公海生物资源管理制度研究
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摘要
《联合国海洋法公约》的实施改变了传统的海洋渔业秩序和资源分配格局，围绕海洋资源，特别是公海生物资源的争夺，已经成为新时期海洋斗争的重要特点。由于全球近海渔业资源已经处于过度开发状态，海洋生物资源衰竭的速度超乎人们的想象，大大降低了公海生物资源可持续利用水平和未来利用价值。全球渔业普遍面临着过度投资、种群枯竭、渔获量下降和资源利用冲突加剧等问题，世界进入了争夺公海渔业资源的时代。但是关于公海渔业资源，到目前为止仍然缺乏全面的、强制性的管理制度。对于公海海洋生物资源养护和管理的理论和实践研究，在国际和国内都是学术界的热点问题。
本论文共分9章，第一章是绪论，第九章是结语。第二章是公海及海洋生物资源传统管理理论的发展，简要评述了西方中世纪前的有关理论和中国“以陆治海”和“以海为田”的农耕海洋观、格老秀斯的海洋自由论、塞尔登的闭海论和宾刻舒克的海洋领有论，这些理论体现了现代海洋理论的思想源泉；并着重对近现代海洋思想产生重大影响的马汉的海权论进行了评析。第三章是《联合国海洋法公约》有关制度及其影响。论述了公海捕鱼旧制度的危机，从第二次世界大战后科技进步促进了海洋捕捞能力的提升，公海自由无序捕捞造成的海洋生物资源的破坏和衰退；到沿海国试图瓜分公海，纷纷对毗邻海域提出主权要求；简要介绍了《联合国海洋法公约》的基本内容，重点对《公约》中影响海洋生物资源管理的几个重要原则和制度，如至关重要的专属经济区制度做了介绍，分析了《公约》对公海渔业制度和国际海洋生物资源管理和养护制度的深远影响。分析了《公约》引发的海洋观变革，促进了对海洋生物资源认识的根本转变。第四章是公海生物资源管理制度的实践探索，该章重点研究了《公约》实施后，对建立新的公海生物资源养护管理制度产生重大影响的《促进公海渔船遵守国际养护和管理措施的协定》、《负责任渔业行为守则》、《执行协定》、《国际打击IUU行动计划》和联合国关于禁止公海流刺网的决议。第五章是公海生物资源管理制度的基本原则，该章开创性地总结了建立公海生物资源管理养护制度的五项基本原则，即共同继承财产与整体性原则、权利平等与合作原则、科学养护与合理利用原则、可持续发展与有序性原则和以人为本与生态系统原则，这五项基本原则的确立是彻底解决当前公海海洋生物资源存在问题的思想基础，是建立公海生物资源养护和管理制度的核心原则。第六章是公海生物资源管理制度构架研究，《公约》实施后，虽然探索建立了一些国际海洋生物养护管理制度，但世界上仍然缺乏统一的、普遍认同和遵守的、涵盖所有海洋生物资源的管理制度。世界迫切需要在国际共管海域——公海上建立海洋生物资源管理制度。该章通过分析当前公海渔业资源管理的实践与存在的问题，探讨建立国际海洋生物资源管理组织的可行性，提出了建立国际海洋生物资源管理组织可行的基本构架。第七章是公海生物资源管理制度的执行措施和程序保障，该章总结了《公约》实施后公海渔业创立的主要管理措施，重点评介了沿海国管辖权的持续扩大、港口国措施、IUU条例中的程序规定和具体措施以及输欧海洋捕捞产品的有关规定，就公海渔业管理基本程序的几个重要问题进行了分析。强调订立新的、以《联合国海洋法公约》为基础的“公海生物资源管理与养护公约”，并参照WTO争端解决机制在程序上保障新公约的权威性、强制性和可执行性，是彻底解决当前公海生物资源管理与养护中棘手问题的切实可行的办法。第八章是公海生物资源管理制度的发展及应对建议，该章提出，国际渔业法律制度的发展正在有力地推动公海渔业管理的国际化趋势；公海渔业管理措施更加趋向于强制性，对公海渔业的综合管理是发展的必然；区域性渔业管理不断加强，催生国际渔业管理实体组织诞生，公海渔业管理制度已隐然成型；公海渔业已进入全面严格管理时代。同时也对我国应如何积极、妥善应对国际海洋法律制度变革带来的挑战，提出了一些政策建议。
本论文围绕公海生物资源管理制度问题，梳理评述了中外关于渔业资源管理理论的主要观点，并主要在以下几个方面进行了创新性探讨：首次提出建立新的国际渔业管理组织应当遵循的基本原则；尝试给即将诞生的国际渔业管理组织搭建一个科学可行的框架；对保障国际渔业管理组织得以正常运转的程序和执行制度进行了研究分析；为我国公海渔业的发展提出一些政策建议，对公海生物资源管理制度今后的发展方向进行了研究和判断。
The implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seahas changed the traditional marine fisheries order and resource allocationpattern. Competition for marine resources, especially the high seas livingresources has become an important area of marine struggle in the new era. Dueto over-exploitation of global inshore fishery resources, the marine livingresources have declined sharply beyond people's imagination, and greatlyreduced the level of sustainable utilization and their future use. Globalfishery industries are facing problems of over-investment, populationdepletion, catches declining and intensification of resource contention andother issues. The world has entered an era of competing for high seas fisheriesresources. Still, the high seas fishery resources so far lack a comprehensive,mandatory management system. The theory and practice of conservation andmanagement on high seas living resources are becoming hot issues at home andabroad.
This article is divided into nine chapters.The first chapter isIntroduction. The last chapter is Conclusion section.The second chapter isan overview of the traditional theory of the management of high seas marineliving resources, a brief introduction of fisheries theory during the WesternMiddle Ages, China’s traditional view of farming the ocean, the Freedom ofthe Seas(mare liberum) formulated by Hugo Grotius, the Closed Sea (mare clausum)claimed by John Shelton, Dominion of the Sea held by Cornelius van Bynkershoekand Mahan's Sea Power view which has significant impacts on the modern marinethoughts. These theories reflect the source of ideas for modern marine theory.
The third chapter is to discuss the impacts of United Nations Conventionon the Law of the Sea. discuss the crisis of high seas fishing in the oldsystem, over-exploitation of fishing capacity with scientific andtechnological progress after World War II, the destruction and decay of marineliving resources due to fishing disorder, coastal states’ claimingsovereignty over adjacent waters by trying to carve up the high seas, and thefirst two meetings for the Law of the Sea by the international community toresolve maritime disputes. This part indicates the upcoming changes oftraditional marine and high seas fishing regime. This section also has briefly introduced the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of theSea, highlighted several important principles and systems such as EEZ(Economic Exclusive Zone) influencing management of living marine resources,as well as the profound impact on international marine living resourcesmanagement and conservation system. This part has described the transformingof the ocean view initiated by the Convention which broke up the traditionalconcept of the freedom of the seas.
Chapter IV has elaborated the gradual establishment of principles for highseas fishing and resource conservation. After the implementation of theConvention, global fishery resources are utilized in line with the rules ofequal importance of resource conservation, fisheries management and fisheriesdevelopment. International and regional organizations have ensured theconservation and management of international fisheries resources to achievethe objective of eco-environmental health and sustainable use. New agreementsand resolutions by the international or regional communities are alsointroduced, such as Agreement to Promote Compliance with InternationalConservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, Codeof Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, IUU International Plan of Action, andthe United Nations resolution on fighting high seas drifting nets.
Chapter V has stated five basic principles of modern conservation andmanagement system for high seas living resources. These groundbreakings areprinciples of the common heritage and the overall interests, equality of rightsand cooperation, scientific conservation and rational use, sustainabledevelopment and ordering, and people-oriented ecosystem. The five cardinalprinciples established are aimed to completely solve the current problems ofhigh seas marine living resources. They’re the basic ideological foundationand core values of the modern management system.
Chapter VI is the basic scheme of modern conservation and management systemfor high seas living resources. Though some international measures have beentaken to conserve the high seas living resources after the implementation ofthe Convention, the world still lacks a unified management system withuniversal recognition, covering all kinds of marine living resources. Theworld desperately needs a management system for the joint waters-high seasliving marine resources. The chapter analyzed current practices and problemsof high seas fisheries resources management, explored the feasibility ofestablishing international organizations for managing living marine resources, and built a viable framework of such organizations.
Chapter VII has narrated transforming of procedures and enforcementmeasures for the management system. This section has summarizes high seasfisheries management measures after the implementation of the Convention,highlighting the continued expansion of coastal state jurisdiction, portstates' measures, procedural requirements of IUU Regulations and regulationsof marine fishing products exported to the EU. It's stressed that some newconvention on the management and conservation of high seas marine livingresources, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, shouldbe set up. To protect the authority, enforceability and mandatory propertiesof the new convention, the Solution Mechanism for Disputes in WTO might beborrowed to completely solve thorny problems in the management andconservation of high seas living resources.
The8thchapter presents the trend of high seas fisheries development andsome policy suggestions. The development of international fisheries legalsystem is a strong impetus to high seas fisheries management. Measuresregulating high seas fisheries tend to be more mandatory. It seems thatintegrated management of high seas fisheries is an inevitable trend. Thecontinued strengthening of regional fisheries management is escalating thebirth of entity organizations. High seas fishery management system have beenlooming and high seas fisheries have entered the era of strict management.Policy suggestions on how China actively and properly responds to newchallenges posed by international marine legal system changes have been putforward.
Focusing on the management system of high seas living resources, theauthor discussed the development of the management system, put forward someinnovative suggestions, and reviewed theories of fishery resources managementat all times and in all lands. Basic principles for the establishment of newinternational fisheries management organizations are set up. A scientific andfeasible framework for the upcoming international fisheries managementorganizations are attempted to build. Procedures and systems accompanying theoperation of international fisheries management organizations were analyzed.Policy suggestions for the Chinese government are put forward. In addition,the future development of international fisheries especially the high seasfisheries are forecast
本论文共分9章，第一章是绪论，第九章是结语。第二章是公海及海洋生物资源传统管理理论的发展，简要评述了西方中世纪前的有关理论和中国“以陆治海”和“以海为田”的农耕海洋观、格老秀斯的海洋自由论、塞尔登的闭海论和宾刻舒克的海洋领有论，这些理论体现了现代海洋理论的思想源泉；并着重对近现代海洋思想产生重大影响的马汉的海权论进行了评析。第三章是《联合国海洋法公约》有关制度及其影响。论述了公海捕鱼旧制度的危机，从第二次世界大战后科技进步促进了海洋捕捞能力的提升，公海自由无序捕捞造成的海洋生物资源的破坏和衰退；到沿海国试图瓜分公海，纷纷对毗邻海域提出主权要求；简要介绍了《联合国海洋法公约》的基本内容，重点对《公约》中影响海洋生物资源管理的几个重要原则和制度，如至关重要的专属经济区制度做了介绍，分析了《公约》对公海渔业制度和国际海洋生物资源管理和养护制度的深远影响。分析了《公约》引发的海洋观变革，促进了对海洋生物资源认识的根本转变。第四章是公海生物资源管理制度的实践探索，该章重点研究了《公约》实施后，对建立新的公海生物资源养护管理制度产生重大影响的《促进公海渔船遵守国际养护和管理措施的协定》、《负责任渔业行为守则》、《执行协定》、《国际打击IUU行动计划》和联合国关于禁止公海流刺网的决议。第五章是公海生物资源管理制度的基本原则，该章开创性地总结了建立公海生物资源管理养护制度的五项基本原则，即共同继承财产与整体性原则、权利平等与合作原则、科学养护与合理利用原则、可持续发展与有序性原则和以人为本与生态系统原则，这五项基本原则的确立是彻底解决当前公海海洋生物资源存在问题的思想基础，是建立公海生物资源养护和管理制度的核心原则。第六章是公海生物资源管理制度构架研究，《公约》实施后，虽然探索建立了一些国际海洋生物养护管理制度，但世界上仍然缺乏统一的、普遍认同和遵守的、涵盖所有海洋生物资源的管理制度。世界迫切需要在国际共管海域——公海上建立海洋生物资源管理制度。该章通过分析当前公海渔业资源管理的实践与存在的问题，探讨建立国际海洋生物资源管理组织的可行性，提出了建立国际海洋生物资源管理组织可行的基本构架。第七章是公海生物资源管理制度的执行措施和程序保障，该章总结了《公约》实施后公海渔业创立的主要管理措施，重点评介了沿海国管辖权的持续扩大、港口国措施、IUU条例中的程序规定和具体措施以及输欧海洋捕捞产品的有关规定，就公海渔业管理基本程序的几个重要问题进行了分析。强调订立新的、以《联合国海洋法公约》为基础的“公海生物资源管理与养护公约”，并参照WTO争端解决机制在程序上保障新公约的权威性、强制性和可执行性，是彻底解决当前公海生物资源管理与养护中棘手问题的切实可行的办法。第八章是公海生物资源管理制度的发展及应对建议，该章提出，国际渔业法律制度的发展正在有力地推动公海渔业管理的国际化趋势；公海渔业管理措施更加趋向于强制性，对公海渔业的综合管理是发展的必然；区域性渔业管理不断加强，催生国际渔业管理实体组织诞生，公海渔业管理制度已隐然成型；公海渔业已进入全面严格管理时代。同时也对我国应如何积极、妥善应对国际海洋法律制度变革带来的挑战，提出了一些政策建议。
本论文围绕公海生物资源管理制度问题，梳理评述了中外关于渔业资源管理理论的主要观点，并主要在以下几个方面进行了创新性探讨：首次提出建立新的国际渔业管理组织应当遵循的基本原则；尝试给即将诞生的国际渔业管理组织搭建一个科学可行的框架；对保障国际渔业管理组织得以正常运转的程序和执行制度进行了研究分析；为我国公海渔业的发展提出一些政策建议，对公海生物资源管理制度今后的发展方向进行了研究和判断。
The implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seahas changed the traditional marine fisheries order and resource allocationpattern. Competition for marine resources, especially the high seas livingresources has become an important area of marine struggle in the new era. Dueto over-exploitation of global inshore fishery resources, the marine livingresources have declined sharply beyond people's imagination, and greatlyreduced the level of sustainable utilization and their future use. Globalfishery industries are facing problems of over-investment, populationdepletion, catches declining and intensification of resource contention andother issues. The world has entered an era of competing for high seas fisheriesresources. Still, the high seas fishery resources so far lack a comprehensive,mandatory management system. The theory and practice of conservation andmanagement on high seas living resources are becoming hot issues at home andabroad.
This article is divided into nine chapters.The first chapter isIntroduction. The last chapter is Conclusion section.The second chapter isan overview of the traditional theory of the management of high seas marineliving resources, a brief introduction of fisheries theory during the WesternMiddle Ages, China’s traditional view of farming the ocean, the Freedom ofthe Seas(mare liberum) formulated by Hugo Grotius, the Closed Sea (mare clausum)claimed by John Shelton, Dominion of the Sea held by Cornelius van Bynkershoekand Mahan's Sea Power view which has significant impacts on the modern marinethoughts. These theories reflect the source of ideas for modern marine theory.
The third chapter is to discuss the impacts of United Nations Conventionon the Law of the Sea. discuss the crisis of high seas fishing in the oldsystem, over-exploitation of fishing capacity with scientific andtechnological progress after World War II, the destruction and decay of marineliving resources due to fishing disorder, coastal states’ claimingsovereignty over adjacent waters by trying to carve up the high seas, and thefirst two meetings for the Law of the Sea by the international community toresolve maritime disputes. This part indicates the upcoming changes oftraditional marine and high seas fishing regime. This section also has briefly introduced the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of theSea, highlighted several important principles and systems such as EEZ(Economic Exclusive Zone) influencing management of living marine resources,as well as the profound impact on international marine living resourcesmanagement and conservation system. This part has described the transformingof the ocean view initiated by the Convention which broke up the traditionalconcept of the freedom of the seas.
Chapter IV has elaborated the gradual establishment of principles for highseas fishing and resource conservation. After the implementation of theConvention, global fishery resources are utilized in line with the rules ofequal importance of resource conservation, fisheries management and fisheriesdevelopment. International and regional organizations have ensured theconservation and management of international fisheries resources to achievethe objective of eco-environmental health and sustainable use. New agreementsand resolutions by the international or regional communities are alsointroduced, such as Agreement to Promote Compliance with InternationalConservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, Codeof Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, IUU International Plan of Action, andthe United Nations resolution on fighting high seas drifting nets.
Chapter V has stated five basic principles of modern conservation andmanagement system for high seas living resources. These groundbreakings areprinciples of the common heritage and the overall interests, equality of rightsand cooperation, scientific conservation and rational use, sustainabledevelopment and ordering, and people-oriented ecosystem. The five cardinalprinciples established are aimed to completely solve the current problems ofhigh seas marine living resources. They’re the basic ideological foundationand core values of the modern management system.
Chapter VI is the basic scheme of modern conservation and management systemfor high seas living resources. Though some international measures have beentaken to conserve the high seas living resources after the implementation ofthe Convention, the world still lacks a unified management system withuniversal recognition, covering all kinds of marine living resources. Theworld desperately needs a management system for the joint waters-high seasliving marine resources. The chapter analyzed current practices and problemsof high seas fisheries resources management, explored the feasibility ofestablishing international organizations for managing living marine resources, and built a viable framework of such organizations.
Chapter VII has narrated transforming of procedures and enforcementmeasures for the management system. This section has summarizes high seasfisheries management measures after the implementation of the Convention,highlighting the continued expansion of coastal state jurisdiction, portstates' measures, procedural requirements of IUU Regulations and regulationsof marine fishing products exported to the EU. It's stressed that some newconvention on the management and conservation of high seas marine livingresources, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, shouldbe set up. To protect the authority, enforceability and mandatory propertiesof the new convention, the Solution Mechanism for Disputes in WTO might beborrowed to completely solve thorny problems in the management andconservation of high seas living resources.
The8thchapter presents the trend of high seas fisheries development andsome policy suggestions. The development of international fisheries legalsystem is a strong impetus to high seas fisheries management. Measuresregulating high seas fisheries tend to be more mandatory. It seems thatintegrated management of high seas fisheries is an inevitable trend. Thecontinued strengthening of regional fisheries management is escalating thebirth of entity organizations. High seas fishery management system have beenlooming and high seas fisheries have entered the era of strict management.Policy suggestions on how China actively and properly responds to newchallenges posed by international marine legal system changes have been putforward.
Focusing on the management system of high seas living resources, theauthor discussed the development of the management system, put forward someinnovative suggestions, and reviewed theories of fishery resources managementat all times and in all lands. Basic principles for the establishment of newinternational fisheries management organizations are set up. A scientific andfeasible framework for the upcoming international fisheries managementorganizations are attempted to build. Procedures and systems accompanying theoperation of international fisheries management organizations were analyzed.Policy suggestions for the Chinese government are put forward. In addition,the future development of international fisheries especially the high seasfisheries are forecast
引文
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