寻求专业性心理帮助的预测模型与干预实验
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摘要
寻求专业性心理帮助是指个体在遇到心理和情绪等方面的困难的时候，向专业人员寻求帮助以解除困扰的过程。国外学者围绕寻求专业性心理帮助进行了大量的研究，国内学者的研究刚刚起步。一些研究发现，尽管存在较严重的心理困扰，但许多人并未充分利用心理咨询或精神卫生服务。因此，探索寻求专业性心理帮助行为的预测因素，并通过干预实验探讨如何提高人们对专业性心理帮助的利用率有很重要的意义。
本项研究由五个相关联的研究组成：
研究一，寻求专业性心理帮助预测因素量表的编制。以294名大学生为被试，编制出适合中国人使用的量表，为深入研究提供可靠而又有效的测量工具。所编制的量表包括寻求专业性心理帮助的污名量表、自我表露的预期结果量表、寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向量表。
研究二，以计划行为理论为基础，以1731名学生为被试，探讨寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向的预测因素。
研究三，寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向的中介模型研究。探讨寻求专业性心理帮助的态度在各预测因素和寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向之间的中介机制。构建寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向的中介预测模型。研究四，临床样本寻求专业性心理帮助行为的预测因素研究。其中求助组由130名学生组成，未求助组由151名学生组成，两组学生都存在明显心理困扰。对比求助样本与未求助样本在各个预测因素间的差异，并建立寻求专业性心理帮助行为的预测模型。研究五，大学生寻求专业性心理帮助的干预实验。基于对寻求专业性心理帮助行为的预测因素研究，对34名大学生进行实验性心理干预，另外30名大学生作为对照组，以检验研究者所设计的实验性心理干预的效果。
研究发现：
1．本研究编制的寻求专业性心理帮助的污名量表、自我表露的预期结果量表和寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向量表，具有较好的信度和效度，适用于中国文化背景，是用来测量寻求专业性心理帮助的预测因素的比较有效的测量工具。
2．男生寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向、态度、预期结果显著低于女生；污名、应对效能和社会支持等方面均不存在显著的性别差异。中学生寻求专业性心理帮助的污名、社会支持显著低于大学生；中学生的预期效用显著高于大学生；寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向、态度、应对效能和预期风险等方面均不存在显著的学历差异。
3．寻求专业性心理帮助的态度部分中介寻求专业性心理帮助的污名与行为意向的关系，寻求专业性心理帮助的态度完全中介公众污名与行为意向的关系，自我污名完全中介公众污名与行为意向的关系；寻求专业性心理帮助的态度部分中介应对效能与寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向的关系；寻求专业性心理帮助的态度完全中介预期效用与寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向的关系。寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向的中介预测模型成立。
4．求助组的寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向、寻求专业性心理帮助的态度、应对效能和自我表露的预期效用显著高于未求助组；求助组的寻求专业性心理帮助的污名显著低于未求助组；求助组与未求助组在领悟的社会支持和自我表露的预期风险上差异不显著。
5．临床样本的寻求专业性心理帮助行为的预测模型成立。即寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向是真实的寻求专业性心理帮助的行为的主要预测因素；寻求专业性心理帮助的态度、污名、应对效能和自我表露的预期效用是寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向的显著预测因素；寻求专业性心理帮助的态度分别是寻求专业性心理帮助的污名、应对效能和自我表露的预期效用与寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向间的中介因素。
6．团体心理干预可以提高大学生的应对效能和自我表露的预期效用，降低大学生对专业性心理帮助的污名，并最终改进大学生寻求专业性心理帮助的态度，增强寻求专业心理帮助的行为意向。
Seeking professional psychological help means the process that the individual seek professional help and relieved the confusion in facing of mental and emotional disturbance. Foreign scholars carried out a lot of research on seeking professional psychological help. Domestic scholars just begin such research. Study found that people did not make use of psychological counseling or mental health services despite they had many mental problems. Therefore, it is very important to explore the predictors on seeking professional psychological help behavior, to enhance the utilization of the professional psychological help through the intervention experiment.
This study consists of five components associated research:
Study 1, The preparation of the predictors' scale. 294 college students were tested, prepared predictor scale suitable for Chinese, provided a reliable measurement instrument for advanced study. Include the scale of stigma toward seeking professional psychological help, the scale of self-disclosure expectations, the scale of intention of seeking professional psychological help.
Study 2, On the basis of the planned behavior theory, 1731 students were tested, studied the predictors on the intention of seeking professional psychological help behavior.
Study 3, The study on the mediation model of intention to seek professional psychological help. It is important to examine the mediation mechanism of the attitude toward seeking professional psychological help in the relation between other predictor and the intention to seeking professional psychological help. Mediation predicting model for intention of seeking professional psychological help was built.
Study 4, The study of the predictors to seek professional psychological help behavior on clinical samples. 130 students of the seeking help group were studied, 151 students of versus group were studied, two groups of students had obvious psychological distress. Samples seek professional psychological help and samples did not seek professional psychological help were compared. Prediction model for seeking professional psychological help behavior was built.
Study 5, Intervention of seeking professional psychological help for college student. On the basis of study about the predictors of seeking professional psychological help behavior, carrying out the intervention experiment on 34 college students, 30 college students as contrasting group, in hope to test the experimental effects of psychological intervention.
The study found:
1. The scale of stigma toward seeking professional psychological help, the scale of self-disclosure expectations, the scale of intention to seeking professional psychological help revised in this study, are good reliable and valid for Chinese cultural background. It is an effective instrument used to measure predictors of seeking professional psychological help.
2. Boys' intention, attitude, outcome expectations to seeking professional psychological help were significantly lower than girls. Stigma, coping efficacy and social support do not show significant gender differences. Secondary school students' stigma, social supports were significantly lower than college students on seeking professional psychological help. Secondary school students' anticipated utility was significantly higher than college students; intention, attitude, coping efficacy and anticipated risk on seeking professional psychological help do not show significant difference between qualifications.
3. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help partially mediated stigma toward seeking professional psychological help and help-seeking intent. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help fully mediated public stigma and help-seeking intent. Self stigma fully mediated public stigma and help-seeking intention. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help partially mediated coping efficacy and help-seeking intention. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help fully mediated anticipated utility and intention to seeking professional psychological help. Prediction model of intention toward seeking professional psychological help was built.
4. Intention toward seeking professional psychological help, attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, coping efficacy and anticipated utility of self-disclosure from help groups were significantly higher than non-help groups; Stigma of help groups to seek professional psychological help was significantly lower than the non-help group; help group and non-help group didn't show significant difference on understanding the social support and anticipated risk of self-disclosure.
5. Behavior prediction model of clinical samples to seeking professional psychological help was set up. That is, intention to seeking professional psychological help is the main predictor of real behavior to seeking professional psychological help; attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, stigma, coping efficacy and anticipated utility of self-disclosure are the significant predictors of intention to seek professional psychological help; attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help is mediator of the relationship between stigma toward seeking professional psychological help, coping efficacy, anticipated utility of self-disclosure and intention to seeking professional psychological help.
6. Group intervention can improve college students' coping efficacy and anticipated utility of self-disclosure, reduce stigma toward seeking professional psychological help, improve college students' attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help and help-seeking intention.
本项研究由五个相关联的研究组成：
研究一，寻求专业性心理帮助预测因素量表的编制。以294名大学生为被试，编制出适合中国人使用的量表，为深入研究提供可靠而又有效的测量工具。所编制的量表包括寻求专业性心理帮助的污名量表、自我表露的预期结果量表、寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向量表。
研究二，以计划行为理论为基础，以1731名学生为被试，探讨寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向的预测因素。
研究三，寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向的中介模型研究。探讨寻求专业性心理帮助的态度在各预测因素和寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向之间的中介机制。构建寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向的中介预测模型。研究四，临床样本寻求专业性心理帮助行为的预测因素研究。其中求助组由130名学生组成，未求助组由151名学生组成，两组学生都存在明显心理困扰。对比求助样本与未求助样本在各个预测因素间的差异，并建立寻求专业性心理帮助行为的预测模型。研究五，大学生寻求专业性心理帮助的干预实验。基于对寻求专业性心理帮助行为的预测因素研究，对34名大学生进行实验性心理干预，另外30名大学生作为对照组，以检验研究者所设计的实验性心理干预的效果。
研究发现：
1．本研究编制的寻求专业性心理帮助的污名量表、自我表露的预期结果量表和寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向量表，具有较好的信度和效度，适用于中国文化背景，是用来测量寻求专业性心理帮助的预测因素的比较有效的测量工具。
2．男生寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向、态度、预期结果显著低于女生；污名、应对效能和社会支持等方面均不存在显著的性别差异。中学生寻求专业性心理帮助的污名、社会支持显著低于大学生；中学生的预期效用显著高于大学生；寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向、态度、应对效能和预期风险等方面均不存在显著的学历差异。
3．寻求专业性心理帮助的态度部分中介寻求专业性心理帮助的污名与行为意向的关系，寻求专业性心理帮助的态度完全中介公众污名与行为意向的关系，自我污名完全中介公众污名与行为意向的关系；寻求专业性心理帮助的态度部分中介应对效能与寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向的关系；寻求专业性心理帮助的态度完全中介预期效用与寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向的关系。寻求专业性心理帮助行为意向的中介预测模型成立。
4．求助组的寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向、寻求专业性心理帮助的态度、应对效能和自我表露的预期效用显著高于未求助组；求助组的寻求专业性心理帮助的污名显著低于未求助组；求助组与未求助组在领悟的社会支持和自我表露的预期风险上差异不显著。
5．临床样本的寻求专业性心理帮助行为的预测模型成立。即寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向是真实的寻求专业性心理帮助的行为的主要预测因素；寻求专业性心理帮助的态度、污名、应对效能和自我表露的预期效用是寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向的显著预测因素；寻求专业性心理帮助的态度分别是寻求专业性心理帮助的污名、应对效能和自我表露的预期效用与寻求专业性心理帮助的行为意向间的中介因素。
6．团体心理干预可以提高大学生的应对效能和自我表露的预期效用，降低大学生对专业性心理帮助的污名，并最终改进大学生寻求专业性心理帮助的态度，增强寻求专业心理帮助的行为意向。
Seeking professional psychological help means the process that the individual seek professional help and relieved the confusion in facing of mental and emotional disturbance. Foreign scholars carried out a lot of research on seeking professional psychological help. Domestic scholars just begin such research. Study found that people did not make use of psychological counseling or mental health services despite they had many mental problems. Therefore, it is very important to explore the predictors on seeking professional psychological help behavior, to enhance the utilization of the professional psychological help through the intervention experiment.
This study consists of five components associated research:
Study 1, The preparation of the predictors' scale. 294 college students were tested, prepared predictor scale suitable for Chinese, provided a reliable measurement instrument for advanced study. Include the scale of stigma toward seeking professional psychological help, the scale of self-disclosure expectations, the scale of intention of seeking professional psychological help.
Study 2, On the basis of the planned behavior theory, 1731 students were tested, studied the predictors on the intention of seeking professional psychological help behavior.
Study 3, The study on the mediation model of intention to seek professional psychological help. It is important to examine the mediation mechanism of the attitude toward seeking professional psychological help in the relation between other predictor and the intention to seeking professional psychological help. Mediation predicting model for intention of seeking professional psychological help was built.
Study 4, The study of the predictors to seek professional psychological help behavior on clinical samples. 130 students of the seeking help group were studied, 151 students of versus group were studied, two groups of students had obvious psychological distress. Samples seek professional psychological help and samples did not seek professional psychological help were compared. Prediction model for seeking professional psychological help behavior was built.
Study 5, Intervention of seeking professional psychological help for college student. On the basis of study about the predictors of seeking professional psychological help behavior, carrying out the intervention experiment on 34 college students, 30 college students as contrasting group, in hope to test the experimental effects of psychological intervention.
The study found:
1. The scale of stigma toward seeking professional psychological help, the scale of self-disclosure expectations, the scale of intention to seeking professional psychological help revised in this study, are good reliable and valid for Chinese cultural background. It is an effective instrument used to measure predictors of seeking professional psychological help.
2. Boys' intention, attitude, outcome expectations to seeking professional psychological help were significantly lower than girls. Stigma, coping efficacy and social support do not show significant gender differences. Secondary school students' stigma, social supports were significantly lower than college students on seeking professional psychological help. Secondary school students' anticipated utility was significantly higher than college students; intention, attitude, coping efficacy and anticipated risk on seeking professional psychological help do not show significant difference between qualifications.
3. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help partially mediated stigma toward seeking professional psychological help and help-seeking intent. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help fully mediated public stigma and help-seeking intent. Self stigma fully mediated public stigma and help-seeking intention. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help partially mediated coping efficacy and help-seeking intention. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help fully mediated anticipated utility and intention to seeking professional psychological help. Prediction model of intention toward seeking professional psychological help was built.
4. Intention toward seeking professional psychological help, attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, coping efficacy and anticipated utility of self-disclosure from help groups were significantly higher than non-help groups; Stigma of help groups to seek professional psychological help was significantly lower than the non-help group; help group and non-help group didn't show significant difference on understanding the social support and anticipated risk of self-disclosure.
5. Behavior prediction model of clinical samples to seeking professional psychological help was set up. That is, intention to seeking professional psychological help is the main predictor of real behavior to seeking professional psychological help; attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, stigma, coping efficacy and anticipated utility of self-disclosure are the significant predictors of intention to seek professional psychological help; attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help is mediator of the relationship between stigma toward seeking professional psychological help, coping efficacy, anticipated utility of self-disclosure and intention to seeking professional psychological help.
6. Group intervention can improve college students' coping efficacy and anticipated utility of self-disclosure, reduce stigma toward seeking professional psychological help, improve college students' attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help and help-seeking intention.
引文
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