民营企业创生的地区差异研究
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摘要
区域发展的不平衡与区域经济、收入差距的扩大,已经成为制约我国经济健康稳定发展的不可小视的障碍。而创业活动,既是我国区域发展不平衡的成因之一,同时,它的结果又进一步促进了区域经济、收入差距的扩大。我国东中西部经济差距的产生主要归因于民营经济发展的不平衡,民营经济的发展要归功于民营企业的创生活动。
创业环境理论解释了“创业者到哪里创业?”以及“为什么?”等有关创业的客体问题,但不能很好地解释“创业者从何处来?”以及“为何来自此处而非别处?”等有关创业的主体问题。创业行动的产生源起于人们创业意愿的形成,优越的创业环境在吸引外来投资的同时,并不一定能够激发本地居民投身创业的热情。本文从我国各地创业环境的分解中逐步引入内生于区域内个体行为与参考群体的互动的创业氛围概念,试图从新的视角探讨民营企业的地区差异。
本文的主要研究分为六个部分,第一部分是对与本文研究内容相关的创业研究综述,指出目前研究中存在的不足,以及本文的研究意义、研究方法；第二部分是对企业创生与地区差异的事实观察,鉴于企业数量与经济增长的密切关系,个地区是否保持较高的经济活力与它是否有较高的企业创生率有关,观察表明,在我国,不仅不同地区企业创生率存在差异,企业创设者的出生地也存在差异,进而提出本文的研究主题；第三部分是创业活跃地区的观察与思考,对影响创业活跃程度的因素分析,通过对典型创业活跃地区调研发现的总结与归纳,提出影响创业活跃程度差异的成因,既有外部因素,也有内生性因素,还与社会报酬结构有关；第四是从外部环境方面解剖我国民营企业创生的地区差异,探讨资源富集程度、市场规模、储蓄水平、地区产业结构与市场中介组织发展等外部支持对民营企业创生的影响；第五部分是探地区内生的创业氛围与民营企业创生的关系,从成长型企业的特征、创业氛围到外部环境、个人行为与创业氛围的互动,提出地区创业氛围的阶段性规律；第六部分是文章的理论与政策结论。
本文的逻辑关系具体表现为：我国真正的企业是改革开放以后才涌现出来的,但无论从企业的创生数量还是从企业的成长速度与质量上,我国不同地区间都呈现显著的非均衡态势,这是地区间潜在创业者群体存在禀赋差异,还是环境、机会的差异所致?按照流行的环境依赖理论,企业创生活动由环境决定,但以上海、北京、天津为例,它们的创业环境、居民创业技能都算得上是全国最好的,这三个地区本土(出生在本地)居民的创业活动却并不活跃,这是为什么?通过梳理我国各地外部支持与文化环境的差异,本文得出,单纯从创业环境来理解我国不同地区企业创生活动的差异存在缺陷,必须将创业环境、创业者个体活动与地区内生根植于居民观念中的有关创业认知联系起来,通过引入创业氛围概念,本文认为,地区内的居民是否崇尚创业并采取创业行为,与创业氛围高度相关,而创业氛围的形成和传导,取决于由创业环境、企业密度“循环累积反馈”影响的创业成功率与创业收益率,在此过程中,地方政府、教育部门、先行创业者与中介服务机构等,可以分别发挥一定推动作用。
The expanding unbalance and difference between the development of regional economy and income in our country,has already become an inconvenient barrier which restrict economical progressing healthily and steadily. Since entrepreneurship activity is one of origins to bring unbalance between areas development, simultaneously, the result of entrepreneurship activity promoted the expansion of regional economy and income greater. The economic gap between the East and the Mid-west areas in our country mainly attributed to the unbalanced development of privately operated economy,while the development of privately operated economy attributed to the activity of private enterprise creating and existing.
The entrepreneurship environment theory explained "Where entrepreneurs start an undertaking to?"as well as "why?"and so on questions,which related the object of entrepreneurship, but it cannot explain "where are entrepreneurs from?"as well as "why they come from here, but non-elsewhere?"and so on questions,which related the subject of entrepreneurship.The source of entrepreneurship motion is entrepreneurs' wish to start an undertaking, while the superior entrepreneurship environment attracts external investment, it is not definitely able to stimulate the local resident's entrepreneurship enthusiasm. Decomposing regional entrepreneurship environment in our country gradually,this dissertation introduces that the individual behavior is endogenous from entrepreneurship atmosphere as the region and reference group's interaction, from that the author attempts to discuss private enterprise's regional disparity on a new field of view.
The main work of this dissertation is arranged in six parts. The first part is a summarize about the studies related to entrepreneurship research to point out the insufficiency which exists presently, as well as the research significance, and research techniques of this dissertation; The second part is fact observation about the disparity on enterprise creates and lives between regions, in view of the fact that enterprise quantity and economic growth related closely, whether an area maintains a high economic vitality related to whether it maintains a high rate of enterprise creating and existing. The observation indicated that not only the rates of enterprise creating and existing are different between regions in our country, the source of enterprise originator is different also, then this dissertation proposes its research subject; The third part is the observation with consideration about entrepreneurship active area so as to analysis the factors that affect entrepreneurship active degree, through investigation and study to the model entrepreneurship active area, this dissertation proposes its summary and induction, there are not only external factors but also endogenetic factors as well as social reward structure be related; The fourth is to dissect what external environment factors lead to the disparity as private enterprises creating and existing in our country, such as the concentrates degree of resources, the market size, the deposit level, the area industrial structure and the market intermediary organization development and so on exterior supports to the private enterprises creating then existing; The fifth part is to search what relation between the local endogenous entrepreneurship atmosphere and the private enterprise creating and existing, from the aspect of growth enterprise, to the entrepreneurship atmosphere to the external environment, the interaction of personal behavior and the entrepreneurship atmosphere, this part proposes the staged rule when local entrepreneurship atmosphere strengthening; The sixth part is the theory and the policy conclusion from this dissertation.
The concrete manifestation of logical relation in this dissertation is:Until reform and open policy there are true enterprises emerge in our country, but the unbalance and difference of enterprises growth between different zone have been existing from quantity to quality, is it the remarkable non-balanced situation result from the talent difference of the zone potential pioneer community, or is it the result from difference of environment, opportunity? According to the popular environment dependence theory, the activity of enterprise creating and existing is decided by the environment, take Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai as the example, the entrepreneurship environment and the skill of entrepreneurship are considered as the national best, but entrepreneurship activity is actually inactive at these residents (born in these three locality), why? Through carding difference between regional exterior support and the cultural environment in our country, this dissertation considers it existence flaw if we study from the entrepreneurship environment purely,that it is not clear to understand the difference of enterprise creating and existing at different area in our country. We must relate the entrepreneurship environment, the pioneer individual activity and the endogenous entrepreneurship cognition rooted in the resident idea.Through introducing the concept of entrepreneurship atmosphere, this dissertation believed whether in the local resident does advocate starts an undertaking and adopts the entrepreneurship behavior, is highly related with the entrepreneurship atmosphere, how to formate and conduct the entrepreneurship atmosphere is decided by the entrepreneurship success ratio and the entrepreneurship returns ratio which is influenced by entrepreneurship environment, the enterprise density as "the circulation accumulation feedback", during this process, the local authority, the educational department, the advance pioneer and the intermediate services organization and so on, may play certain promotion effect separately.
创业环境理论解释了“创业者到哪里创业?”以及“为什么?”等有关创业的客体问题,但不能很好地解释“创业者从何处来?”以及“为何来自此处而非别处?”等有关创业的主体问题。创业行动的产生源起于人们创业意愿的形成,优越的创业环境在吸引外来投资的同时,并不一定能够激发本地居民投身创业的热情。本文从我国各地创业环境的分解中逐步引入内生于区域内个体行为与参考群体的互动的创业氛围概念,试图从新的视角探讨民营企业的地区差异。
本文的主要研究分为六个部分,第一部分是对与本文研究内容相关的创业研究综述,指出目前研究中存在的不足,以及本文的研究意义、研究方法；第二部分是对企业创生与地区差异的事实观察,鉴于企业数量与经济增长的密切关系,个地区是否保持较高的经济活力与它是否有较高的企业创生率有关,观察表明,在我国,不仅不同地区企业创生率存在差异,企业创设者的出生地也存在差异,进而提出本文的研究主题；第三部分是创业活跃地区的观察与思考,对影响创业活跃程度的因素分析,通过对典型创业活跃地区调研发现的总结与归纳,提出影响创业活跃程度差异的成因,既有外部因素,也有内生性因素,还与社会报酬结构有关；第四是从外部环境方面解剖我国民营企业创生的地区差异,探讨资源富集程度、市场规模、储蓄水平、地区产业结构与市场中介组织发展等外部支持对民营企业创生的影响；第五部分是探地区内生的创业氛围与民营企业创生的关系,从成长型企业的特征、创业氛围到外部环境、个人行为与创业氛围的互动,提出地区创业氛围的阶段性规律；第六部分是文章的理论与政策结论。
本文的逻辑关系具体表现为：我国真正的企业是改革开放以后才涌现出来的,但无论从企业的创生数量还是从企业的成长速度与质量上,我国不同地区间都呈现显著的非均衡态势,这是地区间潜在创业者群体存在禀赋差异,还是环境、机会的差异所致?按照流行的环境依赖理论,企业创生活动由环境决定,但以上海、北京、天津为例,它们的创业环境、居民创业技能都算得上是全国最好的,这三个地区本土(出生在本地)居民的创业活动却并不活跃,这是为什么?通过梳理我国各地外部支持与文化环境的差异,本文得出,单纯从创业环境来理解我国不同地区企业创生活动的差异存在缺陷,必须将创业环境、创业者个体活动与地区内生根植于居民观念中的有关创业认知联系起来,通过引入创业氛围概念,本文认为,地区内的居民是否崇尚创业并采取创业行为,与创业氛围高度相关,而创业氛围的形成和传导,取决于由创业环境、企业密度“循环累积反馈”影响的创业成功率与创业收益率,在此过程中,地方政府、教育部门、先行创业者与中介服务机构等,可以分别发挥一定推动作用。
The expanding unbalance and difference between the development of regional economy and income in our country,has already become an inconvenient barrier which restrict economical progressing healthily and steadily. Since entrepreneurship activity is one of origins to bring unbalance between areas development, simultaneously, the result of entrepreneurship activity promoted the expansion of regional economy and income greater. The economic gap between the East and the Mid-west areas in our country mainly attributed to the unbalanced development of privately operated economy,while the development of privately operated economy attributed to the activity of private enterprise creating and existing.
The entrepreneurship environment theory explained "Where entrepreneurs start an undertaking to?"as well as "why?"and so on questions,which related the object of entrepreneurship, but it cannot explain "where are entrepreneurs from?"as well as "why they come from here, but non-elsewhere?"and so on questions,which related the subject of entrepreneurship.The source of entrepreneurship motion is entrepreneurs' wish to start an undertaking, while the superior entrepreneurship environment attracts external investment, it is not definitely able to stimulate the local resident's entrepreneurship enthusiasm. Decomposing regional entrepreneurship environment in our country gradually,this dissertation introduces that the individual behavior is endogenous from entrepreneurship atmosphere as the region and reference group's interaction, from that the author attempts to discuss private enterprise's regional disparity on a new field of view.
The main work of this dissertation is arranged in six parts. The first part is a summarize about the studies related to entrepreneurship research to point out the insufficiency which exists presently, as well as the research significance, and research techniques of this dissertation; The second part is fact observation about the disparity on enterprise creates and lives between regions, in view of the fact that enterprise quantity and economic growth related closely, whether an area maintains a high economic vitality related to whether it maintains a high rate of enterprise creating and existing. The observation indicated that not only the rates of enterprise creating and existing are different between regions in our country, the source of enterprise originator is different also, then this dissertation proposes its research subject; The third part is the observation with consideration about entrepreneurship active area so as to analysis the factors that affect entrepreneurship active degree, through investigation and study to the model entrepreneurship active area, this dissertation proposes its summary and induction, there are not only external factors but also endogenetic factors as well as social reward structure be related; The fourth is to dissect what external environment factors lead to the disparity as private enterprises creating and existing in our country, such as the concentrates degree of resources, the market size, the deposit level, the area industrial structure and the market intermediary organization development and so on exterior supports to the private enterprises creating then existing; The fifth part is to search what relation between the local endogenous entrepreneurship atmosphere and the private enterprise creating and existing, from the aspect of growth enterprise, to the entrepreneurship atmosphere to the external environment, the interaction of personal behavior and the entrepreneurship atmosphere, this part proposes the staged rule when local entrepreneurship atmosphere strengthening; The sixth part is the theory and the policy conclusion from this dissertation.
The concrete manifestation of logical relation in this dissertation is:Until reform and open policy there are true enterprises emerge in our country, but the unbalance and difference of enterprises growth between different zone have been existing from quantity to quality, is it the remarkable non-balanced situation result from the talent difference of the zone potential pioneer community, or is it the result from difference of environment, opportunity? According to the popular environment dependence theory, the activity of enterprise creating and existing is decided by the environment, take Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai as the example, the entrepreneurship environment and the skill of entrepreneurship are considered as the national best, but entrepreneurship activity is actually inactive at these residents (born in these three locality), why? Through carding difference between regional exterior support and the cultural environment in our country, this dissertation considers it existence flaw if we study from the entrepreneurship environment purely,that it is not clear to understand the difference of enterprise creating and existing at different area in our country. We must relate the entrepreneurship environment, the pioneer individual activity and the endogenous entrepreneurship cognition rooted in the resident idea.Through introducing the concept of entrepreneurship atmosphere, this dissertation believed whether in the local resident does advocate starts an undertaking and adopts the entrepreneurship behavior, is highly related with the entrepreneurship atmosphere, how to formate and conduct the entrepreneurship atmosphere is decided by the entrepreneurship success ratio and the entrepreneurship returns ratio which is influenced by entrepreneurship environment, the enterprise density as "the circulation accumulation feedback", during this process, the local authority, the educational department, the advance pioneer and the intermediate services organization and so on, may play certain promotion effect separately.
引文
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①参见丹·艾瑞里著,赵德亮、夏蓓洁译,怪诞行为学[M],中信出版社,2008,10,英文原文是Predictably Irrational:The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions,直译意思是“可预期的非理性：形成我们决策的背后的力量”,其中收录了作者很多行为经济学实验观察及分析,对我们理解人类行为的非理性很有帮助。
② George, Gerard^Zahra, Shaker A., Culture and its consequences for entrepreneurship[J], Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice, Summer,2002
③参见高建、姜彦福、李习保、程源,《全球创业观察中国报告》,清华大学出版社,2006
①潘霞、范德成,区域投资环境的评价研究——以中国内地31个省、市、区为例[J],经济问题探索,2007(8)
②程呈,我国外商直接投资环境区域差异与对策研究[J],江西社会科学,2009(8),P113-117
①杰弗里·蒂蒙斯、小斯蒂芬·斯皮内利著,周伟民、吕长春译,《创业学》[M],人民邮电出版社,2005,P176
①本部分内容在拙作：企业家人力资本供给制度化与企业持续成长[J],经济管理2006(23)已有发表。
①C.M. Van Praag, J. S. Cramer, The roots of entrepreneurship and labour demand: Individual ability and low risk aversion, Economica,2001
①本节与第四节的部分内容已在拙作：创业氛围：不同地区企业创生行为差异新解[J],安徽大学学报,2009(2)中发表,在本文中有删改。
②关于这三者之间的关系、它们与创业氛围的关系,下一节还有论述。
①资料来源同第四章第四节。
②(美)裴吉·A.兰姆英、查尔斯·R.库尔,创业学[M],东北财经大学出版社,2009,P15
①参见荣兆梓,宋宏等,企业家是怎样炼成的[M].合肥：安徽人民出版社,2006：1-41,304,和荣兆梓,企业家生成模式比较——苏浙皖13位企业家个案调查综合研究报告[J],,学术界,2006(2)
①细心的读者当然会发现,上海、北京、天津是个例外,下一节我会对这三地的例外进行解释。
② David M. Townsend, Lowell W. Busenitz, Jonathan D. Arthurs. To start or not to start:Outcome and ability expectations in the decision to start a new venture[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, Available online 24 June 2008。
①可理解为创业资源的可获得性,主要与政策、资金充裕度有关,为分析方便,我们假设这对每个潜在创业者而言,是外生的而且是无差异的。
②参见拙作：政府政策、企业家行为选择与政企关系[J],经济理论与经济管理,2005(8)：39-41
② Evan J.Douglas and Dean A. Shepherd, Entrepreneurship as A Utility Maximising Response [J], Journal of Business Venturing,1999 (15):231—51。
①参见约瑟夫·熊彼特《经济发展理论》[M],商务印书馆,1990,P259,“企业家们不是各做各样,而是做非常相似的事情,因而他们的产品几乎同时出现在市场上。”
②参见阿玛尔·毕海德,每个创业者都必须回答的问题,《哈弗商业评论》精粹译丛《创业精神》,中国人民大学出版社,2004
①引白(美)裴吉·A.兰姆英、查尔斯·R.库尔,创业学[M],东北财经大学出版社,2009
①其中温州四名企业家的访谈可见于荣兆梓,宋宏等,企业家是怎样炼成的[M],合肥：安徽人民出版社,2006
①周黎安,晋升博奕中政府官员的激励与合作——兼论我国地方保护主义和重复建设问题长期存在的原因[J],经济研究,2004(6)；何晓星,再论中国地方政府主导型市场经济[J],中国工业经济,2005(1)
②朱恒鹏,地区间竞争、财政自给率和公有制企业民营化[J],经济研究,2004(10)
④邓宏图：转轨期中国制度变迁的演进论解释——以民营经济的演化过程为例[J],中国社会科学,2004(5)
②参见高建、程源、李习保、姜彦福,《全球创业观察中国报告(2007)》,清华大学出版社,2008,12
①陈颉,基于知识观的创业机会开发模式研究,科技进步与对策,2006,5
①董亚炜,政府职能、国家权力与社会发育[D],博士学位论文,复旦大学,2005
①杰弗里·蒂蒙斯、小斯蒂芬·斯皮内利著,周伟民、吕长春译,《创业学》[M],人民邮电出版社,2005,P31
②安徽燕之坊食品有限公司创立者杨燕董事长在接受我们采访时,感慨地说了这番话,发出类似感慨的还有其他多人。
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115.马克.格兰诺维特,镶嵌社会网与经济行动[M],社会科学文献出版社,2007；
116.缪仁炳,创业导向的文化根植[M],上海三联书店,2006；
117.潘霞、范德成,区域投资环境的评价研究——以中国内地31个省、市、区为例[J],经济问题探索,2007(8)；
118.裴吉·A.兰姆英、查尔斯·R.库尔,创业学[M],东北财经大学出版社,2009；
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122.荣兆梓,宋宏等,企业家是怎样炼成的[M],合肥：安徽人民出版社,2006;
123.荣兆梓,企业家生成模式比较——苏浙皖13位企业家个案调查综合研究报告[J],,学术界,2006(2);
124.萨缪·鲍尔斯,微观经济学—行为,制度和演化[M],中国人民大学出版社, 2006；
125.邵帅、齐中英,西部地区的能源开发与经济增长[J],经济研究,2008(4)；
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128.孙早、刘庆岩,市场环境、企业家能力与企业的绩效表现——转型期中国民营企业绩效表现影响因素的实证研究[J],南开经济研究,2006(2)；
129.唐晋主编,大国崛起[M],人民出版社,2007；
130.V·W·拉担,诱致性制度变迁理论,载财产权利与制度变迁——产权学派与新制度学派译文集[M],上海三联书店,1994；
131.王永东, 中国家族企业控制权代际传承研究[D],辽宁大学,2007；
132.王世谊,社会中介组织发展与公民社会制度环境的培育[J],国家行政学院学报,2007(2)；
133.威廉·鲍莫尔、罗伯特·利坦、卡尔·施拉姆、刘卫,好的资本主义,坏的资本主义[M],中信出版社,2008；
134.威廉·杰克·鲍莫尔,资本主义的增长奇迹—自由市场创新机器[M],中信出版社,2004；
135.吴伟军,区域企业结构差异对我国货币政策区域效应的影响[J],上海金融,2009(3);
136.吴晓波,大败局[M],浙江人民出版社,2001；
137.吴晓波,大败局(Ⅱ)[M],浙江人民出版社,2007；
138.许芳,企业共生论[M],北京：中国财政经济出版社,2006；
139.徐康宁、王剑,自然资源丰裕程度与经济发展水平关系的研究[J],经济研究,2006(1)；
140.徐世刚,温州模式面临的挑战[J],社会科学战线,2003(2)；
141.亚当·斯密,国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M],商务印书馆,1997；
142.姚洋,作为制度创新过程的经济改革[M],格致出版社,上海人民出版社, 2008；
143.姚梅芳,基于经典创业模型的生存型创业理论研究[D],吉林大学,中国博士学位论文全文数据库,2008；
144.姚晓芳、陈汝超,北京、合肥、广州三地创业环境比较研究[J],科技进步与对策,2009(11)；
145.杨静文,企业数目、创新与人均GDP[J],上海经济研究,2003(3)；
146.杨静文,创业理论视角下企业集群发育形成机理研究[D],南京理工大学,中国博士学位论文全文数据库,2005；
147.杨瑞龙,论中国制度变迁方式与制度选择目标的冲突及其协调[J],经济研究,1994(5)；
148.乐珊,安徽民营固定资产投资对经济的影响[D],安徽大学硕士学位论文,2010：
149.约瑟夫·熊彼特,经济发展理论——对于利润、资本、信贷、利息和经济周期的考察[M],商务印书馆,1997；
150.张林,不可逾越的“胡焕庸线”[N],科学时报,2010-01-21；
151.张文涛,基于组织生态理论的创业环境因子探析[J],首都经济贸易大学学报,2006(1)；
152.张雅枚,论人力资本的经济增长效应[D],中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,安徽大学,2007；
153.张玉利,企业家型企业的创业与快速成长[M],南开大学出版社,2003；
154.张玉利,薛红志,杨俊,论创业研究的学科发展及其对管理理论的挑战[J],外国经济与管理,2007(1)；
155.张玉利,杨俊,任兵,社会资本、先前经验与创业机会[J],管理世界,2008(7)：
156.张治栋、荣兆梓,创业氛围的演化与突破[J],安徽大学学报,2009(2)；
157.赵学清、王仕军,制度创新与创业环境优化[J],南京社会科学,2004(9);
158.周黎安,晋升博奕中政府官员的激励与合作——兼论我国地方保护主义和重复建设问题长期存在的原因[J],经济研究,2004(6);
159.朱恒鹏,地区间竞争、财政自给率和公有制企业民营化[J],经济研究,2004(10);
160.朱岩,政府在产业集聚形成中作用研究——对浙南产业集聚典型地区的实证分析[J],科技和产业,2009(5)。
②参见姚洋,《作为制度创新过程的经济改革》,格致出版社,上海人民出版社,2008,11
①黄孟复,中国民营企业发展报告[M],社会科学文献出版社,2005
①参见杰弗里·蒂蒙斯小斯蒂芬·斯皮内利著,周伟民 吕长春译,《创业学》,人民邮电出版社,2005,P23
① Covin J G, Slevin D P· The StrategicManagement of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments [J]. Strategic Management Journa,l 1989,10:75-87.
② Gnyawali, D. R, and Fogel, D. S, Environments for Entrepreneurship Development: Key Dimensions and Research Implication [J], Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1994(4):43-62.
①参见[美]乔纳森·特纳.社会学理论的结构[M].北京：华夏出版社,2006：323-345
②江三良.论创业氛围的形成与传导机制[J].安徽大学学报,2006(6)：123
③ McClelland D. C, The Achieving Society, Free Press, New York,1961; McClelland D. C and Winter D. G, Motivating Economic Achievement, Free Press, New York,1969;Khandwalla,P. N. Generators of pioneering innovative management:Some Indian evidence[J]. Organization Studies,1977,8(1):39-59.
④ Miller, D., The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Type of Firms, Management Science,1983 (24):921-933.
⑤Ginsberg, A. Measuring changes in entrepreneurial orientation following industry deregulation:The development of a diagnostic instrument[M]. Proceedings of the International Council of Small Business,1985:50-57.
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①参见杨静文：《企业数目、创新与人均GDP》,上海经济研究,2003.3,第36-39页
①Hannan, Michael T.& Freeman, John, Structural Inertia and Organizational Change, American Sociological Review,1984, vol.49, April pp149-164
② Douglas R. Wholey, Susan M. Sanchez, The effects of regulatory tools on organizational populations. Academy of management review,1991, vol.16, No.4 743-767.
③李文华,韩福荣,企业种群间协同演化的规律与实证研究[J],中国管理科学,2004(10)
①吴伟军,区域企业结构差异对我国货币政策区域效应的影响[J],上海金融,2009(3)
②雷平,施祖麟,企业数量、规模与经济增长——基于省级工业面板数据的研究[J], 经济经纬,2008(2)
①参见乐珊,安徽民营固定资产投资对经济的影响[D],安徽大学硕士学位论文,2010。
①潘霞、范德成,区域投资环境的评价研究——以中国内地31个省、市、区为例[J],经济问题探索,2007(8)
②程呈,我国外商直接投资环境区域差异与对策研究[J],江西社会科学,2009(8),P113-117
①约瑟夫·熊彼特,经济发展理论——对于利润、资本、信贷、利息和经济周期的考察[M],
商务印书馆,1997。
②布罗代尔,资本主义的动力[M],北京三联书店,1997。
①孙早、刘庆岩,市场环境、企业家能力与企业的绩效表现——转型期中国民营企业绩效表现影响因素的实证研究[J],南开经济研究,2006(2)
①以上内容部分部分参考了范剑勇、朱国林的《中国地区差距演变及其结构分解》[J],管理世界,2002(7),P37-44。
①唐晋主编,《大国崛起》[M],人民出版社出版,2007
①弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克,关于行为规则系统之进化问题的若干评注[A],哈耶克论文集[C],邓正来选编,译,首都经济贸易大学出版社,2000
①戴维·兰德斯《国富国穷》[M],新华出版社,2001
②道格拉斯·c·诺思,《制度、制度变迁与经济绩效》[M],格致出版社,上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2008
①参见威廉·鲍莫尔、罗伯特·利坦、卡尔·施拉姆、刘卫,《好的资本主义,坏的资本主义》[M],中信出版社,2008
①亚当·斯密,《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》[M],商务印书馆,1997
②林毅夫、蔡昉、李周,《中国奇迹：发展战略和经济改革》[M],上海三联书店和上海人民出版社,1999
③ Covin, J. G and Slevin,O. P A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior[J], EntrepreneurshipTheory and practice,1991,16(1):7-25.
①徐康宁、王剑,自然资源丰裕程度与经济发展水平关系的研究[J],经济研究,2006(1)
②胡援成、肖德勇,经济发展门槛与自然资源诅咒[J],管理世界,2007(4)
③邵帅、齐中英,西部地区的能源开发与经济增长[J],经济研究,2008(4)
④段利民,资源诅咒与区域经济增长研究[D],西北大学,2009
①张林,不可逾越的“胡焕庸线”[N],科学时报,2010-01-21
①参见国家统计局网站,《新中国60周年系列报告之十：城市社会经济发展日新月异》,http://www. stats. gov.cn/was40/gjtjj_detail. jsp?searchword=%D0%C2%D6%D0%B9%FA60 %D6%DC%C4%EA%CF%B5%C1%D0%B1%A8%B8%E6%D6%AE%CA%AE%A3%BA%B3%C7%CA%D0%C9%E7%BB%E1 %BE%AD%BC%C3%B7%A2%D5%B9%C8%D5%D0%C2%D4%C2%D2%EC&channelid=6697&record=1。
①莱斯特·M·萨拉蒙著,魏玉、贾西津译,全球公民社会：非营利部门视界[M],社会科学文献出版社,2007
①参见王世谊,社会中介组织发展与公民社会制度环境的培育[J],国家行政学院学报,2007(2)
①参见威廉·鲍莫尔、罗伯特·利坦、卡尔·施拉姆、刘卫,好的资本主义,坏的资本主义[M],中信出版社,2008,11
①参见丹·艾瑞里著,赵德亮、夏蓓洁译,怪诞行为学[M],中信出版社,2008,10,英文原文是Predictably Irrational:The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions,直译意思是“可预期的非理性：形成我们决策的背后的力量”,其中收录了作者很多行为经济学实验观察及分析,对我们理解人类行为的非理性很有帮助。
② George, Gerard^Zahra, Shaker A., Culture and its consequences for entrepreneurship[J], Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice, Summer,2002
③参见高建、姜彦福、李习保、程源,《全球创业观察中国报告》,清华大学出版社,2006
①潘霞、范德成,区域投资环境的评价研究——以中国内地31个省、市、区为例[J],经济问题探索,2007(8)
②程呈,我国外商直接投资环境区域差异与对策研究[J],江西社会科学,2009(8),P113-117
①杰弗里·蒂蒙斯、小斯蒂芬·斯皮内利著,周伟民、吕长春译,《创业学》[M],人民邮电出版社,2005,P176
①本部分内容在拙作：企业家人力资本供给制度化与企业持续成长[J],经济管理2006(23)已有发表。
①C.M. Van Praag, J. S. Cramer, The roots of entrepreneurship and labour demand: Individual ability and low risk aversion, Economica,2001
①本节与第四节的部分内容已在拙作：创业氛围：不同地区企业创生行为差异新解[J],安徽大学学报,2009(2)中发表,在本文中有删改。
②关于这三者之间的关系、它们与创业氛围的关系,下一节还有论述。
①资料来源同第四章第四节。
②(美)裴吉·A.兰姆英、查尔斯·R.库尔,创业学[M],东北财经大学出版社,2009,P15
①参见荣兆梓,宋宏等,企业家是怎样炼成的[M].合肥：安徽人民出版社,2006：1-41,304,和荣兆梓,企业家生成模式比较——苏浙皖13位企业家个案调查综合研究报告[J],,学术界,2006(2)
①细心的读者当然会发现,上海、北京、天津是个例外,下一节我会对这三地的例外进行解释。
② David M. Townsend, Lowell W. Busenitz, Jonathan D. Arthurs. To start or not to start:Outcome and ability expectations in the decision to start a new venture[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, Available online 24 June 2008。
①可理解为创业资源的可获得性,主要与政策、资金充裕度有关,为分析方便,我们假设这对每个潜在创业者而言,是外生的而且是无差异的。
②参见拙作：政府政策、企业家行为选择与政企关系[J],经济理论与经济管理,2005(8)：39-41
② Evan J.Douglas and Dean A. Shepherd, Entrepreneurship as A Utility Maximising Response [J], Journal of Business Venturing,1999 (15):231—51。
①参见约瑟夫·熊彼特《经济发展理论》[M],商务印书馆,1990,P259,“企业家们不是各做各样,而是做非常相似的事情,因而他们的产品几乎同时出现在市场上。”
②参见阿玛尔·毕海德,每个创业者都必须回答的问题,《哈弗商业评论》精粹译丛《创业精神》,中国人民大学出版社,2004
①引白(美)裴吉·A.兰姆英、查尔斯·R.库尔,创业学[M],东北财经大学出版社,2009
①其中温州四名企业家的访谈可见于荣兆梓,宋宏等,企业家是怎样炼成的[M],合肥：安徽人民出版社,2006
①周黎安,晋升博奕中政府官员的激励与合作——兼论我国地方保护主义和重复建设问题长期存在的原因[J],经济研究,2004(6)；何晓星,再论中国地方政府主导型市场经济[J],中国工业经济,2005(1)
②朱恒鹏,地区间竞争、财政自给率和公有制企业民营化[J],经济研究,2004(10)
④邓宏图：转轨期中国制度变迁的演进论解释——以民营经济的演化过程为例[J],中国社会科学,2004(5)
②参见高建、程源、李习保、姜彦福,《全球创业观察中国报告(2007)》,清华大学出版社,2008,12
①陈颉,基于知识观的创业机会开发模式研究,科技进步与对策,2006,5
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①杰弗里·蒂蒙斯、小斯蒂芬·斯皮内利著,周伟民、吕长春译,《创业学》[M],人民邮电出版社,2005,P31
②安徽燕之坊食品有限公司创立者杨燕董事长在接受我们采访时,感慨地说了这番话,发出类似感慨的还有其他多人。
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