刺参幼参摄食行为与蛋白质营养需要研究
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摘要
近年来，刺参养殖业发展迅速，刺参营养学的研究落后于产业发展。本文针对刺参营养饲料研究不足的现状，从刺参摄食行为学、营养与饲料学、生理学、饲料加工工艺学出发，研究刺参幼参配合饲料适宜原料，蛋白质营养需要量，饲料加工工艺，为配合饲料新产品开发提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：
1、利用不同藻粉与海泥配制六种藻粉饲料（鼠尾藻粉饲料、马尾藻粉饲料、大叶藻粉饲料、石莼粉饲料、生海带粉饲料、熟海带粉饲料），设计诱集实验装置，并建立刺参摄食喜好模型。从刺参的嗅觉出发，通过诱集实验研究表明，石莼粉饲料、海带粉饲料对刺参的诱集效果较好。从刺参味觉/触觉出发，通过斑块实验研究表明，刺参喜欢摄食生海带粉饲料与熟海带粉饲料，二者摄食量占总摄食量的54.7%。
2、利用六种不同藻粉饲料投喂刺参进行养殖实验。研究表明，刺参摄食石莼粉饲料、生海带粉饲料时，特定生长率显著高于鼠尾藻粉饲料、马尾藻粉饲料。刺参对不同藻粉饲料的干物质表观消化率在9.63%到15.84%之间，刺参对鼠尾藻粉饲料、马尾藻粉饲料、生海带粉饲料的干物质表观消化率较高。刺参摄食石莼粉饲料与生海带粉饲料时氨氮产生量最低。石莼粉饲料组与熟海带粉饲料组体腔液溶菌酶活力较高。
3、采用单因素随机实验设计，配制6种蛋白质水平饲料（5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%），投喂青刺参与白刺参进行养殖实验。研究表明，随饲料蛋白水平的升高白刺参特定生长率逐渐降低；青刺参特定生长率先升高后降低。青刺参特定生长率高于白刺参，饵料系数低于白刺参。刺参饲料干物质表观消化率、蛋白质表观消化率与能量表观消化率随饲料蛋白水平的增加而升高。随着饲料蛋白水平升高，刺参生长能比例与粪能比例逐渐降低，呼吸代谢能比例与排泄能比例逐渐升高。刺参氨氮产生量与亚硝氮产生量随着饲料蛋白水平的升高逐渐升高。白刺参氨氮产生量显著高于青刺参。青刺参特定生长率与饲料蛋白含量的回归方程为：y=–0.0010831*x2+0.0230721*x+0.8329417（R2=0.749）。利用该方程计算青刺参特定生长率最大时的饲料蛋白需要量为：10.7%。
4、采用6种蛋白质水平饲料投喂青刺参与白刺参进行养殖实验，研究蛋白质营养对白刺参与青刺参消化酶、免疫指标及代谢的影响。研究表明，刺参肠道蛋白酶活力随饲料蛋白水平的增加先升高后降低，在蛋白水平为19.7%时达到最大值9.46。青刺参肠道淀粉酶活力显著高于白刺参。刺参肠道脂肪酶、纤维素酶活力较低。5.2%蛋白饲料组体腔液超氧化物歧化酶活力与总抗氧化能力最大；19.7%蛋白饲料组体腔液溶菌酶活力最大。青刺参体腔液超氧化物歧化酶活力、溶菌酶活力显著高于白刺参。刺参排氨率随饲料蛋白水平增加先升高后降低，24.8%蛋白饲料组排氨率最大。青刺参排氨率低于白刺参，耗氧率显著高于白刺参。刺参体腔液谷丙转氨酶(GPT)，γ－谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)活力随饲料蛋白水平的增加表现出升高趋势。青刺参体腔液谷丙转氨酶，γ－谷氨酰转移酶活力高于白刺参。
5、实验设计四种饲料加工工艺：膨化颗粒饲料、硬制颗粒饲料、片状饲料与糊状饲料投喂刺参进行养殖实验。刺参摄食膨化颗粒饲料时特定生长率最高（0.96），生长能比例最大(11.45%)，显著高于其它饲料组。膨化饲料组刺参体腔液溶菌酶活力最高(57.52)。刺参摄食膨化颗粒饲料，干物质表观消化率最高(43.41%)，显著高于硬制颗粒饲料与片状饲料。糊状饲料对水质影响最大。刺参饲料适宜加工工艺是膨化颗粒。
In recent years, with the rapid development of sea cucumber culture, the nutritionresearch was far behind of the requirement of this industry. In this paper, as the shortageof nutrition and artificial feed situation for sea cucumber, we studied the feedingpreference of varied macroalgea powder diet, effects of different seaweed diets anddietary protein content on growth, energy budget, digestibility on sea cucumber, andoptimum processing technology of artificial feed. This study can provide theoryparameters for nutrition standards and contribute to the development of artificial feed.The main results are as follows:
1. Macro-algae powder and sea mud were mixed together to study the feeding behaviorof sea cucumber. Six diets containing Sargassum thunbergii, Sargassum polycystum,Zostera marina, Ulva lactuca, fresh Laminaria japonica and boiled L. japonica wereprovided to the sea cucumber. Based on the smell sense, through the attractiveexperiment, we found that Ulva lactuca and fresh Laminaria japonica diets were moreattractive for sea cucumber than others. Based on the taste or touch sense, through patchexperiment, sea cucumbers showed clear preferences for fresh L. japonica and boiled L.japonica diets over the other diets and these two diets made up about54.7%of theentire intake.
2. Six diets containing Sargassum thunbergii, Sargassum polycystum, Zostera marina,Ulva lactuca, fresh Laminaria japonica and boiled L. japonica were provided to the seacucumber to study growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients, andammonia-nitrogen production of A. japonicus. Sea cucumbers grew faster when fed theU. lactuca or L. japonica diet than when fed the S. thunbergii or S. polycystum diet. The ingestion rate was much higher when fed the U. lactuca, L. japonica, Z. marina, orboiled L. japonica diet than when fed the S. thunbergii or S. polycystum diet. Theapparent digestibility coefficients of the test diets ranged from9.63%to15.84%.Ammonia-nitrogen production was much lower in A. japonicus fed the U. lactuca or L.japonica diet compared to the other seaweed diets. The lysozyme activity was higherwhen feed U. lactuca and boiled L. japonica diet.
3. A set of six experimental diets with5%,10%,15%,20%,25%and30%proteincontent was formulated to study the effect of dietary protein on growth performance,digestibility, energy budget and water quality of white and black sea cucumber. As theincrease of dietary protein content, the SGR of white sea cucumber decreased, however,the SGR of black sea cucumber increased at first and then declined. The SGR of blacksea cucumber was much higher and the FCR was much lower than the white seacucumber. The digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy showed a positivecorrection with dietary protein level. The growth energy ratio and feces energy ratiodecreased and excretion and respiration energy ratio increased as the dietary proteinlevels increased. Ammonia excretion of whit sea cucumber was much higher than blacksea cucumber. Regression analysis revealed a strong linear relationship between thedietary protein level and the SGR of black sea cucumber. The formulation indicates thatwhen dietary protein content was10.7%the SGR of black sea cucumber reach thehighest level.
4. A set of six experimental diets with5%,10%,15%,20%,25%and30%proteincontent was formulated to study the effect of dietary protein on digestive enzyme,immunity index and metabolism of white and black sea cucumber. As the increase ofdietary protein levels, the protease enzyme activity increased at first and then decreased,and reaches the highest level when dietary protein content was19.7%. The amylaseactivity of black sea cucumber was higher than that of white sea cucumber. The SODactivity and LZM activity of black sea cucumber were much higher than white seacucumber. Ammonia excretion was increased at first and then decreased as the increaseof dietary protein content. The ammonia excretion was higher for black sea cucumberthan for white sea cucumber, however, the oxygen consumption was lower for black sea cucumber than for white sea cucumber. The GPT activity and γ－GT activity showedpositive correction as the dietary protein increase. The GPT activity and γ－GT activitywere higher in black sea cucumber than in white sea cucumber.
5. In this study, growth performance, energy budget, water quality and immunity of thesea cucumber fed diets produced using four different processing methods (extrudedpellet diet, cold-bonded pellet diet, flake diet, and mash diet) were quantified to identifythe optimal feed type for culturing of this species. Sea cucumbers grew faster (0.96), thefeed conversion ratio was much lower, and immunity indicators were higher when fedthe extruded pellet diet compared to the other diets. The lysozyme activity anddigestibility for dry matter of sea cucumbers fed the extruded pellet diet was higher thanother groups. When animals were fed the mash diet, the ammonia-nitrogen,productionwere higher than in animals fed the other diets. These results indicate that the extrudedpellet diet is the optimum feed type for use in the culture of A. japonicus.
1、利用不同藻粉与海泥配制六种藻粉饲料（鼠尾藻粉饲料、马尾藻粉饲料、大叶藻粉饲料、石莼粉饲料、生海带粉饲料、熟海带粉饲料），设计诱集实验装置，并建立刺参摄食喜好模型。从刺参的嗅觉出发，通过诱集实验研究表明，石莼粉饲料、海带粉饲料对刺参的诱集效果较好。从刺参味觉/触觉出发，通过斑块实验研究表明，刺参喜欢摄食生海带粉饲料与熟海带粉饲料，二者摄食量占总摄食量的54.7%。
2、利用六种不同藻粉饲料投喂刺参进行养殖实验。研究表明，刺参摄食石莼粉饲料、生海带粉饲料时，特定生长率显著高于鼠尾藻粉饲料、马尾藻粉饲料。刺参对不同藻粉饲料的干物质表观消化率在9.63%到15.84%之间，刺参对鼠尾藻粉饲料、马尾藻粉饲料、生海带粉饲料的干物质表观消化率较高。刺参摄食石莼粉饲料与生海带粉饲料时氨氮产生量最低。石莼粉饲料组与熟海带粉饲料组体腔液溶菌酶活力较高。
3、采用单因素随机实验设计，配制6种蛋白质水平饲料（5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%），投喂青刺参与白刺参进行养殖实验。研究表明，随饲料蛋白水平的升高白刺参特定生长率逐渐降低；青刺参特定生长率先升高后降低。青刺参特定生长率高于白刺参，饵料系数低于白刺参。刺参饲料干物质表观消化率、蛋白质表观消化率与能量表观消化率随饲料蛋白水平的增加而升高。随着饲料蛋白水平升高，刺参生长能比例与粪能比例逐渐降低，呼吸代谢能比例与排泄能比例逐渐升高。刺参氨氮产生量与亚硝氮产生量随着饲料蛋白水平的升高逐渐升高。白刺参氨氮产生量显著高于青刺参。青刺参特定生长率与饲料蛋白含量的回归方程为：y=–0.0010831*x2+0.0230721*x+0.8329417（R2=0.749）。利用该方程计算青刺参特定生长率最大时的饲料蛋白需要量为：10.7%。
4、采用6种蛋白质水平饲料投喂青刺参与白刺参进行养殖实验，研究蛋白质营养对白刺参与青刺参消化酶、免疫指标及代谢的影响。研究表明，刺参肠道蛋白酶活力随饲料蛋白水平的增加先升高后降低，在蛋白水平为19.7%时达到最大值9.46。青刺参肠道淀粉酶活力显著高于白刺参。刺参肠道脂肪酶、纤维素酶活力较低。5.2%蛋白饲料组体腔液超氧化物歧化酶活力与总抗氧化能力最大；19.7%蛋白饲料组体腔液溶菌酶活力最大。青刺参体腔液超氧化物歧化酶活力、溶菌酶活力显著高于白刺参。刺参排氨率随饲料蛋白水平增加先升高后降低，24.8%蛋白饲料组排氨率最大。青刺参排氨率低于白刺参，耗氧率显著高于白刺参。刺参体腔液谷丙转氨酶(GPT)，γ－谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)活力随饲料蛋白水平的增加表现出升高趋势。青刺参体腔液谷丙转氨酶，γ－谷氨酰转移酶活力高于白刺参。
5、实验设计四种饲料加工工艺：膨化颗粒饲料、硬制颗粒饲料、片状饲料与糊状饲料投喂刺参进行养殖实验。刺参摄食膨化颗粒饲料时特定生长率最高（0.96），生长能比例最大(11.45%)，显著高于其它饲料组。膨化饲料组刺参体腔液溶菌酶活力最高(57.52)。刺参摄食膨化颗粒饲料，干物质表观消化率最高(43.41%)，显著高于硬制颗粒饲料与片状饲料。糊状饲料对水质影响最大。刺参饲料适宜加工工艺是膨化颗粒。
In recent years, with the rapid development of sea cucumber culture, the nutritionresearch was far behind of the requirement of this industry. In this paper, as the shortageof nutrition and artificial feed situation for sea cucumber, we studied the feedingpreference of varied macroalgea powder diet, effects of different seaweed diets anddietary protein content on growth, energy budget, digestibility on sea cucumber, andoptimum processing technology of artificial feed. This study can provide theoryparameters for nutrition standards and contribute to the development of artificial feed.The main results are as follows:
1. Macro-algae powder and sea mud were mixed together to study the feeding behaviorof sea cucumber. Six diets containing Sargassum thunbergii, Sargassum polycystum,Zostera marina, Ulva lactuca, fresh Laminaria japonica and boiled L. japonica wereprovided to the sea cucumber. Based on the smell sense, through the attractiveexperiment, we found that Ulva lactuca and fresh Laminaria japonica diets were moreattractive for sea cucumber than others. Based on the taste or touch sense, through patchexperiment, sea cucumbers showed clear preferences for fresh L. japonica and boiled L.japonica diets over the other diets and these two diets made up about54.7%of theentire intake.
2. Six diets containing Sargassum thunbergii, Sargassum polycystum, Zostera marina,Ulva lactuca, fresh Laminaria japonica and boiled L. japonica were provided to the seacucumber to study growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients, andammonia-nitrogen production of A. japonicus. Sea cucumbers grew faster when fed theU. lactuca or L. japonica diet than when fed the S. thunbergii or S. polycystum diet. The ingestion rate was much higher when fed the U. lactuca, L. japonica, Z. marina, orboiled L. japonica diet than when fed the S. thunbergii or S. polycystum diet. Theapparent digestibility coefficients of the test diets ranged from9.63%to15.84%.Ammonia-nitrogen production was much lower in A. japonicus fed the U. lactuca or L.japonica diet compared to the other seaweed diets. The lysozyme activity was higherwhen feed U. lactuca and boiled L. japonica diet.
3. A set of six experimental diets with5%,10%,15%,20%,25%and30%proteincontent was formulated to study the effect of dietary protein on growth performance,digestibility, energy budget and water quality of white and black sea cucumber. As theincrease of dietary protein content, the SGR of white sea cucumber decreased, however,the SGR of black sea cucumber increased at first and then declined. The SGR of blacksea cucumber was much higher and the FCR was much lower than the white seacucumber. The digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy showed a positivecorrection with dietary protein level. The growth energy ratio and feces energy ratiodecreased and excretion and respiration energy ratio increased as the dietary proteinlevels increased. Ammonia excretion of whit sea cucumber was much higher than blacksea cucumber. Regression analysis revealed a strong linear relationship between thedietary protein level and the SGR of black sea cucumber. The formulation indicates thatwhen dietary protein content was10.7%the SGR of black sea cucumber reach thehighest level.
4. A set of six experimental diets with5%,10%,15%,20%,25%and30%proteincontent was formulated to study the effect of dietary protein on digestive enzyme,immunity index and metabolism of white and black sea cucumber. As the increase ofdietary protein levels, the protease enzyme activity increased at first and then decreased,and reaches the highest level when dietary protein content was19.7%. The amylaseactivity of black sea cucumber was higher than that of white sea cucumber. The SODactivity and LZM activity of black sea cucumber were much higher than white seacucumber. Ammonia excretion was increased at first and then decreased as the increaseof dietary protein content. The ammonia excretion was higher for black sea cucumberthan for white sea cucumber, however, the oxygen consumption was lower for black sea cucumber than for white sea cucumber. The GPT activity and γ－GT activity showedpositive correction as the dietary protein increase. The GPT activity and γ－GT activitywere higher in black sea cucumber than in white sea cucumber.
5. In this study, growth performance, energy budget, water quality and immunity of thesea cucumber fed diets produced using four different processing methods (extrudedpellet diet, cold-bonded pellet diet, flake diet, and mash diet) were quantified to identifythe optimal feed type for culturing of this species. Sea cucumbers grew faster (0.96), thefeed conversion ratio was much lower, and immunity indicators were higher when fedthe extruded pellet diet compared to the other diets. The lysozyme activity anddigestibility for dry matter of sea cucumbers fed the extruded pellet diet was higher thanother groups. When animals were fed the mash diet, the ammonia-nitrogen,productionwere higher than in animals fed the other diets. These results indicate that the extrudedpellet diet is the optimum feed type for use in the culture of A. japonicus.
引文
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