汽油烃组成对排放的影响
摘要
国外研究结果表明,汽油组成和性质会在一定程度上影响汽车尾气中有害物质(HC、CO、NOX)的排放量以及通过这些有害物质影响大气中生成臭氧的反应活性。我国原油性质和炼油结构与国外相比有很大差异,有必要进行汽油烃组成对发动机排放影响的研究,从而确定适合我国国情的汽油组成。本文研究了汽油中烯烃、芳烃含量对尾气排放、蒸发排放和燃油经济性的影响趋势以及我国当前汽油在当代先进发动机及发动机技术基础上是否能够满足我国目前及未来汽车排放标准。并通过行车实验来考察符合GB17930的具有较高烯烃含量的汽油对汽车排放的长期影响,验证加入汽油清净剂后符合GB17930的汽油对尾气排放产生的影响以及两种不同型号的清净剂能否有效地抑制喷嘴等处沉积物的生成。主要内容如下:
第一,研究了汽油中烯烃、芳烃含量对排气污染物排放的影响。根据实验方案配制不同烯烃、芳烃含量的汽油,分别在两辆桑塔纳2000和两辆别克GL车上按照GB18352.2-2001《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(Ⅱ)》中Ⅰ型试验进行冷启动排气污染物排放实验。结果表明:在两种车型上降低烯烃含量对排放的影响趋势不同。对别克车来说,降低烯烃含量,HC、CO、NOX排放均升高;而对桑塔纳车来说,降低烯烃含量,HC、CO、NOX排放均减少。对两种车型来说,降低芳烃含量对尾气污染物排放、燃油经济性的影响更大。降低芳烃含量,HC、CO、CO2排放均降低,但NOX排放升高。
第二,研究了汽油中烯烃、芳烃含量对车辆蒸发排放的影响。按照GB18352.2-2001《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(Ⅱ)》中Ⅳ型试验在桑塔纳车上进行了车辆蒸发排放实验。结果表明:随着烯烃含量升高,蒸发损失有增大的趋势,但只要合理控制汽油中C5以下的低分子烯烃、烷烃含量,就有利于控制蒸发排放。
第三,参照ASTM D5500试验方法,进行了2×104 km行车实验,考察了符合GB17930的具有较高烯烃含量的汽油对汽车排放的长期影响以及加入汽油清净剂后符合GB17930的汽油对尾气排放产生的影响。结果表明:符合国标GB17930要求的93号汽油,在桑塔纳2000以及别克GL车型上2×104 km行车实验后,尾气排放符合GB18352.2排放限值要求。经2×104km行车实验验证,符合GB17930的汽油中加入汽油清净剂,能够有效控制喷嘴等处沉积物的生成,有利于抑制(控制)排放,并具有节能的效果。
According to the research work reported by overseas scientists, the compositionsand characteristics of gasoline can influence the total emissions of harmful materialssuch as HC, CO and NOx to a certain extent and further affect the reactivity of air togenerate ozone. To ascertain the compositions of gasoline suitable for china, it isnecessary to study the influences of hydrocarbon components in gasoline on theemission of engines because there are quite differences in characteristics of crude oiland the configuration of oil refining between China and other countries.
In this work, the influences of the contents of olefins and aromatics in gasolineon automobile gas emission, evaporation emission and fuel economics were studied,and the possibility if the current gasolines in China can meet the current or futureemission standards based on the advanced engines and engine technology wasdiscussed. Long term influences of gasolines with high olefin contents on theemissions were determined on two model cars. In addition, the influences of twogasoline detergents on the emissions as well as on the prevention of sediment innozzle were also studied.
Firstly, to study the influences of the contents of olefins and aromatics ingasolines on the automobile emission, gasoline samples with different contents ofolefins and aromatics were confected and used in two Santana 2000 and two BuickGLs to carry out the experiments according to GB18352.2-2001. The results indicatedthat the effects of olefin concentrations on gas emission in two types of automobileare different: on Buick GL, the emission of HC, CO and NOx increased when thecontent of olefins decreased;contrarily, the emission of HC, CO and NOx in Santana2000 decreased with the reduction of olefin concentrations. On both kinds ofautomobiles, the reduction of aromatics has greater effect on emissions and fueleconomics. The emission of HC, CO and CO2 is reduced when the content ofaromatics is decreased, but the emission of NOx is increased at the same time.
Secondly, the influence of the contents of olefins and aromatics in gasoline onevaporation emission was studied in Santana automobile according to GB18352.2-2001. It was found that evaporation loss increased with the increase of the
content of olefins. However, the evaporation emission can be controlled throughadjusting the contents of the low molecular alkanes and alkenes (
第一,研究了汽油中烯烃、芳烃含量对排气污染物排放的影响。根据实验方案配制不同烯烃、芳烃含量的汽油,分别在两辆桑塔纳2000和两辆别克GL车上按照GB18352.2-2001《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(Ⅱ)》中Ⅰ型试验进行冷启动排气污染物排放实验。结果表明:在两种车型上降低烯烃含量对排放的影响趋势不同。对别克车来说,降低烯烃含量,HC、CO、NOX排放均升高;而对桑塔纳车来说,降低烯烃含量,HC、CO、NOX排放均减少。对两种车型来说,降低芳烃含量对尾气污染物排放、燃油经济性的影响更大。降低芳烃含量,HC、CO、CO2排放均降低,但NOX排放升高。
第二,研究了汽油中烯烃、芳烃含量对车辆蒸发排放的影响。按照GB18352.2-2001《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(Ⅱ)》中Ⅳ型试验在桑塔纳车上进行了车辆蒸发排放实验。结果表明:随着烯烃含量升高,蒸发损失有增大的趋势,但只要合理控制汽油中C5以下的低分子烯烃、烷烃含量,就有利于控制蒸发排放。
第三,参照ASTM D5500试验方法,进行了2×104 km行车实验,考察了符合GB17930的具有较高烯烃含量的汽油对汽车排放的长期影响以及加入汽油清净剂后符合GB17930的汽油对尾气排放产生的影响。结果表明:符合国标GB17930要求的93号汽油,在桑塔纳2000以及别克GL车型上2×104 km行车实验后,尾气排放符合GB18352.2排放限值要求。经2×104km行车实验验证,符合GB17930的汽油中加入汽油清净剂,能够有效控制喷嘴等处沉积物的生成,有利于抑制(控制)排放,并具有节能的效果。
According to the research work reported by overseas scientists, the compositionsand characteristics of gasoline can influence the total emissions of harmful materialssuch as HC, CO and NOx to a certain extent and further affect the reactivity of air togenerate ozone. To ascertain the compositions of gasoline suitable for china, it isnecessary to study the influences of hydrocarbon components in gasoline on theemission of engines because there are quite differences in characteristics of crude oiland the configuration of oil refining between China and other countries.
In this work, the influences of the contents of olefins and aromatics in gasolineon automobile gas emission, evaporation emission and fuel economics were studied,and the possibility if the current gasolines in China can meet the current or futureemission standards based on the advanced engines and engine technology wasdiscussed. Long term influences of gasolines with high olefin contents on theemissions were determined on two model cars. In addition, the influences of twogasoline detergents on the emissions as well as on the prevention of sediment innozzle were also studied.
Firstly, to study the influences of the contents of olefins and aromatics ingasolines on the automobile emission, gasoline samples with different contents ofolefins and aromatics were confected and used in two Santana 2000 and two BuickGLs to carry out the experiments according to GB18352.2-2001. The results indicatedthat the effects of olefin concentrations on gas emission in two types of automobileare different: on Buick GL, the emission of HC, CO and NOx increased when thecontent of olefins decreased;contrarily, the emission of HC, CO and NOx in Santana2000 decreased with the reduction of olefin concentrations. On both kinds ofautomobiles, the reduction of aromatics has greater effect on emissions and fueleconomics. The emission of HC, CO and CO2 is reduced when the content ofaromatics is decreased, but the emission of NOx is increased at the same time.
Secondly, the influence of the contents of olefins and aromatics in gasoline onevaporation emission was studied in Santana automobile according to GB18352.2-2001. It was found that evaporation loss increased with the increase of the
content of olefins. However, the evaporation emission can be controlled throughadjusting the contents of the low molecular alkanes and alkenes (
引文
1. 吕林,吴锦翔,高孝洪,排放法规给柴油机发展带来的挑战,武汉交通科技大学学报,1999, 23(3):234～235
2. T. W. Klein, The worldwide push to phase out leaded gasoline, WorldRefining, 2002, 13(1):44
3. M. A. RENGINA, Achieving clean air in Asia: multi-sectoral approach, FUELS & LUBES, 2002, 8(3):4
4. 杨效冬,汽车燃料尾气成分及其危害,石油商技,2001,19(1):43～44,52
5. 戴辅民,常开孝,汽车技术改进对燃油性能的要求,石油炼制与化工, 2001,32(7 ):46～48
6. 李兴虎,汽车排气污染与控制,机械工业出版社,1999:18
7. 苏清祖,程勇,刘军,汽车污染与控制,吉林:吉林科学技术出版社,2001:43
8. 朱崇基,周有平,何文华,汽车环境保护学,浙江大学出版社,2001:84-90
9. 刘治中,许世海,姚如杰,液体燃料的性质及应用,北京:中国石化出版社,2000:272
10. 王建昕,傅立新,黎维彬,汽车排气污染治理及催化转化器,北京:化学工业出版社,2000:125-133
11. 刘天奇,刘逸农,林肇信,环境保护学理论,北京:人民教育出版社,1982:50-53
12. 张永光,中国汽油组成适应环保要求的对策,汽车清洁燃料与环境保护研讨会文集,北京:石油炼制者协会,1999:32
13. 尚琪,汤大钢,控制车用汽油有害物质降低机动车排放,环境科学研究,2000,13(1):34
14. 吴冠京,付兴国,朱明惠,车用清洁燃料,北京:石油工业出版社,2004:80-90
15. A. A. Quader, How injector, Engine, and Fuel Variables impact Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions with Port Fuel injection, SAE 890623, 1989:327～349
16. W. J. Koehl, R. A. Gorse, J. D. Benson, Effects of Gasoline Composition and Properties on Vehicle Emissions:A Review of Prior Studies-Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, SAE 912321, 1991:715～747
17. G. A. Schoonveld, W. F. Manshall, The total effect of a reformulated gasoline on vehicle emissions by technology (1973 to 1989), SAE 910380, 1991:623～658
18. A. M. Hochhauser, L. J. Painter, J. D. Benson, The Effect of Aromatics, MTBE, Olefins and T90 on Mass Exhaust Emissions from current and older Vehicle-Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, SAE 912322, 1991:748～788
19. J. A. Rutherford, W. J. Koehl, V. R. Burns, Effects of Gasoline Properties on Emissions of Current and Future Vehicles-T50、T90 and Sulfur Effects-Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, SAE 952510, 1995:1840～1860
20. R. M. Reuter, R. A. Gorse, Effects of Oxygenated Fuels and RVP on Automotive Emissions-Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, SAE 920326, 1992:463～484
21. 周惠娟,中国燃油标准与质量,中国汽车工程学会油料委员会第十届年会,2002,10:32-35
22. A. Petit, J. G. Jeffrey, F. H. Pammer, European Program on Emission, Fuels and Engine Technologies-Emission from gasoline Sulfur Study, SAE 961071, 1995:46-58
23. E. E. Wigg, Reactive Exhaust Emissions from Current and Future Emission Control Systems, SAE 731096, 1973:773～793
24. W. F. Marshall, M. D. Gurney, Effect of Gasoline Composition on Emissions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, SAE892076, 1989:862～871
25. 仇延生,汽油的烯烃对发动机排放的影响,石油炼制与化工,2003,31(4):40～44
26. 李兴虎,崔海龙,张博彦等,点燃式发动机排放特性研究,内燃机工程,2003,24 (2):1～5
27. 梁宏伟,黄海燕,陈杰等,发动机管理系统中 OBD—Ⅱ技术研究,车用发动机,2002, 3 (139):26～27
28. 刘巽俊,汽车发动机字节能和排放领域的新进展,汽车技术,2001(4):1-4
29. V. R. Burns, L. A. Rapp. Gasoline Reformulation and Vehicle Technology Effects on Emissions-Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, SAE 952509, 1995:1817～1839
30. 中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB17930-1999,中华人民共和国国家标准,北京:中国标准出版社,1990-12-28
31. ACEA, Alliance, EMA, JAMA, World-wide Fuel Charter, December, 2002:7-12
32. 国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB18352.2-2001,中华人民共和国国家标准,北京:中国标准出版社,2001-04-16
33. 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T12545.1-2001,中华人民共和国国家标准,北京:中国标准出版社,2001-07-03
34. American National Standards Institute(ANSI) , ASTM D5500-98, American National Standar, West conshohocken PA19428-2959, United States, 2003-11-01
35. 汪卫东,现代汽油车排放及其控制技术综述,内燃机,2004(10):184
36. 程勇,付铁强,李洧等,国产轻型汽车蒸发排放现状与分析,汽车工程,2002,24(3):182-186
37. 傅溪河,汽油调和将面临保持产品质量的挑战,石油炼制译丛,1990,10:31-36
38. 刘治中,许世海,姚如杰,液体燃料的性质及应用,中国石化出版社,2000:173-179
39. 王海,汽油清净剂对电喷汽油车沉积物的影响,安徽化工,2004(5):8-9
40. 张军,张少明,赵丹平等,汽油清净剂对发动机尾气排放与油耗的影响,石化技术与应用,2000(10):313-314
2. T. W. Klein, The worldwide push to phase out leaded gasoline, WorldRefining, 2002, 13(1):44
3. M. A. RENGINA, Achieving clean air in Asia: multi-sectoral approach, FUELS & LUBES, 2002, 8(3):4
4. 杨效冬,汽车燃料尾气成分及其危害,石油商技,2001,19(1):43～44,52
5. 戴辅民,常开孝,汽车技术改进对燃油性能的要求,石油炼制与化工, 2001,32(7 ):46～48
6. 李兴虎,汽车排气污染与控制,机械工业出版社,1999:18
7. 苏清祖,程勇,刘军,汽车污染与控制,吉林:吉林科学技术出版社,2001:43
8. 朱崇基,周有平,何文华,汽车环境保护学,浙江大学出版社,2001:84-90
9. 刘治中,许世海,姚如杰,液体燃料的性质及应用,北京:中国石化出版社,2000:272
10. 王建昕,傅立新,黎维彬,汽车排气污染治理及催化转化器,北京:化学工业出版社,2000:125-133
11. 刘天奇,刘逸农,林肇信,环境保护学理论,北京:人民教育出版社,1982:50-53
12. 张永光,中国汽油组成适应环保要求的对策,汽车清洁燃料与环境保护研讨会文集,北京:石油炼制者协会,1999:32
13. 尚琪,汤大钢,控制车用汽油有害物质降低机动车排放,环境科学研究,2000,13(1):34
14. 吴冠京,付兴国,朱明惠,车用清洁燃料,北京:石油工业出版社,2004:80-90
15. A. A. Quader, How injector, Engine, and Fuel Variables impact Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions with Port Fuel injection, SAE 890623, 1989:327～349
16. W. J. Koehl, R. A. Gorse, J. D. Benson, Effects of Gasoline Composition and Properties on Vehicle Emissions:A Review of Prior Studies-Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, SAE 912321, 1991:715～747
17. G. A. Schoonveld, W. F. Manshall, The total effect of a reformulated gasoline on vehicle emissions by technology (1973 to 1989), SAE 910380, 1991:623～658
18. A. M. Hochhauser, L. J. Painter, J. D. Benson, The Effect of Aromatics, MTBE, Olefins and T90 on Mass Exhaust Emissions from current and older Vehicle-Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, SAE 912322, 1991:748～788
19. J. A. Rutherford, W. J. Koehl, V. R. Burns, Effects of Gasoline Properties on Emissions of Current and Future Vehicles-T50、T90 and Sulfur Effects-Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, SAE 952510, 1995:1840～1860
20. R. M. Reuter, R. A. Gorse, Effects of Oxygenated Fuels and RVP on Automotive Emissions-Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, SAE 920326, 1992:463～484
21. 周惠娟,中国燃油标准与质量,中国汽车工程学会油料委员会第十届年会,2002,10:32-35
22. A. Petit, J. G. Jeffrey, F. H. Pammer, European Program on Emission, Fuels and Engine Technologies-Emission from gasoline Sulfur Study, SAE 961071, 1995:46-58
23. E. E. Wigg, Reactive Exhaust Emissions from Current and Future Emission Control Systems, SAE 731096, 1973:773～793
24. W. F. Marshall, M. D. Gurney, Effect of Gasoline Composition on Emissions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, SAE892076, 1989:862～871
25. 仇延生,汽油的烯烃对发动机排放的影响,石油炼制与化工,2003,31(4):40～44
26. 李兴虎,崔海龙,张博彦等,点燃式发动机排放特性研究,内燃机工程,2003,24 (2):1～5
27. 梁宏伟,黄海燕,陈杰等,发动机管理系统中 OBD—Ⅱ技术研究,车用发动机,2002, 3 (139):26～27
28. 刘巽俊,汽车发动机字节能和排放领域的新进展,汽车技术,2001(4):1-4
29. V. R. Burns, L. A. Rapp. Gasoline Reformulation and Vehicle Technology Effects on Emissions-Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, SAE 952509, 1995:1817～1839
30. 中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB17930-1999,中华人民共和国国家标准,北京:中国标准出版社,1990-12-28
31. ACEA, Alliance, EMA, JAMA, World-wide Fuel Charter, December, 2002:7-12
32. 国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB18352.2-2001,中华人民共和国国家标准,北京:中国标准出版社,2001-04-16
33. 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,GB/T12545.1-2001,中华人民共和国国家标准,北京:中国标准出版社,2001-07-03
34. American National Standards Institute(ANSI) , ASTM D5500-98, American National Standar, West conshohocken PA19428-2959, United States, 2003-11-01
35. 汪卫东,现代汽油车排放及其控制技术综述,内燃机,2004(10):184
36. 程勇,付铁强,李洧等,国产轻型汽车蒸发排放现状与分析,汽车工程,2002,24(3):182-186
37. 傅溪河,汽油调和将面临保持产品质量的挑战,石油炼制译丛,1990,10:31-36
38. 刘治中,许世海,姚如杰,液体燃料的性质及应用,中国石化出版社,2000:173-179
39. 王海,汽油清净剂对电喷汽油车沉积物的影响,安徽化工,2004(5):8-9
40. 张军,张少明,赵丹平等,汽油清净剂对发动机尾气排放与油耗的影响,石化技术与应用,2000(10):313-314