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关于构建中学体育课堂教学评价指标的因子分析与理论研究
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摘要
体育与健康课程同过去的体育课程相比,有突出的变化,主要表现在教学理念上的变化。为了使广大体育教师按照新的课程与教学理念展开教学,有必要探索与之相适应的课堂教学评价理念及评价指标。
     体育课堂教学评价是依据体育课堂教学目标,对体育课堂教学过程与教学效果进行的价值判断。以往的体育课堂教学评价的研究偏重于理论演绎,而忽视实证研究。在确立课堂教学评价标准时,重视评价教师的教学,而忽视学生的学习;重视评价学生体育知识、技能的掌握,而忽视处于主体地位学生的情感、意志、兴趣等非理性因素的存在。在构建中学体育课堂教学评价指标时,应采取理论研究与实证研究相结合的方法。评价指标应突出学生价值主体地位,重视教学过程和学生情感、意志、兴趣等非理性因素。
     本文提出的评价指标是通过理论和实证研究进行筛选的。现代课堂教学质量观、体育与健康课程理念、体育课的特点是构建评价指标的理论依据。为了通过实证研究建立中学体育课堂教学评价指标,在呼和浩特市以高一年级学生为对象进行了“体育课”问卷调查,并应用因子分析,抽出16个主要因子,特征值大于2的因子为四个(即影响体育课的主要因素有四个):第一个为师生关系融洽;第二个为体育课的学习效果;第三个为教师对学生的积极反馈;第四个为学生的情感体验。按男女生分类抽出的因子有一定的差异。男生抽出的前四个因子为课堂上教师积极的反馈、积极参与体育课、体育课的情感体验、体育课的学习效果;女生抽出的前四个因子为老师与学生的关系融洽,体育课学到了健康知识,教师的民主作风,体育课的情感体验。对问卷内容的选择倾向表明,男生对许多变量的选择更趋向于同意。运动能力的差异也影响因子结构。运动能力高的学生抽出的前四个因子为教学民主、教学基本功、体育课的态度、参与比赛;运动能力水平为中等的学生抽出的前四个因子为师生关系融洽、积极参与体育课、体育老师的积极反馈;运动能力水平较低的学生抽出的前四个因子为体育课学习效果、师生关系融洽、体育课的态度、喜欢体育课。另外,运动能力不同的学生对一些变量的选择有很大差异,运动能力低的
    
    关于构建中学体育课堂教学评价指标的因子分析与理论研究
    学生对许多变量的选择趋向于不同意.本文认为课堂教学评价应以学生为主体、促进
    教师成长、以学论教。评价指标的设计应从两方面考虑,一方面是从教学过程,另一
    方面则从教学结果。教学过程应体现在师生、学生之间保持有效互动,学生获得积极
    情感体验,学生参与教学过程这三个指标.这三个指标是按照不分组抽出的因子以及
    按性别分组抽出的因子、以及按运动能力不同分组抽出的因子并结合新课程的理念综
    合整理而成的。这些因子结构之间相差很小,只是排序不同而已.体育课堂教学结果
    则应体现在身体健康及能力两个指标上.心理健康和社会适应这两个领域的学习结果
    在学生的情感体验、师生及学生间保持有效互动这两个指标中充分体现,是在课堂教
    学过程中生成并完成的,在教学结果这个指标里就不再重复设置。
Contrasted to the old PE curriculum, PE and Health curriculum has some change, especially in the scientific principle idea of teaching. To lead more PE teachers to teaching on the basis of new scientific principle idea of teaching, there is necessary to lay down new evaluating scientific principle idea and targets.
    Evaluation on PE classroom teaching refers to value judgment about process and result of PE classroom teaching according to the goal of PE classroom teaching. Research method about evaluation of PE in the past paid attention to theory deduction, but ignored practical research. Targets on PE classroom teaching in the past were attached importance to teaching of the teacher, but neglected study process of student. Much evaluation was on knowledge and skill, but little was on no-reason elements such as feeling, wilK interest and so on. If evaluating targets about PE classroom teaching in middle school are to be set up, method deduction and practical research should be both used. Evaluating targets should regard student as main body of value, and pay attention to process of teaching and no-reason elements such as feeling N wilK interest and so on.
    There are two methods to set up evaluation targets. One is theory deduction, the other is practical research. The theory foundations are modern concepts on PE teaching quality , the scientific principle of new curriculum , the character of PE lesson .1 used questionnaire to set up evaluation targets of PE classroom teaching. I investigated students of one grade of high middle school in huhhot city. The content of the questionnaire is about PE lesson affected most in their primary school. I analyzed the result of this investigation. The below is my result. ,1 got 16 factors from the whole questionnaire by means of factor analyses. Omitting factors which character value are below 2, we got four factors. It means four main factors affected PE lesson. The first is harmonious relationship between teacher and student. The second is the study effect on body health. The third is positive feedback to students by teacher. The fourth is sentiment experience of student in PE lesson. There is a little difference between
    boy student and girl student. The first four factors concerned boy
    
    
    students are positive feedback by teacher in PE classroom teachings taking part in PE lesson actively , sentiment experience in PE lesson , the study result on body health. The first four factors concerned girl students are harmonious relationship between teacher and student s knowledge about body health learned in PE lessons democratic work-style of the teacher. Overall, choice of variance by boy is more inclined to agree than girl. Factors analyzed are on the basis of the highs the middles the low movement capability. They are different greatly. The first four factors analyzed concerned the high movement capability are democratic work-style s basic skill of teaching s attitude about PE' s have a hand in competition; Factors concerned the middle movement capability are harmonious relationship between teacher and student , taking part in PE lesson actively, positive feedback to students by teacher s study effect on PE lesson; factors concerned the low movement capability are study effect in PE lesson, harmon
    ious relationship between teacher and student , study attitude in PE lesson s degree attracted by PE lesson. In addition, choice of some variances is different greatly by students of different movement capability. The low movement capability is inclined to disagree. I set up the evaluation targets of classroom teaching based on the above statistical results and the theory foundations. The scientific principles of the evaluation are to treat student as main body, accelerate teacher to grow s evaluate teaching quality by students' study. The target system is from two sides, one is from process of teaching, and the other is from teaching result. The target of teaching process is realized by two targets such as relationship between teacher-students taking part in teaching process. The
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