文冠果种质资源评价与优良单株选择
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摘要
文冠果（Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge），系无患子科(Sapindaceae)文冠果属(Xanthoceras)植物，是我国特有的木本油用和药用树种。我国文冠果种质资源十分丰富，原生在我国北方的干旱寒冷地区，是一种既抗旱、抗寒又耐瘠薄的能源树种，集中分布于“三北”地区和其他零星分散地区。文冠果种仁含有丰富的脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪酸、氨基酸以及矿物质、维生素和微量元素等，具有很高的营养价值。我国文冠果栽培长期沿用实生繁殖和粗放管理，经济效益不高，缺少优良品系和品种的选育。本试验以山东省莱芜地区的文冠果实生植株为试材，通过对文冠果实生植株物候期、果实坐果率和果实生长情况、光合特性、植株叶片营养动态的测定、果实产量、果实形态特征、种仁营养成分等各指标间的相关性的研究，探讨评价文冠果实生群体的植株生长特性、植株生理特性、果实性状的遗传多样性和营养价值，为文冠果的种质资源进行评价和筛选优良品系提供理论基础。主要研究结果如下：
1．文冠果植株生长特性研究结果表明：山东莱芜地区文冠果在3月上旬开始出现芽膨大，4月下旬初花、伴随抽枝放叶，5月上旬进入盛花时期，6月中旬果实形成，7月中、下旬果实完全成熟，11月中旬叶全落；果实发育的前期纵径的增长大于横径的增长速度，5月中下旬，果实生长发育速度达到最高峰，6月上旬达到第二个生长高峰，7月下旬果实成熟采摘；有两次较大的落果高峰，即：5月中旬幼果生长发育较快时期和6月中下旬日果实大小的生长基本完成时期。
2．文冠果植株光合特性的研究表明：文冠果光合速率（Pn）变化呈双峰曲线，峰值出现在上午10:00和下午16:00左右，且第一次高峰高于第二次，存在明显的“午休”现象，光合“午休”现象出现在下午13：00左右，同一植株树体南方不同叶位叶片变化规律为中部叶片﹥上部叶片﹥下部叶片。光合有效辐射与蒸腾速率、叶温；净光合速率与气孔导度；叶温与大气温度、大气CO_2浓度与胞间CO_2浓度呈显著正相关，而光合有效辐射与大气CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率都呈显著负相关。
3．文冠果不同生长时期叶片矿质营养元素的研究表明：大量元素N、P、K含量在植物整个生长发育周期中都呈下降的趋势；Mg含量变化呈“单峰”曲线，Ca含量逐渐增大整体呈现上升趋势，老叶中Ca含量最高。总体而言，叶片矿质营养元素含量由多到少的顺序是：N﹥Ca﹥K﹥P﹥Mg，不同的生长时期，情况略有不同。
4．文冠果果实形态多样性研究结果表明：文冠果种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性，80株文冠果果实形状有长尖果型、平顶球果型、小球果果型、倒卵果型、三棱果型和桃形I果型六种，以小球果果型为主；果实成熟时多为中裂和深裂；果实成熟时表面颜色多为浅黄色和黄色；文冠果果实纵径、果实横径、纵横比、单果重、千粒重、出仁率、出籽率、壳皮厚度、结果数量、每果种子数和种子总产量的平均值分别为57.44mm、54.20mm、1.06、37.91g、970.03g、49.05%、48.18%、4.85mm、27.11个、17.74个和507.49g；变异系数大小的顺序是：种子总产量＞结果数量＞单果重＞每果种子数＞壳皮厚度＞千粒重＞果实纵径＞果实横径＞纵横比＞出仁率＞出籽率。在实生繁殖条件下，文冠果果实各性状在遗传过程中均有很大程度的分离现象，遗传多样性丰富。
5．文冠果种仁营养成分分析结果表明：每100g文冠果种仁中蛋白质含量变化范围为17.63-29.21 g/100g，均值22.15g/100g；脂肪含量变化范围为51.96-72.10 g/100g，均值65.11g/100g；可溶性糖含量变化范围为3.23-7.16g/100g，均值4.94g/100g；水分含量变异幅度在2.56-5.69之间，均值为3.88g/100g；灰分含量变异幅度在1.63-2.83之间，均值为2.23 g/100g。方差分析表明文冠果种仁蛋白质、脂肪、可溶性糖含量在单株间呈极显著差异水平(P<0.01)。
6．文冠果种仁富含17种氨基酸，每100 g氨基酸总量均值为22.55 g/100g，其中含有7种人体必需氨基酸，平均含量为7.11g/100g，必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的31.53%；文冠果种仁共分离出16种脂肪酸，其中7种主要脂肪酸：棕榈酸（C16:0）、硬脂酸（C18:0）、油酸（C18:1）、亚油酸（C18:2）、花生一烯酸（C20:1）、芥酸（C22:1）和二十四碳一烯酸（C24:1）平均相对含量分别为4.93%、2.09%、30.25%、42.48%、6.82%、8.60%和2.84%，其中亚油酸相对含量最高占总量的42.48%，不饱和脂肪酸占91.85%。
7．通过主成分分析和综合指数法对文冠果果实主成分进行分析，将文冠果果实的9个经济性状指标转化为5个主成分，5个主成分提供了文冠果原始性状85.434%的信息；筛选出的优良单株（前15位排名）为：L59、L26、L45、L28、L32、L41、L63、L38、L43、L14、L6、L27、L16、L1、L13。其结果与实际表现型相近似，为文冠果实生选优与综合利用提供了理论依据。
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge is Chinese endemic species of woody oil plant and medicinalplant, which is belonging to the genus Xanthoceras of Sapindaceae. It is native to the cold anddry north area and distributed in“three norths”and other scattered areas. It is used forproducing oil and medicine and is called energy species of tree. Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bungewhich has a very high nutritional value is rich for fat, protein, carbohydrate, fatty acid, aminoacids, minerals elements, vitamin, trace elements and so on. The economic benefit ofXanthoceras sorbifolia is low because the cultivation is seeding plants and extensivemanagement, then superior strains is very limited. In the present study, we invested the plantphenology period，fruit fruit-bearing rate and fruit growth status，photosynthetic characteristics，plant leaves the determination of dynamic nutrition, fruit yields, fruit morphologicalcharacteristics, kernel nutrients composition of seeding plants of Xanthoceras sorbifolia ofShandong Laiwu. It builds the theoretical basis of germplasm resources evaluation and screeningsuperior strains. The main results are as following:
1. The results of the growth of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge of Shandong Laiwu showedthat the time of sprout expand is early March, beginning flowers in late April, numerousflower-period in early May, fruit formation in the middle of June, fruit mature in late July, fallenleaves in the middle of November. The results also indicated that the rate of the growth of fruitvertical diameter is larger than fruit horizontal diameter during the development in the earlyperiod. The showed that the time of the largest development of fruit is late May, the secondlargest development is early June and the time of maturity is in late July. There are two peak ofabscission of fruits, which are the periods of young fruit growth in mid-May and fruit growthcompleted in late June.
2. The results of the Photosynthetic characteristics of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Plant:The diurnal change of photosynthesis rate had double peaks with a clear midday depression. Thedouble peaks occurred at 10:00 am and 4:00 pm, and the first peak was higher than the secondone. There exist obvious "midday rest" phenomenon and Photosynthetic "midday rest"phenomenon to appear in the about 1:00 pm, the different leaf positions in the same plantsouthern body and the results show the following ranks as: Middle leaves＞The top leaves＞Thelower leaves. Photosynthetic active radiation was positively correlated with transpiration rate andleaf temperature; the net photosynthetic rate was positively correlated with the stomatalconductance; The leaf temperature was positively correlated with atmospheric temperature,atmospheric CO2concentration, the internal CO2concentration, but photosynthetic activeradiation was negatively correlated with atmospheric CO2concentration, transpiration rate, wateruse efficiency.
3. The results of the mineral element content of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge leaves indifferent growth periods: The content changed throughout the year, the content of N, P, Kdecreased on the total, Mg present "the single-peak" curve, Ca content increase overall showed arising trend, the highest Ca content of old leaves. The changes of different elements weredifferent. In generally, leaf mineral elements to the order of less is N﹥Ca﹥K﹥P﹥Mg, thechanges of different elements were different.
4. The results showed that the morphological diversity of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bungefruit: germplasm resources have a wealth of genetic diversity of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. The nut shape among 80 Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge germplasm resources was mainly long
pointed-type fruit, flat-roofed cones type, the small cone-type fruits, reverse eggs-type, threeedges-type, peach shape-type, the small cone-type fruits is the main type; Middle crack and deepcrack are the main type when the fruit was matured; Light yellow and yellow are the main typeof the surface color; The average of fruit vertical diameter were 57.44mm, the fruit horizontaldiameter were 54.20mm, the aspect ratios were 1.06, the weight of single fruit were 37.91g, thethousand seed weight were 970.03g, the kernel ratio were 49.05%, the average seed ratio perfruit were 48.18%, the shell thickness were 4.85mm, the fruit yield per tree were 27.11, averageseeds per fruit were 17.74, and the seed production were 507.49g; the sequence of variationcoefficient: the seed production＞the fruit yield per tree＞the weight of single fruit＞seeds perfruit＞the shell thickness＞the thousand seed weight＞the fruit vertical diameter＞the fruithorizontal diameter＞the aspect ratios＞the kernel ratio＞the average seed ratio per fruit. Thevariance analysis indicated that there were significant variation within strains.
5. The results of the morphological diversity of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge nutrientsshowed as following: In 100g Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge kernel the average protein contentwas 22.15 g, ranging from 17.63-29.21g, the average fat was 65.11 g, ranging from 51.96-2.10 g,the average soluble sugar was 4.94g, ranging from 3.23-7.16 g, the average water was 3.88 g,ranging from 2.56-5.69 g, the average ash was 2.23 g, ranging from 1.63-2.83g. The varianceanalysis indicated that there were significant variation within strains (P<0.01) among protein, fatand soluble sugar.
6. The Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge kernel contained 17 kinds of amino acids, includingseven kinds of essential amin acids, which took 31.53% of the total amino acid contents, theaverage was 7.11g. The total amino acids content in 100 g walnut kernel was 22.55 g. Sevencompounds in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge kernel were identified, and they were palmitic acid,stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, peanuts a ene acid, erucic acid and 24 carbon a ene acid,and their contents were 4.93%, 2.09%, 30.25%, 42.48%, 6.82%, 8.60%, 2.84%. The content ofunsaturated fatty acid in kernel took 91.85% of total fatty acids.
7. The nine main economic characters of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge strains wereanalyzed using principal component analysis and synthetic indexes analysis. 5 main componentssprovides the Xanthoceras sorbifolia fruit characters of 85.434% coronary original information.The top fifteen were L59, L26, L45, L28, L32, L41, L63, L38, L43, L14, L6, L27, L16, L1, L13.The results were close to their actual phenotypes, and provided theoretical base for selection ofexcellent Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge strains and their utilization.
1．文冠果植株生长特性研究结果表明：山东莱芜地区文冠果在3月上旬开始出现芽膨大，4月下旬初花、伴随抽枝放叶，5月上旬进入盛花时期，6月中旬果实形成，7月中、下旬果实完全成熟，11月中旬叶全落；果实发育的前期纵径的增长大于横径的增长速度，5月中下旬，果实生长发育速度达到最高峰，6月上旬达到第二个生长高峰，7月下旬果实成熟采摘；有两次较大的落果高峰，即：5月中旬幼果生长发育较快时期和6月中下旬日果实大小的生长基本完成时期。
2．文冠果植株光合特性的研究表明：文冠果光合速率（Pn）变化呈双峰曲线，峰值出现在上午10:00和下午16:00左右，且第一次高峰高于第二次，存在明显的“午休”现象，光合“午休”现象出现在下午13：00左右，同一植株树体南方不同叶位叶片变化规律为中部叶片﹥上部叶片﹥下部叶片。光合有效辐射与蒸腾速率、叶温；净光合速率与气孔导度；叶温与大气温度、大气CO_2浓度与胞间CO_2浓度呈显著正相关，而光合有效辐射与大气CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率都呈显著负相关。
3．文冠果不同生长时期叶片矿质营养元素的研究表明：大量元素N、P、K含量在植物整个生长发育周期中都呈下降的趋势；Mg含量变化呈“单峰”曲线，Ca含量逐渐增大整体呈现上升趋势，老叶中Ca含量最高。总体而言，叶片矿质营养元素含量由多到少的顺序是：N﹥Ca﹥K﹥P﹥Mg，不同的生长时期，情况略有不同。
4．文冠果果实形态多样性研究结果表明：文冠果种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性，80株文冠果果实形状有长尖果型、平顶球果型、小球果果型、倒卵果型、三棱果型和桃形I果型六种，以小球果果型为主；果实成熟时多为中裂和深裂；果实成熟时表面颜色多为浅黄色和黄色；文冠果果实纵径、果实横径、纵横比、单果重、千粒重、出仁率、出籽率、壳皮厚度、结果数量、每果种子数和种子总产量的平均值分别为57.44mm、54.20mm、1.06、37.91g、970.03g、49.05%、48.18%、4.85mm、27.11个、17.74个和507.49g；变异系数大小的顺序是：种子总产量＞结果数量＞单果重＞每果种子数＞壳皮厚度＞千粒重＞果实纵径＞果实横径＞纵横比＞出仁率＞出籽率。在实生繁殖条件下，文冠果果实各性状在遗传过程中均有很大程度的分离现象，遗传多样性丰富。
5．文冠果种仁营养成分分析结果表明：每100g文冠果种仁中蛋白质含量变化范围为17.63-29.21 g/100g，均值22.15g/100g；脂肪含量变化范围为51.96-72.10 g/100g，均值65.11g/100g；可溶性糖含量变化范围为3.23-7.16g/100g，均值4.94g/100g；水分含量变异幅度在2.56-5.69之间，均值为3.88g/100g；灰分含量变异幅度在1.63-2.83之间，均值为2.23 g/100g。方差分析表明文冠果种仁蛋白质、脂肪、可溶性糖含量在单株间呈极显著差异水平(P<0.01)。
6．文冠果种仁富含17种氨基酸，每100 g氨基酸总量均值为22.55 g/100g，其中含有7种人体必需氨基酸，平均含量为7.11g/100g，必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的31.53%；文冠果种仁共分离出16种脂肪酸，其中7种主要脂肪酸：棕榈酸（C16:0）、硬脂酸（C18:0）、油酸（C18:1）、亚油酸（C18:2）、花生一烯酸（C20:1）、芥酸（C22:1）和二十四碳一烯酸（C24:1）平均相对含量分别为4.93%、2.09%、30.25%、42.48%、6.82%、8.60%和2.84%，其中亚油酸相对含量最高占总量的42.48%，不饱和脂肪酸占91.85%。
7．通过主成分分析和综合指数法对文冠果果实主成分进行分析，将文冠果果实的9个经济性状指标转化为5个主成分，5个主成分提供了文冠果原始性状85.434%的信息；筛选出的优良单株（前15位排名）为：L59、L26、L45、L28、L32、L41、L63、L38、L43、L14、L6、L27、L16、L1、L13。其结果与实际表现型相近似，为文冠果实生选优与综合利用提供了理论依据。
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge is Chinese endemic species of woody oil plant and medicinalplant, which is belonging to the genus Xanthoceras of Sapindaceae. It is native to the cold anddry north area and distributed in“three norths”and other scattered areas. It is used forproducing oil and medicine and is called energy species of tree. Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bungewhich has a very high nutritional value is rich for fat, protein, carbohydrate, fatty acid, aminoacids, minerals elements, vitamin, trace elements and so on. The economic benefit ofXanthoceras sorbifolia is low because the cultivation is seeding plants and extensivemanagement, then superior strains is very limited. In the present study, we invested the plantphenology period，fruit fruit-bearing rate and fruit growth status，photosynthetic characteristics，plant leaves the determination of dynamic nutrition, fruit yields, fruit morphologicalcharacteristics, kernel nutrients composition of seeding plants of Xanthoceras sorbifolia ofShandong Laiwu. It builds the theoretical basis of germplasm resources evaluation and screeningsuperior strains. The main results are as following:
1. The results of the growth of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge of Shandong Laiwu showedthat the time of sprout expand is early March, beginning flowers in late April, numerousflower-period in early May, fruit formation in the middle of June, fruit mature in late July, fallenleaves in the middle of November. The results also indicated that the rate of the growth of fruitvertical diameter is larger than fruit horizontal diameter during the development in the earlyperiod. The showed that the time of the largest development of fruit is late May, the secondlargest development is early June and the time of maturity is in late July. There are two peak ofabscission of fruits, which are the periods of young fruit growth in mid-May and fruit growthcompleted in late June.
2. The results of the Photosynthetic characteristics of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Plant:The diurnal change of photosynthesis rate had double peaks with a clear midday depression. Thedouble peaks occurred at 10:00 am and 4:00 pm, and the first peak was higher than the secondone. There exist obvious "midday rest" phenomenon and Photosynthetic "midday rest"phenomenon to appear in the about 1:00 pm, the different leaf positions in the same plantsouthern body and the results show the following ranks as: Middle leaves＞The top leaves＞Thelower leaves. Photosynthetic active radiation was positively correlated with transpiration rate andleaf temperature; the net photosynthetic rate was positively correlated with the stomatalconductance; The leaf temperature was positively correlated with atmospheric temperature,atmospheric CO2concentration, the internal CO2concentration, but photosynthetic activeradiation was negatively correlated with atmospheric CO2concentration, transpiration rate, wateruse efficiency.
3. The results of the mineral element content of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge leaves indifferent growth periods: The content changed throughout the year, the content of N, P, Kdecreased on the total, Mg present "the single-peak" curve, Ca content increase overall showed arising trend, the highest Ca content of old leaves. The changes of different elements weredifferent. In generally, leaf mineral elements to the order of less is N﹥Ca﹥K﹥P﹥Mg, thechanges of different elements were different.
4. The results showed that the morphological diversity of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bungefruit: germplasm resources have a wealth of genetic diversity of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. The nut shape among 80 Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge germplasm resources was mainly long
pointed-type fruit, flat-roofed cones type, the small cone-type fruits, reverse eggs-type, threeedges-type, peach shape-type, the small cone-type fruits is the main type; Middle crack and deepcrack are the main type when the fruit was matured; Light yellow and yellow are the main typeof the surface color; The average of fruit vertical diameter were 57.44mm, the fruit horizontaldiameter were 54.20mm, the aspect ratios were 1.06, the weight of single fruit were 37.91g, thethousand seed weight were 970.03g, the kernel ratio were 49.05%, the average seed ratio perfruit were 48.18%, the shell thickness were 4.85mm, the fruit yield per tree were 27.11, averageseeds per fruit were 17.74, and the seed production were 507.49g; the sequence of variationcoefficient: the seed production＞the fruit yield per tree＞the weight of single fruit＞seeds perfruit＞the shell thickness＞the thousand seed weight＞the fruit vertical diameter＞the fruithorizontal diameter＞the aspect ratios＞the kernel ratio＞the average seed ratio per fruit. Thevariance analysis indicated that there were significant variation within strains.
5. The results of the morphological diversity of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge nutrientsshowed as following: In 100g Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge kernel the average protein contentwas 22.15 g, ranging from 17.63-29.21g, the average fat was 65.11 g, ranging from 51.96-2.10 g,the average soluble sugar was 4.94g, ranging from 3.23-7.16 g, the average water was 3.88 g,ranging from 2.56-5.69 g, the average ash was 2.23 g, ranging from 1.63-2.83g. The varianceanalysis indicated that there were significant variation within strains (P<0.01) among protein, fatand soluble sugar.
6. The Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge kernel contained 17 kinds of amino acids, includingseven kinds of essential amin acids, which took 31.53% of the total amino acid contents, theaverage was 7.11g. The total amino acids content in 100 g walnut kernel was 22.55 g. Sevencompounds in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge kernel were identified, and they were palmitic acid,stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, peanuts a ene acid, erucic acid and 24 carbon a ene acid,and their contents were 4.93%, 2.09%, 30.25%, 42.48%, 6.82%, 8.60%, 2.84%. The content ofunsaturated fatty acid in kernel took 91.85% of total fatty acids.
7. The nine main economic characters of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge strains wereanalyzed using principal component analysis and synthetic indexes analysis. 5 main componentssprovides the Xanthoceras sorbifolia fruit characters of 85.434% coronary original information.The top fifteen were L59, L26, L45, L28, L32, L41, L63, L38, L43, L14, L6, L27, L16, L1, L13.The results were close to their actual phenotypes, and provided theoretical base for selection ofexcellent Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge strains and their utilization.
引文
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