我国科技人才集聚机理与实证研究
|
摘要
科技人才是人力资本积累最丰富的群体,也是各方面贡献最杰出的群体。我国是人力资源大国,科技人才作用的发挥对提高我国科技水平、增强自主创新能力以及增强综合国力有着至关重要的影响。科技人才集聚是一个地区最高级、最重要的要素集聚,是人力资本在空间位置上的移动,是人力资源优化配置的先决条件。科技人才集聚是一个动态过程,某一地区的人才资源可能由于受到物质利益驱动、环境等因素的影响而向其他地区流动,使一些地区率先成为人才集聚高地。由于科技人才集聚不仅可以实现科技人才自身价值,还会产生集聚效应,使集聚地获得先行发展的机会,促进经济持续增长,进而加速当地的人才集聚,形成良性的路径依赖。因此,各个国家和地区都梦想成为科技人才的制高点,大力推进科技人才集聚工程。随着我国经济的发展,技术的进步,产业结构的升级大量科技人才呈现出集聚态势,并由集聚现象逐步发展演变为集聚效应。科技人才集聚是经济发展的必然结果,同时又是推动经济进一步发展的助推器。因此,应从我国经济发展的全局高度认识科技人才集聚的重要性和深远意义,确保科技人才集聚的发展跟上我国经济发展的步伐。
随着知识经济的深入发展,技术进步与产业结构升级的速度不断加快,各类型科技人才在频繁流动呈现集聚态势,集聚水平不断提升。随着我国科技人才集聚的深入发展,在显现规律的同时也暴露出一系列的问题,需要构建系统理论从而挖掘出深层次问题。论文以我国的科技人才集聚为研究对象,从系统研究的视角出发,着重探索我国人才集聚运行的机理与规律,并对我国科技人才集聚的发展现状进行实证研究。并针对湖北省科技人才集聚现状,构建其集聚模式和提出相应的提高湖北省科技人才集聚效应政策建议。在研究我国科技人才集聚的相关文献时我们发现,关于我国科技人才集聚的理论研究与实践探索比较匾乏,现存的研究成果不成体系且深度不够。目前,我国科技人才集聚正朝规模化、纵深化发展,暴露的问题会逐渐增多,迫切需要系统理论的规范与指导。由此可见,论文对我国科技人才集聚进行全方位系统研究十分必要。
本文运用管理学、人力资源管理、计量经济学、区域经济学和发展经济学的理论和方法,以湖北省为例,研究了我国科技人才集聚模式的理论和政策。
主要内容包括：主要回顾和梳理了人才集聚及其重要影响因素的相关理论,包括人力资本理论、产业集聚相关理论、城市化概念的界定以及人才流动动因的经典理论；分析了我国科技人才集聚现状分析,剖析了科技人才集聚的形成机理；以湖北省为例探讨了我国科技人才集聚模式的形成,最后,从环境角度分析了湖北省促进科技人才集聚效应的对策。
论文在以下几个方面进行了深入研究：
(1)从系统的角度出发,构建由科技人才集聚原因(Ⅰ)、科技人才集聚状态(S)、科技人才集聚模式(M)和科技人才集聚模式应用(A)构成的ISMA分析范式。作为系统、综合我国科技人才集聚模式理论与实证研究的分析体系,放弃了前人研究的单一分析方法,从科技人才集聚系统自身的逻辑体系着手,寻找其基本规律和内在本质。
(2)构架“三位一体”的科技人才集聚模式。在借鉴国内外普遍采用的政府促进型、市场主导型和产业集聚推动型这三种人才集聚模式的基础上,构建包括：以政策为依托的紧缺人才集聚模式、以为高技术产业集聚依托的高层次人才集聚模式、以市场为依托的实用人才集聚模式为基本内容的我国科技人才集聚模式。
(3)选择适合湖北省科技人才集聚特点的集聚模式。将科技人才含量、高技术产业集聚、城市化要素引入湖北省科技人才集聚的研究体系,研究科技人才含量、高技术产业集聚、城市化与科技人才集聚四者之间的相互关系,形成适合湖北省科技人才集聚特点的集聚具体模式。
Science and technology talent is the most abundant human capital accumulation groups, but also the most outstanding contribution to all aspects of the group. China is a big country of human resources, science and technology talent have played a role in improving our technology level, and has a crucial impact on enhancing the capability of independent innovation and on enhancing overall national strength. Science and technology talent convergence is a region's most senior convergence, convergence is the the most important factor of human capital position in the mobile space, is a prerequisite the optimal allocation of human resources. Science and technology talent convergence is a dynamic process, which may be due to an area the one has human resources material benefits, environmental and other factors, people want to flow from some areas to other regions, the areas which Science and technology talentconvergence want to flow in will become talent convergence heights. As science and technology talent convergence not only to achieve scientific and technological talents of their own value, there will be a convergence effect, so that talent convergence heights can get the opportunity to develop, promote sustained economic growth, thereby accelerating the gathering of local talent to form a benign path dependence. Therefore, all the countries and regions, have dreamed of becoming the talent convergence heights, so vigorously promote scientific and technological talent convergence project. As China's economic development, technological progressing and the industrial structure upgrading, its science and technology talent convergence have shown a large number of scientists gathering momentum, and become science and technology talent convergence effect by gradual evoluting. Science and technology talent convergence is the inevitable result of economic development, but it is also the boosters of promoting further economic development. Therefore, we should fully understand the importance and far-reaching significance of science and technology talent convergence the overall economic development technology professionals gather, to ensure the development of science and technology talent convergence can keep up the pace to the China's economic development.
As the knowledge economy is further developed as well as the technological progress and the upgrading of industrial structure are constantly speeded up, various kinds of science and technology talent is showing the trend of convergence in such a frequent flow with the convergence level increasing. With the further development of science and technology talent convergence in China, it shows certain regulation and problems. Therefore, we should build a systematic theory to explore the problems in the deeper level. From the perspective of systematic research, the papers takes the science and technology talent convergence in China as its research object focusing on exploring the mechanism and regulation of how the science and technology talent convergence is operating in China, and conducts an empirical research on the development of China' s science and technology talent convergence. And analysis in-depth the status quo for science and technology talent convergence in Hubei Province, builds the coalescence model and gives some policy recommendations on how to increase the talents combined effect of Hubei Province. When we study the relevant literature on the theory of China's science and technology talent convergence, we find the research and practice of China's science and technology talent convergence is more plaque and the fragmentation of existing research results are not deep enough. At present, China's science and technology talent convergence is moving large-scale in-depth development, the problems will gradually increasing exposure. It is very urgent to the need of the standards and guidance of systems theory. Thus, it is necessary to systematically research China's science and technology talent convergence.
The paper takes the Hubei Province for example to study the theory and policies of China's science and technology talent convergence by using the theories and methods of the management, human resources management, econometrics, regional economics and development economics.
The main contents include:mainly reviews the relevant theories of talents convergence and its important influencing factors. It includes human capital theory, relevant theories of industrial agglomeration, defining of urbanization, and typical theories of the causes of talents flow; analysis of the status quo of China's science and technology talent convergence, analysis the formation mechanism of China's science and technology talent convergence; analysis the formation of the model of China's science and technology talent convergence by taking the science and technology talent convergence talented in Hubei Province for example; from an environmental point of view, it analysis the polices to promoting the effect of Hubei Province's science and technology talent convergence.
The main achievements and innovations of this paper lie in:
(1) From the system point of view, building the ISMA analysis paradigm, which embodies:science and technology talent convergence inducement (I), science and technology talent convergence situation (S), science and technology talent convergence model (M), science and technology talent convergence application (A). As a system, integrated analysis system of China's science and technology talent convergence theoretical and empirical research, the paper gives up the single analysis way in previous research, to find the basic rules and internal nature based on the logical system of science and technology talent convergence system.
(2) Constructing the trinity mode of science and technology talent convergence. Based on the experience of the model of government promote, market-oriented and industry-driven, constructing the trinity mode of China science and technology talent convergence, including:relying on the policy of the shortage of science and technology talent convergence, relying on high-tech industry cluster of high-level science and technology talent convergence, relying on market-based of utility personnel.
(3) Choosing the convergence mode which fits to the characteristics of the science and technology talent convergence of Hubei Province. Introduces content of science and technology talent, high-tech industry cluster and urbanization to the research system of the science and technology talent convergence of Hubei Province, researches the relationship between scientists content, high-tech industry concentration, urbanization and technology, forms the specific model of which fits to the characteristics of science and technology talent convergence of Hubei Province.
随着知识经济的深入发展,技术进步与产业结构升级的速度不断加快,各类型科技人才在频繁流动呈现集聚态势,集聚水平不断提升。随着我国科技人才集聚的深入发展,在显现规律的同时也暴露出一系列的问题,需要构建系统理论从而挖掘出深层次问题。论文以我国的科技人才集聚为研究对象,从系统研究的视角出发,着重探索我国人才集聚运行的机理与规律,并对我国科技人才集聚的发展现状进行实证研究。并针对湖北省科技人才集聚现状,构建其集聚模式和提出相应的提高湖北省科技人才集聚效应政策建议。在研究我国科技人才集聚的相关文献时我们发现,关于我国科技人才集聚的理论研究与实践探索比较匾乏,现存的研究成果不成体系且深度不够。目前,我国科技人才集聚正朝规模化、纵深化发展,暴露的问题会逐渐增多,迫切需要系统理论的规范与指导。由此可见,论文对我国科技人才集聚进行全方位系统研究十分必要。
本文运用管理学、人力资源管理、计量经济学、区域经济学和发展经济学的理论和方法,以湖北省为例,研究了我国科技人才集聚模式的理论和政策。
主要内容包括：主要回顾和梳理了人才集聚及其重要影响因素的相关理论,包括人力资本理论、产业集聚相关理论、城市化概念的界定以及人才流动动因的经典理论；分析了我国科技人才集聚现状分析,剖析了科技人才集聚的形成机理；以湖北省为例探讨了我国科技人才集聚模式的形成,最后,从环境角度分析了湖北省促进科技人才集聚效应的对策。
论文在以下几个方面进行了深入研究：
(1)从系统的角度出发,构建由科技人才集聚原因(Ⅰ)、科技人才集聚状态(S)、科技人才集聚模式(M)和科技人才集聚模式应用(A)构成的ISMA分析范式。作为系统、综合我国科技人才集聚模式理论与实证研究的分析体系,放弃了前人研究的单一分析方法,从科技人才集聚系统自身的逻辑体系着手,寻找其基本规律和内在本质。
(2)构架“三位一体”的科技人才集聚模式。在借鉴国内外普遍采用的政府促进型、市场主导型和产业集聚推动型这三种人才集聚模式的基础上,构建包括：以政策为依托的紧缺人才集聚模式、以为高技术产业集聚依托的高层次人才集聚模式、以市场为依托的实用人才集聚模式为基本内容的我国科技人才集聚模式。
(3)选择适合湖北省科技人才集聚特点的集聚模式。将科技人才含量、高技术产业集聚、城市化要素引入湖北省科技人才集聚的研究体系,研究科技人才含量、高技术产业集聚、城市化与科技人才集聚四者之间的相互关系,形成适合湖北省科技人才集聚特点的集聚具体模式。
Science and technology talent is the most abundant human capital accumulation groups, but also the most outstanding contribution to all aspects of the group. China is a big country of human resources, science and technology talent have played a role in improving our technology level, and has a crucial impact on enhancing the capability of independent innovation and on enhancing overall national strength. Science and technology talent convergence is a region's most senior convergence, convergence is the the most important factor of human capital position in the mobile space, is a prerequisite the optimal allocation of human resources. Science and technology talent convergence is a dynamic process, which may be due to an area the one has human resources material benefits, environmental and other factors, people want to flow from some areas to other regions, the areas which Science and technology talentconvergence want to flow in will become talent convergence heights. As science and technology talent convergence not only to achieve scientific and technological talents of their own value, there will be a convergence effect, so that talent convergence heights can get the opportunity to develop, promote sustained economic growth, thereby accelerating the gathering of local talent to form a benign path dependence. Therefore, all the countries and regions, have dreamed of becoming the talent convergence heights, so vigorously promote scientific and technological talent convergence project. As China's economic development, technological progressing and the industrial structure upgrading, its science and technology talent convergence have shown a large number of scientists gathering momentum, and become science and technology talent convergence effect by gradual evoluting. Science and technology talent convergence is the inevitable result of economic development, but it is also the boosters of promoting further economic development. Therefore, we should fully understand the importance and far-reaching significance of science and technology talent convergence the overall economic development technology professionals gather, to ensure the development of science and technology talent convergence can keep up the pace to the China's economic development.
As the knowledge economy is further developed as well as the technological progress and the upgrading of industrial structure are constantly speeded up, various kinds of science and technology talent is showing the trend of convergence in such a frequent flow with the convergence level increasing. With the further development of science and technology talent convergence in China, it shows certain regulation and problems. Therefore, we should build a systematic theory to explore the problems in the deeper level. From the perspective of systematic research, the papers takes the science and technology talent convergence in China as its research object focusing on exploring the mechanism and regulation of how the science and technology talent convergence is operating in China, and conducts an empirical research on the development of China' s science and technology talent convergence. And analysis in-depth the status quo for science and technology talent convergence in Hubei Province, builds the coalescence model and gives some policy recommendations on how to increase the talents combined effect of Hubei Province. When we study the relevant literature on the theory of China's science and technology talent convergence, we find the research and practice of China's science and technology talent convergence is more plaque and the fragmentation of existing research results are not deep enough. At present, China's science and technology talent convergence is moving large-scale in-depth development, the problems will gradually increasing exposure. It is very urgent to the need of the standards and guidance of systems theory. Thus, it is necessary to systematically research China's science and technology talent convergence.
The paper takes the Hubei Province for example to study the theory and policies of China's science and technology talent convergence by using the theories and methods of the management, human resources management, econometrics, regional economics and development economics.
The main contents include:mainly reviews the relevant theories of talents convergence and its important influencing factors. It includes human capital theory, relevant theories of industrial agglomeration, defining of urbanization, and typical theories of the causes of talents flow; analysis of the status quo of China's science and technology talent convergence, analysis the formation mechanism of China's science and technology talent convergence; analysis the formation of the model of China's science and technology talent convergence by taking the science and technology talent convergence talented in Hubei Province for example; from an environmental point of view, it analysis the polices to promoting the effect of Hubei Province's science and technology talent convergence.
The main achievements and innovations of this paper lie in:
(1) From the system point of view, building the ISMA analysis paradigm, which embodies:science and technology talent convergence inducement (I), science and technology talent convergence situation (S), science and technology talent convergence model (M), science and technology talent convergence application (A). As a system, integrated analysis system of China's science and technology talent convergence theoretical and empirical research, the paper gives up the single analysis way in previous research, to find the basic rules and internal nature based on the logical system of science and technology talent convergence system.
(2) Constructing the trinity mode of science and technology talent convergence. Based on the experience of the model of government promote, market-oriented and industry-driven, constructing the trinity mode of China science and technology talent convergence, including:relying on the policy of the shortage of science and technology talent convergence, relying on high-tech industry cluster of high-level science and technology talent convergence, relying on market-based of utility personnel.
(3) Choosing the convergence mode which fits to the characteristics of the science and technology talent convergence of Hubei Province. Introduces content of science and technology talent, high-tech industry cluster and urbanization to the research system of the science and technology talent convergence of Hubei Province, researches the relationship between scientists content, high-tech industry concentration, urbanization and technology, forms the specific model of which fits to the characteristics of science and technology talent convergence of Hubei Province.
引文
[1]阿弗里德·马歇尔,经济学原理[M],华夏出版社,2000；
[2]Paul Krugman. History and Industry Location:The Case of the Manufacturing Belt. American Economic Review.1991Vol.81:80-83.
[3]Paul Krugman. Development Geography and Economic Theory[M].Cambridge:MIT Press, 1995.
[4]Allen Scott. New Industrial Spaces:Flexible production organization and Regional Development in North America and Western Europe[M]. London:Pion.1988.
[5]Scott Allen. J. Storper Michael. High Technology Industry and Regional Development:A Theoretical Critique and Reconstruction[M]. International Social Seienee.Journal.1987.5.
[6]Curran J. Blackburn & R. Smal. Firms and Local Economic Networks[M]. The Death of the Local Eeonomy. Document TyPe:Book Citation.[Citation Record]1994.
[7]Taylor LR and Taylor RA.convergence, Migration and population mechanics[J].Nature,1977.2.
[8]Palivos, Theodore, Wang ping. Spatial agglomeration and endogenous growth[J]. Regional science & Urban Economies,1996.12.Vol.26 Issue6:25-645
[9]Zucker L G,Darby MR,Brewer MB. Intellectual human capital and the birth of U.S. biotechnology enterprises.American Economic Review,1998,88 (1):290-306.
[10]迈克尔·披特,国家竞争优势[M],李明轩,邱如关译,北京：华夏出版社,2002：74-75；
[11]阿瑟·刘易斯,二元经济论[M],北京经济学院出版社,1989；
[12]哈里斯,托达罗,迁移、失业和发展：两部门分析[J],美国经济评论,1960,3；
[13]乔根森,另一种二元经济发展理论的检验[J].经济发展的理论与设计,1966,5；
[14]Schumpeter, J, A, The Theory of Economic Development, New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers,2006.
[15]Serge Coulombe, and Jean-Francois Tremblay. Human capital and Regional Convergence in
[16]Canada.CSLS Conference on the State of Living Standards and the Quality of Life in Canada. 1998,.
[17]Soete, L, "The Impact of Technological Innovation on International Trade Patterns:The Evidence Reconsidered", Research Policy,2007,18, pp,101-130.
[18]Venkatesh Bala, Gerhard Sorger. A Spatial-Temporal Model of Human Capital Accumulation[J] Journal of Economic Theory,2009,96:153-179.
[19]Suzuki, T, M, The Technological Transformation of Japan:From the Seventeen to the Twenty-first Century, MA:Cambridge University Press,2009.
[20]Sullivan, M, "Finance and Innovation", in Fagerberg Jan et al, (Ed,), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, pp,240-265,2005.
[21]Romer, P, "Endogenous Technological Change", Journal of Political Economy,2007, 98, Spp,71-102.
[22]Tylecote, A, "Twin Innovation Systems, Intermediate Technology and Economic
[23]Development:History and Prospect for China, Innovation:Management", Policy&Practice,2009, Vol,8,1/2, pp,62-83.
[24]Rotemberghe,J.J,Saloner,G.. Competition and HumanCapital Accumulation:A theory of Interregional Specialization andTrade. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2006,30 (2):373-404.
[25]Freeman C, Technology Policy and Economic Performance:Lessons from Japan [M], London,2007.
[26]包惠,符钢战,祝颖,西部地区人才环境综合评价—基于因子分析的结果[J],北方经济,2007,7：
[27]程祯,人才聚集环境效应与中西部地区人才聚集环境的优化[J],管理现代化2006,3；
[28]孙健、邵秀娟、纪建悦,新兴工业化国家和地区人才集聚环境建设的经验及启示[J],中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2004,6；
[29]牛冲槐、江海洋、王聪,科技型人才聚集环境及聚集效应分析(一)—制度环境对科技型人才聚年效应的影响分析[J],太原理工大学学报(社会科学版),2007,9；
[30]牛冲槐、王燕妮、杨春艳,科杖型人才聚集环境技聚集效应分析(四)—文化环境对科技型人才聚集效应的影响分析[J],太原理工大学学报(社会科学版),2008,6；,
[31]牛冲槐、江海洋,硅谷与中关村人才聚集效应及环境比较研究[J],管理学报,2008,3；
[32]牛冲槐、芮雪琴,区域创新系统优化对人才聚集效应的作用研究[J],系统统科学学报,2007,10；
[33]周振化,积极推进经济结构的调整与优化[M],上海人民出版书,1998；
[34]李忠民,人力资本——一个理论框架及其对中国一些问题的解释经济科学出版社,1999,12：
[35]张向前,中国大陆地区人力资源与区域经济发展模型研究[J],贵州财经济学院学报,2002,5：27～33：
[36]范剑勇,产业集聚与农村劳动力的跨区域流动[J],管理世界,2006,4；
[37]李刚、牛芳,人才集聚与产业集聚[J],中国人才,2005,5；
[38]王锐兰、刘思峰,发达地区创新人才集聚的驱动机制[J],江苏农村经济,2006,3；
[39]张子良,实现人才与产业的交融—关于如何建造人才与产业的“生态系统”[J],中国人才, 2007,3：
[40]毛军,产业集聚与人力资本积累—以珠三角、长三角为例[J],北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),2006,6；
[41]张西辛、胡蓓,产业集群的人才集聚研究[J],商业研究,2007,3；
[42]李玉江、徐光平,人力资本空间集聚对产业集群发展的影响[J],山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2008,3；
[43]李芸、邢华,集成式制度创新：苏州IT业发展中地方政府的作用[J],现代经济探讨,2006,3：
[44]李严锋,集聚高层次人才的一种机制：呼吁机制的建立[J],经济问题探索,2005,10；
[45]孙健、邵秀娟、纪建悦.新兴工业化国家和地区人才集聚环境建设的经验及启示[J],中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2004,6；
[46]朱杏珍,人才集聚过程中羊群行为分析[J],数量经济技术经济研究,2002,7；
[47]刘长明,硅谷之路[J],学术界,2001,5;
[48荣芳,我国人力资本外流的成因分析及对策建议[J],科学学与科学技术管理,200,2；
[49]刘键,新时期我国智力外流的特点及对策研究[J],生产力研究,2004,9；
[50]孙健,地方政府在人才集聚过程中的角色定位研究[J],中国海洋大学学报,2008,4；
[51]石文玉,经济欠发达地区人力资源开发浅议[J],资源产业,2004,12；
[52]洪燕云、吴健、陈慕,欠发达地区人才流失的原因技对策[J],合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版),2002,12；
[53]孙健,我国东部和中西部经济增长差趴的实证分析[J],中国海洋大学学报,2006,2；
[54]屠高、唐琳、唐德善,欠发达地区的人才策略[J],经济师,2004,3；
[55]牛冲槐、张敏,人才聚集效应及共评判[J],中国软科学,2006,4;
[56]牛冲槐、唐朝永,中国区域人才聚集力比较分析[J],机械管理开发,2007,8；
[57]牛冲槐、接民,区域创新系统优化对人才聚集效应的作用研究[J],系统统科学学报,2007,10：
[58]牛冲槐、樊燕萍、张敏,人才聚集效应系统研究[J],系统科学学报,2006,4；
[59]张洪潮、牛冲槐,基于系统论的人才聚集效应再分析[J],工业技术经济,2007,6；
[60]刘思峰、王锐兰,科技人才集聚的机制、效应与对策[J],南京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版),2008,3；
[61]张体勤、刘军、杨明海,知识性组织的人才集聚效应与集聚战略[J],理论学刊,2005,6：
[62]李光红、陈学中、孙丽丽,高层次人才集聚与管理机制创新[J],理论学刊,2006,3；
[63]牛冲槐、张敏,人才聚集中自我冲突的消减与人才聚集效应研究[J],人力资源管理,2006, 8：
[64]牛冲槐、张敏、段治平、李刚,科技型人才集聚效应与组织冲突削减的研究[J],管理学报,2006,3；
[65]牛冲槐、王聪、芮雪芹、樊燕萍、郭丽芳.中国传统文化对科技型人才聚集效应的影响分析[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2008,1；
[66]牛冲槐、高祖艳、王娟,科技型人才聚集环境评判及优化研究[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2007,12；
[67]牛冲槐,科技型人才聚集效应的经济学分析[J],中国流通经济,2007,12；
[68]牛冲槐、李若瑶、杨春艳,科技型人才聚集效应的动因分析[J],山西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2009,5；
[69]孙健、尤雯,人才集聚与产业集聚的互动关系研究[J],管理世界,2008,3；
[70]唐朝永、师永志、牛冲槐,科技型人才聚集的经济环境及聚集效应研究[J],民办教育研究,2010,2；
[71]牛冲槐、王聪、郭丽芳、樊燕萍、芮雪琴,科技型人才聚集下的知识溢出效应研究[J],管理学报,2010,1；
[72]秦晓芳,科技型人才聚集效应的创新效应分析[J],经济师,2010,4；
[73]张同全,人才集聚效应评价指标体系研究[J],现代管理科学,2008,8；
[74]罗永泰,张威,论人力资本聚集效应[J],科学管理研究,2004,2；
[75]彭惠青、孙微、黄海茵,湖北科技人才开发的问题与对策[J],湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版),2008,1；
[76]王奋,科技人力资源区域集聚效应的实证研究[J],中国软科学,2006,3；
[77]王奋,科技人力资源区域集聚效应的度量[J],北京理工大学学报,2009,12；
[78]王奋,科技人力资源区域集聚影响因素的实证研究—以北京地区为例[J],科学学研究,2006,5：
[79]王奋,中国科技人力资源区域集聚的理论与实证研究[M],北京理工大学出版社,2008；
[80]Farris G F, Aperceived Study of Turnover [J], Personnel Psychology,2008,24:311-318.
[81]Martin T N, A Contextual Model of Employee Turnover Intentions [J], Academy of Management Journal,2009,22(2):313-324.
[82]Mowday R T, Employee organization Linkages:the Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover [M], New York:Academic press,2006:107-133.
[83]中国科协全国科技工作者状况调查课题组,全国科技工作者状况调查报告[M],中国科学技术出版社,2004；
[84]牛冲槐,人才聚集中自我冲突的消减与人才聚集效应研究[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2006,8：
[85]翁清雄,产业集群特征对集群内人才成长的影响[J],科研管理,2008,4；
[86]Amsden, A, H, Chu, W, W, Beyond Late Development:Taiwan's Upgrading Policies, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,2003.
[87]Archambault, E, "Methods for Using Patents in Cross-country Comparisons", Scientometrics,2007,54(1), pp,15-30.
[88]Archibugi, D, "Patenting as an Indicator of Technological Innovation:A Review", Science and Public Policy,2007, No,19, pp,357-368.
[89]Asheim, Bjorn T, Vang Jan, "Regional Innovation Systems in Asian Countries:A New Way of Exploiting the Benefits of Transnational Corporations, Innovation:Management", Policy&Practice,2006, Vol,8,1/2, pp,27-44.
[90]Battese, G, and T, Coelli, A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in A Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data, Empirical Economics,20, pp,325-332,2005.
[91]Cantwell, J, Technological Innovation and Multinational Corporations, Oxford:Basil Blackwell,2009.
[92]Cohen, W, Nelson, R, and Walsh, J, Links and Impacts:The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D, Management Science,2007,48(1), pp,1-23.
[93]Edquist, C, M,-L, Eriksson and H, Sjogren, Characteristics of Collaboration in Product Innovation in the Regional System of Innovation of East Go this, European Planning Studies, 2008,10(5), pp,563-581.
[94]Etzkowitz, H,. Leytesdorff, L, Universities in Global Economy:A Triple Helix of Academic-industry-government Relation, London:Croom Helm,2007.
[95]Evangelista, R, S, Iammarino, V, Mastrostefano and A, Silvani,2008, Measuring the Regional Dimension of Innovation:Lessons from the Italian Innovation Survey, Tech-novation,21, pp,733-745.
[96]Feldman, M, P. Audretsch David B, Innovation in Cities:Science-based Diversity, Specialization and Localized Competition, European Economic Review,2009,43, pp,409-429.
[97]Fritsch, M, Measuring the Quality of Regional Innovation Systems:A Knowledge Production Function Approach, International Regional Science Review,2008,25(1), pp,86-101.
[98]Furman, J L, and R, Hayes, Catching Up or Standing Still? National Innovative Productivity Among'follower'Countries,1978-1999, Research Policy,2004,33, pp,1329-1354.
[99]Furman, J, L, M, E, Porter and S, Stern, The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity, Research Policy,2008,31, pp,899-933.
[100]Gerschenkron, A, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, MA:Harvard University Press,1962.
[101]Giuliani, E, Rabellotti, R, van Dijk, M, P, Clusters Facing Competition:The Importance of the External Linkages, Aldershot:Ashgate,2005.
[102]Greunz, L, Industrial Structure and Innovation Evidence from European Regions, Journal of Evolutionary Economics,2004,14, pp,563-592.
[103]Griliches, Z, Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators:A Survey, Journal of Economic Literature,2008,28(4), pp,1661-1707.
[104]Gu, S, and Bengt-Ake Lundvall, China's Innovation System and the Move Toward,2006. Harmonious Growth and Endogenous Innovation, Innovation:Management, Policy&Practice, 2008,8,1/2, pp,1-26.
[105]Hagedoorn, J, Cloodt, M, Measuring Innovative Performance:Is There an Advantage in Using Multiple Indicators?,2003, Research Policy,32, pp,1365-1379.
[106]Hu, Mei-Chih, Mathews, John A, National Innovative Capacity in East Asia,2005, Research Policy,34, pp,1322-1349.
[107]Jones, C, R&D Based Models of Economic Growth, Journal of Political Economy,2005, 103, pp,739-784.
[108]Kim, L, Imitation to Innovation:the Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning, MA: Harvard Business School Press,2007.
[109]Kumbhakar, S, C, and C, Lovell, Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Cambridge University Press,2009, Cambridge, UK.
[110]Kumbhakar, S, C, S, Ghosh and T, J, McGuckin, A Generalized Production Frontier Approach for Estimating Determinants of Inefficiency in U, S, Dairy Farms, Journal of Business&Economic Statistics,2007,9(3), pp,279-286.
[111]Liu, X, and S, White, An Exploration Into Regional Variation in Innovative Activity in China, International Journal of Technology Management,2007a, Vol,21,1/2, pp,114-129.
[112]Liu, X, and S, White, Comparing Innovation Systems:A Framework and Application to China's Transitional Context, Research Policy,2007b,30, pp,1091-1114.
[113]Lundvall, B,A,(Ed,), National Systems of Innovation:Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning, Pinter, London,2009.
[114]Lundvall, B, A, Innovation as An Interactive Process:From User-producer Interaction to the National Innovation Systems, In Dosi, G,, Freeman, C,, Nelson, R, R,, Silverberg, G, Soete, L, (Eds,), Technical change and economic theory, London: Pinter,2008.
[115]Lundvall, B, A, B, Johnson, E, S, Anderson and B, Dalum, National Systems of Production, Innovation and Competence Building, Research Policy,2006,31, pp,213-231.
[116]Malerba, F, Sectoral Systems:How and Why Innovation Differs Across Sectors", in Fagerberg Jan et al, (Ed,), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, pp,380-406,2005.
[117]Meeusen, W, and J, van den Broeck, Efficiency Estimation from Cobb-Douglas Production Functions with Composed Error, International Economic Review,2007,18(2), pp, 435-444.
[118]Mowery, D, and Sampat B, Universities in National Innovation Systems, in Fagerberg Jan et al, (Ed,), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, pp,209-239, 2005.
[119]Nelson, R, R, (Ed,), National Innovation System:A Comparative Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York,2003.
[120]中国科学技术协会发展研究中心,中国科技人力资源发展研究报告[M],中国科学技术出版社,2008。
[2]Paul Krugman. History and Industry Location:The Case of the Manufacturing Belt. American Economic Review.1991Vol.81:80-83.
[3]Paul Krugman. Development Geography and Economic Theory[M].Cambridge:MIT Press, 1995.
[4]Allen Scott. New Industrial Spaces:Flexible production organization and Regional Development in North America and Western Europe[M]. London:Pion.1988.
[5]Scott Allen. J. Storper Michael. High Technology Industry and Regional Development:A Theoretical Critique and Reconstruction[M]. International Social Seienee.Journal.1987.5.
[6]Curran J. Blackburn & R. Smal. Firms and Local Economic Networks[M]. The Death of the Local Eeonomy. Document TyPe:Book Citation.[Citation Record]1994.
[7]Taylor LR and Taylor RA.convergence, Migration and population mechanics[J].Nature,1977.2.
[8]Palivos, Theodore, Wang ping. Spatial agglomeration and endogenous growth[J]. Regional science & Urban Economies,1996.12.Vol.26 Issue6:25-645
[9]Zucker L G,Darby MR,Brewer MB. Intellectual human capital and the birth of U.S. biotechnology enterprises.American Economic Review,1998,88 (1):290-306.
[10]迈克尔·披特,国家竞争优势[M],李明轩,邱如关译,北京：华夏出版社,2002：74-75；
[11]阿瑟·刘易斯,二元经济论[M],北京经济学院出版社,1989；
[12]哈里斯,托达罗,迁移、失业和发展：两部门分析[J],美国经济评论,1960,3；
[13]乔根森,另一种二元经济发展理论的检验[J].经济发展的理论与设计,1966,5；
[14]Schumpeter, J, A, The Theory of Economic Development, New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers,2006.
[15]Serge Coulombe, and Jean-Francois Tremblay. Human capital and Regional Convergence in
[16]Canada.CSLS Conference on the State of Living Standards and the Quality of Life in Canada. 1998,.
[17]Soete, L, "The Impact of Technological Innovation on International Trade Patterns:The Evidence Reconsidered", Research Policy,2007,18, pp,101-130.
[18]Venkatesh Bala, Gerhard Sorger. A Spatial-Temporal Model of Human Capital Accumulation[J] Journal of Economic Theory,2009,96:153-179.
[19]Suzuki, T, M, The Technological Transformation of Japan:From the Seventeen to the Twenty-first Century, MA:Cambridge University Press,2009.
[20]Sullivan, M, "Finance and Innovation", in Fagerberg Jan et al, (Ed,), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, pp,240-265,2005.
[21]Romer, P, "Endogenous Technological Change", Journal of Political Economy,2007, 98, Spp,71-102.
[22]Tylecote, A, "Twin Innovation Systems, Intermediate Technology and Economic
[23]Development:History and Prospect for China, Innovation:Management", Policy&Practice,2009, Vol,8,1/2, pp,62-83.
[24]Rotemberghe,J.J,Saloner,G.. Competition and HumanCapital Accumulation:A theory of Interregional Specialization andTrade. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2006,30 (2):373-404.
[25]Freeman C, Technology Policy and Economic Performance:Lessons from Japan [M], London,2007.
[26]包惠,符钢战,祝颖,西部地区人才环境综合评价—基于因子分析的结果[J],北方经济,2007,7：
[27]程祯,人才聚集环境效应与中西部地区人才聚集环境的优化[J],管理现代化2006,3；
[28]孙健、邵秀娟、纪建悦,新兴工业化国家和地区人才集聚环境建设的经验及启示[J],中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2004,6；
[29]牛冲槐、江海洋、王聪,科技型人才聚集环境及聚集效应分析(一)—制度环境对科技型人才聚年效应的影响分析[J],太原理工大学学报(社会科学版),2007,9；
[30]牛冲槐、王燕妮、杨春艳,科杖型人才聚集环境技聚集效应分析(四)—文化环境对科技型人才聚集效应的影响分析[J],太原理工大学学报(社会科学版),2008,6；,
[31]牛冲槐、江海洋,硅谷与中关村人才聚集效应及环境比较研究[J],管理学报,2008,3；
[32]牛冲槐、芮雪琴,区域创新系统优化对人才聚集效应的作用研究[J],系统统科学学报,2007,10；
[33]周振化,积极推进经济结构的调整与优化[M],上海人民出版书,1998；
[34]李忠民,人力资本——一个理论框架及其对中国一些问题的解释经济科学出版社,1999,12：
[35]张向前,中国大陆地区人力资源与区域经济发展模型研究[J],贵州财经济学院学报,2002,5：27～33：
[36]范剑勇,产业集聚与农村劳动力的跨区域流动[J],管理世界,2006,4；
[37]李刚、牛芳,人才集聚与产业集聚[J],中国人才,2005,5；
[38]王锐兰、刘思峰,发达地区创新人才集聚的驱动机制[J],江苏农村经济,2006,3；
[39]张子良,实现人才与产业的交融—关于如何建造人才与产业的“生态系统”[J],中国人才, 2007,3：
[40]毛军,产业集聚与人力资本积累—以珠三角、长三角为例[J],北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),2006,6；
[41]张西辛、胡蓓,产业集群的人才集聚研究[J],商业研究,2007,3；
[42]李玉江、徐光平,人力资本空间集聚对产业集群发展的影响[J],山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2008,3；
[43]李芸、邢华,集成式制度创新：苏州IT业发展中地方政府的作用[J],现代经济探讨,2006,3：
[44]李严锋,集聚高层次人才的一种机制：呼吁机制的建立[J],经济问题探索,2005,10；
[45]孙健、邵秀娟、纪建悦.新兴工业化国家和地区人才集聚环境建设的经验及启示[J],中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2004,6；
[46]朱杏珍,人才集聚过程中羊群行为分析[J],数量经济技术经济研究,2002,7；
[47]刘长明,硅谷之路[J],学术界,2001,5;
[48荣芳,我国人力资本外流的成因分析及对策建议[J],科学学与科学技术管理,200,2；
[49]刘键,新时期我国智力外流的特点及对策研究[J],生产力研究,2004,9；
[50]孙健,地方政府在人才集聚过程中的角色定位研究[J],中国海洋大学学报,2008,4；
[51]石文玉,经济欠发达地区人力资源开发浅议[J],资源产业,2004,12；
[52]洪燕云、吴健、陈慕,欠发达地区人才流失的原因技对策[J],合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版),2002,12；
[53]孙健,我国东部和中西部经济增长差趴的实证分析[J],中国海洋大学学报,2006,2；
[54]屠高、唐琳、唐德善,欠发达地区的人才策略[J],经济师,2004,3；
[55]牛冲槐、张敏,人才聚集效应及共评判[J],中国软科学,2006,4;
[56]牛冲槐、唐朝永,中国区域人才聚集力比较分析[J],机械管理开发,2007,8；
[57]牛冲槐、接民,区域创新系统优化对人才聚集效应的作用研究[J],系统统科学学报,2007,10：
[58]牛冲槐、樊燕萍、张敏,人才聚集效应系统研究[J],系统科学学报,2006,4；
[59]张洪潮、牛冲槐,基于系统论的人才聚集效应再分析[J],工业技术经济,2007,6；
[60]刘思峰、王锐兰,科技人才集聚的机制、效应与对策[J],南京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版),2008,3；
[61]张体勤、刘军、杨明海,知识性组织的人才集聚效应与集聚战略[J],理论学刊,2005,6：
[62]李光红、陈学中、孙丽丽,高层次人才集聚与管理机制创新[J],理论学刊,2006,3；
[63]牛冲槐、张敏,人才聚集中自我冲突的消减与人才聚集效应研究[J],人力资源管理,2006, 8：
[64]牛冲槐、张敏、段治平、李刚,科技型人才集聚效应与组织冲突削减的研究[J],管理学报,2006,3；
[65]牛冲槐、王聪、芮雪芹、樊燕萍、郭丽芳.中国传统文化对科技型人才聚集效应的影响分析[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2008,1；
[66]牛冲槐、高祖艳、王娟,科技型人才聚集环境评判及优化研究[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2007,12；
[67]牛冲槐,科技型人才聚集效应的经济学分析[J],中国流通经济,2007,12；
[68]牛冲槐、李若瑶、杨春艳,科技型人才聚集效应的动因分析[J],山西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2009,5；
[69]孙健、尤雯,人才集聚与产业集聚的互动关系研究[J],管理世界,2008,3；
[70]唐朝永、师永志、牛冲槐,科技型人才聚集的经济环境及聚集效应研究[J],民办教育研究,2010,2；
[71]牛冲槐、王聪、郭丽芳、樊燕萍、芮雪琴,科技型人才聚集下的知识溢出效应研究[J],管理学报,2010,1；
[72]秦晓芳,科技型人才聚集效应的创新效应分析[J],经济师,2010,4；
[73]张同全,人才集聚效应评价指标体系研究[J],现代管理科学,2008,8；
[74]罗永泰,张威,论人力资本聚集效应[J],科学管理研究,2004,2；
[75]彭惠青、孙微、黄海茵,湖北科技人才开发的问题与对策[J],湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版),2008,1；
[76]王奋,科技人力资源区域集聚效应的实证研究[J],中国软科学,2006,3；
[77]王奋,科技人力资源区域集聚效应的度量[J],北京理工大学学报,2009,12；
[78]王奋,科技人力资源区域集聚影响因素的实证研究—以北京地区为例[J],科学学研究,2006,5：
[79]王奋,中国科技人力资源区域集聚的理论与实证研究[M],北京理工大学出版社,2008；
[80]Farris G F, Aperceived Study of Turnover [J], Personnel Psychology,2008,24:311-318.
[81]Martin T N, A Contextual Model of Employee Turnover Intentions [J], Academy of Management Journal,2009,22(2):313-324.
[82]Mowday R T, Employee organization Linkages:the Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover [M], New York:Academic press,2006:107-133.
[83]中国科协全国科技工作者状况调查课题组,全国科技工作者状况调查报告[M],中国科学技术出版社,2004；
[84]牛冲槐,人才聚集中自我冲突的消减与人才聚集效应研究[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2006,8：
[85]翁清雄,产业集群特征对集群内人才成长的影响[J],科研管理,2008,4；
[86]Amsden, A, H, Chu, W, W, Beyond Late Development:Taiwan's Upgrading Policies, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,2003.
[87]Archambault, E, "Methods for Using Patents in Cross-country Comparisons", Scientometrics,2007,54(1), pp,15-30.
[88]Archibugi, D, "Patenting as an Indicator of Technological Innovation:A Review", Science and Public Policy,2007, No,19, pp,357-368.
[89]Asheim, Bjorn T, Vang Jan, "Regional Innovation Systems in Asian Countries:A New Way of Exploiting the Benefits of Transnational Corporations, Innovation:Management", Policy&Practice,2006, Vol,8,1/2, pp,27-44.
[90]Battese, G, and T, Coelli, A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in A Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data, Empirical Economics,20, pp,325-332,2005.
[91]Cantwell, J, Technological Innovation and Multinational Corporations, Oxford:Basil Blackwell,2009.
[92]Cohen, W, Nelson, R, and Walsh, J, Links and Impacts:The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D, Management Science,2007,48(1), pp,1-23.
[93]Edquist, C, M,-L, Eriksson and H, Sjogren, Characteristics of Collaboration in Product Innovation in the Regional System of Innovation of East Go this, European Planning Studies, 2008,10(5), pp,563-581.
[94]Etzkowitz, H,. Leytesdorff, L, Universities in Global Economy:A Triple Helix of Academic-industry-government Relation, London:Croom Helm,2007.
[95]Evangelista, R, S, Iammarino, V, Mastrostefano and A, Silvani,2008, Measuring the Regional Dimension of Innovation:Lessons from the Italian Innovation Survey, Tech-novation,21, pp,733-745.
[96]Feldman, M, P. Audretsch David B, Innovation in Cities:Science-based Diversity, Specialization and Localized Competition, European Economic Review,2009,43, pp,409-429.
[97]Fritsch, M, Measuring the Quality of Regional Innovation Systems:A Knowledge Production Function Approach, International Regional Science Review,2008,25(1), pp,86-101.
[98]Furman, J L, and R, Hayes, Catching Up or Standing Still? National Innovative Productivity Among'follower'Countries,1978-1999, Research Policy,2004,33, pp,1329-1354.
[99]Furman, J, L, M, E, Porter and S, Stern, The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity, Research Policy,2008,31, pp,899-933.
[100]Gerschenkron, A, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, MA:Harvard University Press,1962.
[101]Giuliani, E, Rabellotti, R, van Dijk, M, P, Clusters Facing Competition:The Importance of the External Linkages, Aldershot:Ashgate,2005.
[102]Greunz, L, Industrial Structure and Innovation Evidence from European Regions, Journal of Evolutionary Economics,2004,14, pp,563-592.
[103]Griliches, Z, Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators:A Survey, Journal of Economic Literature,2008,28(4), pp,1661-1707.
[104]Gu, S, and Bengt-Ake Lundvall, China's Innovation System and the Move Toward,2006. Harmonious Growth and Endogenous Innovation, Innovation:Management, Policy&Practice, 2008,8,1/2, pp,1-26.
[105]Hagedoorn, J, Cloodt, M, Measuring Innovative Performance:Is There an Advantage in Using Multiple Indicators?,2003, Research Policy,32, pp,1365-1379.
[106]Hu, Mei-Chih, Mathews, John A, National Innovative Capacity in East Asia,2005, Research Policy,34, pp,1322-1349.
[107]Jones, C, R&D Based Models of Economic Growth, Journal of Political Economy,2005, 103, pp,739-784.
[108]Kim, L, Imitation to Innovation:the Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning, MA: Harvard Business School Press,2007.
[109]Kumbhakar, S, C, and C, Lovell, Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Cambridge University Press,2009, Cambridge, UK.
[110]Kumbhakar, S, C, S, Ghosh and T, J, McGuckin, A Generalized Production Frontier Approach for Estimating Determinants of Inefficiency in U, S, Dairy Farms, Journal of Business&Economic Statistics,2007,9(3), pp,279-286.
[111]Liu, X, and S, White, An Exploration Into Regional Variation in Innovative Activity in China, International Journal of Technology Management,2007a, Vol,21,1/2, pp,114-129.
[112]Liu, X, and S, White, Comparing Innovation Systems:A Framework and Application to China's Transitional Context, Research Policy,2007b,30, pp,1091-1114.
[113]Lundvall, B,A,(Ed,), National Systems of Innovation:Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning, Pinter, London,2009.
[114]Lundvall, B, A, Innovation as An Interactive Process:From User-producer Interaction to the National Innovation Systems, In Dosi, G,, Freeman, C,, Nelson, R, R,, Silverberg, G, Soete, L, (Eds,), Technical change and economic theory, London: Pinter,2008.
[115]Lundvall, B, A, B, Johnson, E, S, Anderson and B, Dalum, National Systems of Production, Innovation and Competence Building, Research Policy,2006,31, pp,213-231.
[116]Malerba, F, Sectoral Systems:How and Why Innovation Differs Across Sectors", in Fagerberg Jan et al, (Ed,), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, pp,380-406,2005.
[117]Meeusen, W, and J, van den Broeck, Efficiency Estimation from Cobb-Douglas Production Functions with Composed Error, International Economic Review,2007,18(2), pp, 435-444.
[118]Mowery, D, and Sampat B, Universities in National Innovation Systems, in Fagerberg Jan et al, (Ed,), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, pp,209-239, 2005.
[119]Nelson, R, R, (Ed,), National Innovation System:A Comparative Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York,2003.
[120]中国科学技术协会发展研究中心,中国科技人力资源发展研究报告[M],中国科学技术出版社,2008。