La-Mg-Ni系新型贮氢合金结构与电化学性能的研究
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摘要
La-Mg-Ni系PuNi_3型贮氢合金是新近发现的高容量电极合金,具有重要的开发应用前景,但电极合金循环稳定性较差,因而如何提高合金电极循环稳定性是该类合金目前应用研究的关键问题。本文以PuNi_3型合金作为La-Mg-Ni系合金研究的起点,首先对PuNi_3型合金进行了元素替代和热处理研究,试图提高PuNi_3型电极合金的循环稳定性和高倍率放电性能。在PuNi_3型合金热处理研究的基础上,发现La-Mg-Ni系A_2B_7型合金具有比PuNi_3型合金更佳的综合电化学性能,据此本文以A_2B_7型合金为研究对象,系统考察了元素替代和热处理对合金结构和电化学性能的影响,研究表明La-Mg-Ni系A_2B_7型电极合金是一类重要的具有良好应用前景的新型Ni/MH电池负极候选材料。本文还采用ND(中子衍射)、XRD(X射线衍射)、粒度分析、HRTEM(高分辨透射电镜)等材料分析方法及电化学阻抗谱等电化学测试技术系统地研究了PuNi_3型合金和Ce_2Ni_7型合金电极容量衰退规律,力求阐明Ce_2Ni_7型合金比PuNi_3型合金具有更佳电化学性能的内在原因。
对于PuNi_3型合金,本文以La_2MgNi_9为基础成分,系统地研究了混合稀土元素替代和Ti/Zr素替代对合金相结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,混合稀土元素(Ce、Pr、Nd)对合金相结构有显著影响,晶胞微结构产生各向异性变化,合金颗粒氢致粉化加剧。混合稀土元素的添加不能有效改善合金电极的循环稳定性,但可以显著提高合金电极的高倍率放电性能。Ti/Zr元素不能固溶于PuNi_3型合金当中,而是形成稳定的Ti-Ni相或Zr-Ni相呈树枝晶形态分布于合金中。Ti/Zr元素的引入从不同程度上提高了合金电极的循环稳定性,改善了合金电极的倍率放电性能,但也会不同程度的降低合金电极的放电容量。
对于PuNi_3型合金,本文还系统研究了热处理温度对La_(0.67)Mg_(0.33)Ni_(2.5)Co_(0.5)合金结构和电化学性能的影响。热处理对合金相结构有重要影响,1123K热处理有利于PuNi_3型物相的形成,高温热处理(>1123K)会诱导PuNi_3型合金向Ce_2Ni_7型合金的转变。热处理能够显著改善合金的氢化性能,Ce_2Ni_7型合金和PuNi_3型合金具有相似的吸放氢特性和电极活化性能,最大电化学放电容量均可达400mAh/g。热处理对改善PuNi_3型合金电极的循环稳定性是有限的,但研究发现Ce_2Ni_7型合金电极具有比PuNi_3型合金电极更佳的循环稳定性和动力学性能,70次充放电循环后的容量保持率可达92.9%。因此A_2B_7型合金是一种更具有应用前景的高容量合金电极。
以A_2B_7型合金为研究对象,本文系统的研究了Mg含量、Co含量及稀土元素对合金结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,Mg含量对A_2B_7型合金相结构有重
PuNi_3-type hydrogen storage alloy of La-Mg-Ni system is a kind of new type high capacity electrode alloy which was found in recent years, this kind of alloy possesses an important prospect of development and utilization. However, the cyclic life of alloy electrodes is poor, then it is the key question of unilization researches that how to improve the cyclic life of alloy electrodes. So in this paper, the PuNi_3-type alloy was of the jumping-off point of study of La-Mg-Ni system alloys. Firstly, element substitution and annealing treatment were conducted in order to improve the cyclic stability and high rate dischargeability (HRD) of PuNi_3-type alloys. On the basis of annealing treatment of PuNi_3-type alloys, it is found that A_2B_7-type alloys of La-Mg-Ni system show much better overall electrochemical properties than the PuNi_3-type alloys. Consequently A_2B_7-type alloys became the object of researches. The effect of element substitution and annealing treatment on alloy structure and electrochemical were investigated systemically, the study showed that A_2B_7-type alloy is an important new type candidate of Ni/MH battery negative electrode which processes a good commercialization prospect. Besides, in this paper, methods of material analysis, as ND (neutron diffraction), XRD (X-ray diffraction), particle analysis, HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscope) et al, and technology of electrochemical measurement like electrochemical impedance spectrum were introduced to investigate the capacity degradation rule of PuNi_3-type and Ce_2Ni_7-type alloys, and also to clarify the intrinsic reason of the better cyclic stability of Ce_2Ni_7-type alloys when compared with PuNi_3-type alloys.With respect to the PuNi_3-type alloy, La_2MgNi_9 alloy was as the basic component for study in this paper. The effect of the substitution of misch metal and Ti/Zr element on alloy phase structure and electrochemical properties were investigated systematically. It is found that misch metal like Ce, Pr, Nd had an distinct influence on the phase structure, also led to the anisotropic change of microstructure of unit cell and accelerated the pulverization of alloy particles. Misch metal could not improve cyclic stability of alloy electrodes effectively, but it could increase HRD of alloy electrodes remarkably. Ti/Zr elements could not dissolve into PuNi_3-type alloys, but formed stable Ti-Ni or Zr-Ni phase which was distributed like branch in alloys. Introduction of Ti/Zr elements could improve the cyclic stability and HRD of alloy electrode to some extent, but also reduced the discharge capacity of electrodes.To PuNi3-type alloy, the effect of annealing treatment temperature on structure and electrochemical properties of La_(0.67)Mg_(0.33)Ni_(2.5)Co_(0.5) alloy were also investigated systematically in this paper. Annealing treatment had an important influence on the phase structure of alloys, annealing treatment at 1123K was favorite of the formation of PuNi_3-type, while annealing treatment at high temperature (> 1123K) would induce the phase transformation from PuNi_3-type to Ce_2Ni_7-type. At the same time, annealing
treatment would improve hydrogenation properties of alloys remarkably, Ce2Ni7-type alloy and PuNi3-type exhibited similar hydrogen absorption/desorption characteristic and electrode activation properties, and discharge capacity both electrodes could be up to 400mAh/g. However it was limited that the cyclic stability of PuNi3-type alloys were improved by annealing treatment. It should be noticed that Ce2Ni7-type electrode alloy showed better cyclic stability and kinetic properties than PuNi3-type one. The capacity retention rate after 70 charge/discharge cycles of Ce2Ni7-type alloy electrode was up to 92.9%, it has been proved to be a kind of high capacity alloy electrode with good applied prospect.Based on A2B7-type alloys, the effects of Mg content, Co content and rare earth elements on alloy structure and electrochemical properties were examined systematically. Experiment results showed that Mg content had an important influence on the phase structure of A2B7-type alloys. According to the different Mg content, alloys would present two different kinds of crystal structure with Ce2Ni7-type and Gd2Co7-type. High Mg content in alloys would lead to the decomposition of A2B7-type phase into PuNi3-type phase and LaNis phase. Because the ratio of CaCus unit and Laves unit in A2B7-type alloy and PuNi3-type alloy is different, the microstructure of both kinds of alloys exhibited different change rule. Mg atoms were distributed mainly at laves unit of A2B7-type alloy. The effect of Mg content on hydrogenation and electrochemical properties of alloys was distinct. When the Mg content was low, alloys would show hydrogen induced amorphous phenomenon with low discharge capacity, but cyclic stability was better;when Mg content increased, amorphous phenomenon disappeared, alloy electrodes exhibited high discharge capacity and good kinetic properties;when Mg content increased further,-and the overall electrochemical properties of alloy electrodes would be deteriorated. Co element in Ce2Ni7-type alloys could not change the phase structure of La1.5Mgo.5Ni7 alloy. Co atoms were only distributed at CaCus unit of Ce2Ni7-type unit cell, not at Laves unit. The special distribution of Co atoms in Ce2Ni7-type unit cell would lead to much more serious pulverization of alloy particle due to inconsistent volume expansion of two kinds of units, and then Co element could not improve cyclic stability of Ce2Ni7-type alloy electrodes. The effect of rare earth elements on electrochemical properties of A2B7-type alloy electrodes was similar to PuNi3-type alloy electrodes, and Ce element could deteriorate cyclic stability of A2B7-type alloy electrodes, and it should be used carefully.Based on the La1.5Mgo.5Ni7 alloy, the effect of annealing temperature on alloy phase structure and microstructure and electrochemical properties were investigated. As-cast alloy was a multi-phase structure;after annealing treatment, it was converted into double-phase structure with Gd2Co7-type and Ce2Ni7-type. Annealing treatment could obviously improve overall electrochemical properties of alloy electrodes. After annealing treatment at 1173K, the discharge capacity of electrodes could be up to 391.2mAh/g and the capacity retention rate after 150 charge/discharge cycles could reach 82.0%. Hydrogenation properties and electrochemical properties between Gd2Co7-type alloy and Ce2Ni7-type alloy was similar.The study of alloy structure, pulverization and corrosion clarified basically
capacity degradation mechanism of PuNi3-type and Ce2Ni7-type alloys. Neutron diffraction analysis showed that volume expansion of Laves unit in unit cell was far beyond CaCus unit during hydrogenation process, what' s more, the expansion of Laves unit was anisotropic. The inconsistent expansion of two kinds of units would accelerate pulverization. In addition, PuNi3-type alloy has more Laves unit than Ce2Ni7-type one, so the volume expansion of the former was larger than the latter during hydrogenation process, which would lead to the more serious pulverization of PuNi3-type alloy when compared with Ce2Ni7-type alloy. During the electrochemical charge/discharge process, the more serious corrosion of PuNi3-type alloy in contrast to Ce2Ni7-type alloy was an important factor of the more poor cyclic stability of PuNi3-type alloy electrodes. The capacity degradation of Ce2Ni7-type alloy electrode resulted mainly from electrochemical corrosion. PuNi3-type alloy exhibited amorphous phenomenon in charge/discharge cycles as well as hydrogen absorption/desorption process, and amorphous phenomenon could cause the reduction of the reversible hydrogen capacity, which became the other important factor of discharge capacity degradation. In contrast to PuNi3-type alloy, Ce2Ni7-type didn' t exhibit obvious amorphous phenomenon, which was the main reason of better cyclic stability.
对于PuNi_3型合金,本文以La_2MgNi_9为基础成分,系统地研究了混合稀土元素替代和Ti/Zr素替代对合金相结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,混合稀土元素(Ce、Pr、Nd)对合金相结构有显著影响,晶胞微结构产生各向异性变化,合金颗粒氢致粉化加剧。混合稀土元素的添加不能有效改善合金电极的循环稳定性,但可以显著提高合金电极的高倍率放电性能。Ti/Zr元素不能固溶于PuNi_3型合金当中,而是形成稳定的Ti-Ni相或Zr-Ni相呈树枝晶形态分布于合金中。Ti/Zr元素的引入从不同程度上提高了合金电极的循环稳定性,改善了合金电极的倍率放电性能,但也会不同程度的降低合金电极的放电容量。
对于PuNi_3型合金,本文还系统研究了热处理温度对La_(0.67)Mg_(0.33)Ni_(2.5)Co_(0.5)合金结构和电化学性能的影响。热处理对合金相结构有重要影响,1123K热处理有利于PuNi_3型物相的形成,高温热处理(>1123K)会诱导PuNi_3型合金向Ce_2Ni_7型合金的转变。热处理能够显著改善合金的氢化性能,Ce_2Ni_7型合金和PuNi_3型合金具有相似的吸放氢特性和电极活化性能,最大电化学放电容量均可达400mAh/g。热处理对改善PuNi_3型合金电极的循环稳定性是有限的,但研究发现Ce_2Ni_7型合金电极具有比PuNi_3型合金电极更佳的循环稳定性和动力学性能,70次充放电循环后的容量保持率可达92.9%。因此A_2B_7型合金是一种更具有应用前景的高容量合金电极。
以A_2B_7型合金为研究对象,本文系统的研究了Mg含量、Co含量及稀土元素对合金结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,Mg含量对A_2B_7型合金相结构有重
PuNi_3-type hydrogen storage alloy of La-Mg-Ni system is a kind of new type high capacity electrode alloy which was found in recent years, this kind of alloy possesses an important prospect of development and utilization. However, the cyclic life of alloy electrodes is poor, then it is the key question of unilization researches that how to improve the cyclic life of alloy electrodes. So in this paper, the PuNi_3-type alloy was of the jumping-off point of study of La-Mg-Ni system alloys. Firstly, element substitution and annealing treatment were conducted in order to improve the cyclic stability and high rate dischargeability (HRD) of PuNi_3-type alloys. On the basis of annealing treatment of PuNi_3-type alloys, it is found that A_2B_7-type alloys of La-Mg-Ni system show much better overall electrochemical properties than the PuNi_3-type alloys. Consequently A_2B_7-type alloys became the object of researches. The effect of element substitution and annealing treatment on alloy structure and electrochemical were investigated systemically, the study showed that A_2B_7-type alloy is an important new type candidate of Ni/MH battery negative electrode which processes a good commercialization prospect. Besides, in this paper, methods of material analysis, as ND (neutron diffraction), XRD (X-ray diffraction), particle analysis, HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscope) et al, and technology of electrochemical measurement like electrochemical impedance spectrum were introduced to investigate the capacity degradation rule of PuNi_3-type and Ce_2Ni_7-type alloys, and also to clarify the intrinsic reason of the better cyclic stability of Ce_2Ni_7-type alloys when compared with PuNi_3-type alloys.With respect to the PuNi_3-type alloy, La_2MgNi_9 alloy was as the basic component for study in this paper. The effect of the substitution of misch metal and Ti/Zr element on alloy phase structure and electrochemical properties were investigated systematically. It is found that misch metal like Ce, Pr, Nd had an distinct influence on the phase structure, also led to the anisotropic change of microstructure of unit cell and accelerated the pulverization of alloy particles. Misch metal could not improve cyclic stability of alloy electrodes effectively, but it could increase HRD of alloy electrodes remarkably. Ti/Zr elements could not dissolve into PuNi_3-type alloys, but formed stable Ti-Ni or Zr-Ni phase which was distributed like branch in alloys. Introduction of Ti/Zr elements could improve the cyclic stability and HRD of alloy electrode to some extent, but also reduced the discharge capacity of electrodes.To PuNi3-type alloy, the effect of annealing treatment temperature on structure and electrochemical properties of La_(0.67)Mg_(0.33)Ni_(2.5)Co_(0.5) alloy were also investigated systematically in this paper. Annealing treatment had an important influence on the phase structure of alloys, annealing treatment at 1123K was favorite of the formation of PuNi_3-type, while annealing treatment at high temperature (> 1123K) would induce the phase transformation from PuNi_3-type to Ce_2Ni_7-type. At the same time, annealing
treatment would improve hydrogenation properties of alloys remarkably, Ce2Ni7-type alloy and PuNi3-type exhibited similar hydrogen absorption/desorption characteristic and electrode activation properties, and discharge capacity both electrodes could be up to 400mAh/g. However it was limited that the cyclic stability of PuNi3-type alloys were improved by annealing treatment. It should be noticed that Ce2Ni7-type electrode alloy showed better cyclic stability and kinetic properties than PuNi3-type one. The capacity retention rate after 70 charge/discharge cycles of Ce2Ni7-type alloy electrode was up to 92.9%, it has been proved to be a kind of high capacity alloy electrode with good applied prospect.Based on A2B7-type alloys, the effects of Mg content, Co content and rare earth elements on alloy structure and electrochemical properties were examined systematically. Experiment results showed that Mg content had an important influence on the phase structure of A2B7-type alloys. According to the different Mg content, alloys would present two different kinds of crystal structure with Ce2Ni7-type and Gd2Co7-type. High Mg content in alloys would lead to the decomposition of A2B7-type phase into PuNi3-type phase and LaNis phase. Because the ratio of CaCus unit and Laves unit in A2B7-type alloy and PuNi3-type alloy is different, the microstructure of both kinds of alloys exhibited different change rule. Mg atoms were distributed mainly at laves unit of A2B7-type alloy. The effect of Mg content on hydrogenation and electrochemical properties of alloys was distinct. When the Mg content was low, alloys would show hydrogen induced amorphous phenomenon with low discharge capacity, but cyclic stability was better;when Mg content increased, amorphous phenomenon disappeared, alloy electrodes exhibited high discharge capacity and good kinetic properties;when Mg content increased further,-and the overall electrochemical properties of alloy electrodes would be deteriorated. Co element in Ce2Ni7-type alloys could not change the phase structure of La1.5Mgo.5Ni7 alloy. Co atoms were only distributed at CaCus unit of Ce2Ni7-type unit cell, not at Laves unit. The special distribution of Co atoms in Ce2Ni7-type unit cell would lead to much more serious pulverization of alloy particle due to inconsistent volume expansion of two kinds of units, and then Co element could not improve cyclic stability of Ce2Ni7-type alloy electrodes. The effect of rare earth elements on electrochemical properties of A2B7-type alloy electrodes was similar to PuNi3-type alloy electrodes, and Ce element could deteriorate cyclic stability of A2B7-type alloy electrodes, and it should be used carefully.Based on the La1.5Mgo.5Ni7 alloy, the effect of annealing temperature on alloy phase structure and microstructure and electrochemical properties were investigated. As-cast alloy was a multi-phase structure;after annealing treatment, it was converted into double-phase structure with Gd2Co7-type and Ce2Ni7-type. Annealing treatment could obviously improve overall electrochemical properties of alloy electrodes. After annealing treatment at 1173K, the discharge capacity of electrodes could be up to 391.2mAh/g and the capacity retention rate after 150 charge/discharge cycles could reach 82.0%. Hydrogenation properties and electrochemical properties between Gd2Co7-type alloy and Ce2Ni7-type alloy was similar.The study of alloy structure, pulverization and corrosion clarified basically
capacity degradation mechanism of PuNi3-type and Ce2Ni7-type alloys. Neutron diffraction analysis showed that volume expansion of Laves unit in unit cell was far beyond CaCus unit during hydrogenation process, what' s more, the expansion of Laves unit was anisotropic. The inconsistent expansion of two kinds of units would accelerate pulverization. In addition, PuNi3-type alloy has more Laves unit than Ce2Ni7-type one, so the volume expansion of the former was larger than the latter during hydrogenation process, which would lead to the more serious pulverization of PuNi3-type alloy when compared with Ce2Ni7-type alloy. During the electrochemical charge/discharge process, the more serious corrosion of PuNi3-type alloy in contrast to Ce2Ni7-type alloy was an important factor of the more poor cyclic stability of PuNi3-type alloy electrodes. The capacity degradation of Ce2Ni7-type alloy electrode resulted mainly from electrochemical corrosion. PuNi3-type alloy exhibited amorphous phenomenon in charge/discharge cycles as well as hydrogen absorption/desorption process, and amorphous phenomenon could cause the reduction of the reversible hydrogen capacity, which became the other important factor of discharge capacity degradation. In contrast to PuNi3-type alloy, Ce2Ni7-type didn' t exhibit obvious amorphous phenomenon, which was the main reason of better cyclic stability.
引文
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