在第三章,突出强调人力资本在经济发展中的重要作用,通过构造以人力资本为投入要素的城乡产出函数,静态分析农村人力资本向城市“溢出”的决定机制及其对城乡收入的影响；在第四章,受1992年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者加里·斯坦利·贝克尔的《家庭论》中“不平等和世代之间的变动性”一文的启发,试图在构造城乡收入函数的基础上,建立一个城乡收入不平等及其动态演化模型,分析政府投入水平、物质资本投资和人力资本存量以及一些社会参数对城乡收入水平的影响,考察城乡收入差距的动态演变：最后在第五章,通过对模型的分析,进一步说明政府行为在中国城乡经济发展中的作用：指出仅依靠市场的理性选择,必然造成城乡发展差距持续扩大的恶性循环：然而,如果辅之以政府的良性调节,城乡差距就会趋小
实证部分(第六章),通过收集的数据,实证说明城乡间物质资本投资差距、人力资本投资差距导致城乡收入差距的增大,但政府增加对农村的投资能够有效缩小城乡收入差距。
政策建议部分(第七章),在前文理论研究和实证检验的基础上提出政府应该从教育、科技、基础设施、农村金融、社会保障等几个方面加大对农村的投资额,缩小城乡发展差距的建议。
In China, since the reform and opening policy to outside, the urban-rural income inequality has been growing. This is a big treat to the stability of our society and the continuing development of economics. As a hot topic, the urban-rural income inequality has attracted the government and academia's attention. The scholars home and abroad conducted massive research from the different angles to study the reasons of income disparity and search the countermeasure to reduce it.
This article uses the method that the fundamental research combines with the empirical study, from the rural human capital overflow's angle to explain urban-rural income differential. It explains the urban-rural development disparity's evolutionary path and the reasons of formation through theoretical models. Finally it highlights that the government intervention is an effective and important way to reduce urban-rural development disparity.
This article is divided into five parts:the introduction, the related literature reviews, the fundamental research, the empirical study and the policy advisements.
The introduction part (the first chapter), draws out the article's research question, defines some related concepts and gives a brief introduction of the innovation as well as the existence insufficiency of this article.
The related literature reviews part (the second chapter), makes a brief summary to the related literature from three aspects:the indexes of urban-rural income disparity, the disparity origin, the countermeasures to reduce income gap. In addition, it introduces professor Hou's human capital overflow of two regions and Becker's household income inequality and generation variability theory in detail, which are the theoretical foundation of this paper.
The theory part (the third, fourth, fifth chapter):in the third chapter, it highlights the important role of human capital in economic development and statically analyzes the decision-making mechanism of rural human capital "spillover" to the city and its impact on the rural-urban income through urban and rural output function constructing by input elements of human capital; in the fourth and fifth chapters, enlightening by the paper "inequality and the variability between the generations," in " A Treatise on The Family "written by the Nobel Economics Prize winner Gary Becker. Stanley in 1992, it attempts to construct a function of the urban-rural inequality income dynamic evolution model based on the establishment of an urban-rural income function, to analyze the effects of the levels of government investment, physical capital investment and human capital stock, as well as a number of social parameters on urban-rural income levels, to examine the dynamic evolution of urban-rural income gap, and further to state the effect of the government's behavior in China's urban and rural economic development that only relys on the market's rational choice inevitably leads to the development gap between urban and rural areas continuing to expand in a vicious cycle; however, if supplemented by a benign adjustment by the government, the gap between urban and rural areas will tend to be smaller.
The empirical study part (the sixth chapter), through the empirical data, proves that the capital spending disparity and the human capital investment disparity cause the urban-rural income differential enlargement, but the government can reduce this trend effectively if it increases investment to the rural areas.
The policy suggestion part (the seventh chapter), in the preamble fundamental of theoretical research and empirical study, proposes that the government can increase investment to rural areas in the following aspects:the education, the science and technology, the infrastructure, the rural finance and the social security.
引文
1李爱梅：《关于“人力资本”的概念》。
1迈克尔·P·托达罗：《经济发展与第三世界》[M],中国经济出版社,1992,第240-245页。
2张庆等：《缩小城乡收入差距的政策建议》[J],《研究参考》,2006(47)。
1数据来源《2010年政府工作报告》。
2杨新铭,周云波.技术进步与人力资本对城乡收入差距的作用[J].山西财经大学学报,2008(5)：19-25。
1于培伟,商务部政策研究室副巡视员,《日本：统筹城乡的政策样本》[J],《农经》,2009.05。
1迟福林,《政府职能与公共服务》,《今日中国论坛》,2009年,第5-6期。
1、Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang and Yaohui Zhao,2004. Regional Inequality and Labor Transfers in China, Economic Development and Cultural Change,587-603.
2、Mereditla Scovill and Jean M. Due,1977. The Rijral-Ttrbant Income Profile, of Ujganda, Illinois Agricultural Economics,28-33.
3、Gene H. CHANG,2002, The cause and cure of China's widening income disparity, China Economic Review.
4、Victor A. Canto; Firdaus E. Udwadia,2008, The Effect of Immigration Quotas on the Average Quality of Migrating Labor and Income Distribution, Southern Economic Journal.
5、W.A.Lewis,1989：《二元经济论》[M],北京经济学院出版社。
6、迈克尔·P·托达罗,1992：《经济发展与第三世界》[M],中国经济出版社,第240-245页。
7、加里·斯坦利·贝克尔,1998：《家庭论》[M],北京：商务印书馆。
8、韩志荣,1996：《工农三大剪刀差及其现状分析》,《经济研究》第10期。
9、冯海发等,1993：《我国农业为工业化提供资金积累的数量研究》,《经济研究》第9期。
10、陈锡文,2004：《资源配置与中国农村发展》,《中国农村经济》第1期。
11、国务院发展研究中心、中共中央政策研究室农业投入总课题组,1997：《中国农业的支持与保护》,中国农业出版社,第134页。
12、蔡防、杨涛,2000：《城乡收入差距的政治经济学》,《中国社会科学》第4期,第11-23页。
13、侯风云,1996：《增加政府有效投入是使农业走出困境的根本出路》,《经济研究》第5期。
14、林毅夫、蔡防、李周,1999：《中国的奇迹：发展战略与经济改革》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社
15、谭崇台,1996：《发展经济学》,上海人民出版社,第314-327页。
16、段平忠,2005：《人口流动对经济增长地区差距的影响》,《中国软科学》,第12期。
17、王小鲁、樊纲,2004：《中国地区差距的变动趋势和影响因素》,《经济研究》,第1期。
18、李实,2003：《中国城镇教育收益率的长期变动趋势》,《中国社会科学》,第6期。
19、张庆等,2006：《缩小城乡收入差距的政策建议》,《研究参考》,第47期。
20、孙自铎,2004：《跨省劳动力流动扩大了地区差距一与缩小论者商榷》,《调研世界》,第12期。
21、侯风云等,2005：《中国城乡人力资本投资收益非对称性特征及其后果》,《四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,第4期,第16-22页。
22、侯风云、徐慧,2004：《城乡发展差距的人力资本解释》,《理论学刊》第2期,第42-46页。
23、侯风云、张凤兵,2007：《农村人力资本投资及外溢与城乡差距实证研究》,《财经研究》,第8期,第118-131页。。
24、侯风云,2004：《中国农村人力资本收益率研究》,《经济研究》第12期,第75-84页。
25、林毅夫、刘明兴,2003：《中国的经济增长收敛与收入分配》,《世界经济》,第8期,第3-14页。
26、张车伟、薛欣欣,2008：《国有部门与非国有部门工资差异及人力资本贡献》,《经济研究》,第4期,第15-25页。
27、李抗,2009：《我国城乡二元经济中的人力资本投资差异研究》,《北方经济》,第6期,第23-25页。
28、周韵,2009：《农村劳动力迁移未能使城乡收入差距缩小的原因分析》,《实证分析》,第5期,第182-183页。
29、国家统计局编：《中国统计年鉴》(历年),中国统计出版社。
30、国家统计局农村社会经济统计司编：《中国农村统计年鉴》(1985-2008),中国统计出版社。
1迈克尔·P·托达罗：《经济发展与第三世界》[M],中国经济出版社,1992,第240-245页。
2张庆等：《缩小城乡收入差距的政策建议》[J],《研究参考》,2006(47)。
1数据来源《2010年政府工作报告》。
2杨新铭,周云波.技术进步与人力资本对城乡收入差距的作用[J].山西财经大学学报,2008(5)：19-25。
1于培伟,商务部政策研究室副巡视员,《日本：统筹城乡的政策样本》[J],《农经》,2009.05。
1迟福林,《政府职能与公共服务》,《今日中国论坛》,2009年,第5-6期。
1、Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang and Yaohui Zhao,2004. Regional Inequality and Labor Transfers in China, Economic Development and Cultural Change,587-603.
2、Mereditla Scovill and Jean M. Due,1977. The Rijral-Ttrbant Income Profile, of Ujganda, Illinois Agricultural Economics,28-33.
3、Gene H. CHANG,2002, The cause and cure of China's widening income disparity, China Economic Review.
4、Victor A. Canto; Firdaus E. Udwadia,2008, The Effect of Immigration Quotas on the Average Quality of Migrating Labor and Income Distribution, Southern Economic Journal.
5、W.A.Lewis,1989：《二元经济论》[M],北京经济学院出版社。
6、迈克尔·P·托达罗,1992：《经济发展与第三世界》[M],中国经济出版社,第240-245页。
7、加里·斯坦利·贝克尔,1998：《家庭论》[M],北京：商务印书馆。
8、韩志荣,1996：《工农三大剪刀差及其现状分析》,《经济研究》第10期。
9、冯海发等,1993：《我国农业为工业化提供资金积累的数量研究》,《经济研究》第9期。
10、陈锡文,2004：《资源配置与中国农村发展》,《中国农村经济》第1期。
11、国务院发展研究中心、中共中央政策研究室农业投入总课题组,1997：《中国农业的支持与保护》,中国农业出版社,第134页。
12、蔡防、杨涛,2000：《城乡收入差距的政治经济学》,《中国社会科学》第4期,第11-23页。
13、侯风云,1996：《增加政府有效投入是使农业走出困境的根本出路》,《经济研究》第5期。
14、林毅夫、蔡防、李周,1999：《中国的奇迹：发展战略与经济改革》,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社
15、谭崇台,1996：《发展经济学》,上海人民出版社,第314-327页。
16、段平忠,2005：《人口流动对经济增长地区差距的影响》,《中国软科学》,第12期。
17、王小鲁、樊纲,2004：《中国地区差距的变动趋势和影响因素》,《经济研究》,第1期。
18、李实,2003：《中国城镇教育收益率的长期变动趋势》,《中国社会科学》,第6期。
19、张庆等,2006：《缩小城乡收入差距的政策建议》,《研究参考》,第47期。
20、孙自铎,2004：《跨省劳动力流动扩大了地区差距一与缩小论者商榷》,《调研世界》,第12期。
21、侯风云等,2005：《中国城乡人力资本投资收益非对称性特征及其后果》,《四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,第4期,第16-22页。
22、侯风云、徐慧,2004：《城乡发展差距的人力资本解释》,《理论学刊》第2期,第42-46页。
23、侯风云、张凤兵,2007：《农村人力资本投资及外溢与城乡差距实证研究》,《财经研究》,第8期,第118-131页。。
24、侯风云,2004：《中国农村人力资本收益率研究》,《经济研究》第12期,第75-84页。
25、林毅夫、刘明兴,2003：《中国的经济增长收敛与收入分配》,《世界经济》,第8期,第3-14页。
26、张车伟、薛欣欣,2008：《国有部门与非国有部门工资差异及人力资本贡献》,《经济研究》,第4期,第15-25页。
27、李抗,2009：《我国城乡二元经济中的人力资本投资差异研究》,《北方经济》,第6期,第23-25页。
28、周韵,2009：《农村劳动力迁移未能使城乡收入差距缩小的原因分析》,《实证分析》,第5期,第182-183页。
29、国家统计局编：《中国统计年鉴》(历年),中国统计出版社。
30、国家统计局农村社会经济统计司编：《中国农村统计年鉴》(1985-2008),中国统计出版社。