燃煤烟气CO_2化学吸收技术研究
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摘要
温室效应导致的极端灾害气候现象日益频繁。温室效应贡献最大的气体是CO2,减少人为CO2排放是应对气候变化的有效手段。目前,降低大型固定CO2排放源的碳排放量被认为是最为可行、最有成效的方案。化学吸收技术是当今燃煤电站最为成熟、最易商业化和工业放大的脱碳技术之一。然而,现阶段该技术的能耗和水耗相对偏大,难以满足工业生产的要求。本文由吸收剂改良和工艺优化整合角度出发,对改善脱碳效果、降低工艺能耗,减少工艺耗水的可行性进行探索。
吸收剂研究方面,已知吸收剂普遍存在低再生能耗与高吸收性能难以并存的尴尬,将不同性能的胺类混合有望改善吸收剂的整体性能。探索研究针对少数典型混合胺在特定反应器、特定工况下进行对比意义不大,也未给出任何可遵循配比规律及评定。本文在经过反应器进行优化选择后,运用常压下半连续实验对29种混合吸收剂CO2吸收再生特性在相同实验工况下进行了系统地对比研究,引进了增强因子和交互系数来对吸收剂混合配比原则进行了剖析,并对混合吸收剂种类的筛选开展了详细地讨论。研究发现,20%MEA+10%DETA和25%MEA+5%PZ是MEA为基准的混合胺中吸收再生综合性能最好的两种试剂,15%MDEA+15%DETA是MDEA为基准的混合胺中综合性能最好的试剂。前两者可在保证再生性能与30%MEA溶液基本相似的情况下,将吸收性能评分提高54%～76%,而后者则可在保证吸收性能30%MEA溶液基本相似的情况下,再生能耗下降25%左右；氨水是近年吸收剂研究的一个热点。尽管人们对氨水脱碳技术已由反应动力学和吸收热及中试进行了研究,得出了许多有益的结论。氨水技术优化参数的选取及调整思路,氨水逃逸控制的改进仍有较大提高空间。本文对氨水吸收再生CO2及氨水逃逸控制的实验研究发现,0.4mol CO2/mol NH3为推荐循环工艺贫液CO2负荷值,随着氨水浓度和操作温度的提升,氨逃逸现象加剧,1%的AEPD和1%的AMP添加剂甚至能将30min内的氨逃逸量降低33%左右。
工艺改进方面,本文分析了现有工艺优化改进研究领域的进展,基于目前化学吸收技术水平衡研究缺乏及技术耗水过多的现状,分别对燃煤电站水平衡及化学吸收脱碳工艺内部水平衡进行了详细分析,提出了双水罐水自平衡工艺,利用化学吸收工艺系统内各部分水的再组织解决工艺水耗过大问题。最后,对300MW燃煤电站化学吸收脱碳工艺改进进行了估算。
在半连续实验对各项操作参数的优化研究基础上,并结合水平衡改进工艺,完成了200Nm3/h燃煤烟气脱碳化学吸收试验平台的设计及搭建工作。该试验平台设计脱除率90%,试验拟测试不同化学吸收剂,在对填料吸收塔水动力学特性深入研究的基础上,提出反应器的优化改造方案。
The disasters caused by the extreme weather turn to be more frequent due to the greenhouse effect, while CO2is the largest contributer to the greenhouse effect. To reduce the CO2emission by human is an effective mean for tackling with the climate change. The reduction of CO2emission by large-scale stationary emitter is considered to be the most feasible and effective solution. Chemical absorption method is one of the most mature and most likely commercial technologies for CO2capture in coal-fired power plants. However, high energy consumption and huge water withdrawal still hinder the application of chemical absorption method. In this paper, research has already been carried out into development of novel absorbents and process modification. The potential of improving absorption performance, cutting down the energy consumption and water withdrawal has been discussed.
The semi-batch experiments have already been carried out to mixed amine solvents and aqueous ammonia in order to develop novel solvents. The experiment results show that,(1)20%MEA+10%DETA and25%MEA+5%PZ are two of best solvents for all the MEA based mixture solution, while15%MDEA+15%DETA is the best MDEA based mixed amine solvents. The former two solvents can increase the absorption score to54%～76%compared to30%MEA solution, meanwhile the regeneration performance of the two mixed amine solvents are almost apromiate to that of30%MEA solution.15%MDEA+15%DETA can reduce the energy consumption to25%compared to typical30%MEA solution.(2)12%is the most suitable mass concentration for aqueous ammonia solution during all the tested mass concentrations.15℃and35℃are two critical operation temperature values under which the CO2absorption of ammonia solution reaches the best mode.90℃is the best regeneration temperature during all the tested temperature values.0.4mol CO2mol NH3is the recommended CO2loading for cyclic lean ammonia solution. According to the study results on ammonia slippery and the control of ammonia slippery, the ammonia slippery increases with the temperature increase and intial ammonia mass concentration. AEPD and AMP of weight concentration1%added into13%aqueous ammonia solution can decreases the ammonia slippery during the30minutes to about33%. In addition, the screening parameters and evaluation method have been discussed in this paper. Enhancement factor and correlation factor have been introduced to analyze the appropriate blending ratio of mixed amine solutions.
Water balance of CO2capture process is another focus of this paper. A review of process flow sheet modifications for energy efficient CO2capture from flue gases using chemical absorption has been given out. Suprisingly, most of the process modifications focus on saving energy for CO2capture, while seldom people pay enough attention to water issue caused by chemical absorption method. In fact, the water withdrawal is a rather huge rock for the application of chemical absorption.Based on this background, detail analysis of water withdraw and water consumption for the power plants and the CCS process have been presented in this paper. Some potential measures are also afforded. At last, an estimation of water consumption for300MW coal-fired power plants retrofitted with CCS has been given.
The experimental study on the development of novel solvents and the theortical analysis on the process modification supply a large number of helpful parameters and method for cyclic experimental study. Based on the research background, a200Nm3/h test rig for CO2capture from coal-fired flue gas have been designed and built. The design CO2removal efficiency of this facility is90%. The aim of building such a test rig is to test different absorbents, to test hydraulic performance of pakced columns so as to achieveing the modification of absorbers.
吸收剂研究方面,已知吸收剂普遍存在低再生能耗与高吸收性能难以并存的尴尬,将不同性能的胺类混合有望改善吸收剂的整体性能。探索研究针对少数典型混合胺在特定反应器、特定工况下进行对比意义不大,也未给出任何可遵循配比规律及评定。本文在经过反应器进行优化选择后,运用常压下半连续实验对29种混合吸收剂CO2吸收再生特性在相同实验工况下进行了系统地对比研究,引进了增强因子和交互系数来对吸收剂混合配比原则进行了剖析,并对混合吸收剂种类的筛选开展了详细地讨论。研究发现,20%MEA+10%DETA和25%MEA+5%PZ是MEA为基准的混合胺中吸收再生综合性能最好的两种试剂,15%MDEA+15%DETA是MDEA为基准的混合胺中综合性能最好的试剂。前两者可在保证再生性能与30%MEA溶液基本相似的情况下,将吸收性能评分提高54%～76%,而后者则可在保证吸收性能30%MEA溶液基本相似的情况下,再生能耗下降25%左右；氨水是近年吸收剂研究的一个热点。尽管人们对氨水脱碳技术已由反应动力学和吸收热及中试进行了研究,得出了许多有益的结论。氨水技术优化参数的选取及调整思路,氨水逃逸控制的改进仍有较大提高空间。本文对氨水吸收再生CO2及氨水逃逸控制的实验研究发现,0.4mol CO2/mol NH3为推荐循环工艺贫液CO2负荷值,随着氨水浓度和操作温度的提升,氨逃逸现象加剧,1%的AEPD和1%的AMP添加剂甚至能将30min内的氨逃逸量降低33%左右。
工艺改进方面,本文分析了现有工艺优化改进研究领域的进展,基于目前化学吸收技术水平衡研究缺乏及技术耗水过多的现状,分别对燃煤电站水平衡及化学吸收脱碳工艺内部水平衡进行了详细分析,提出了双水罐水自平衡工艺,利用化学吸收工艺系统内各部分水的再组织解决工艺水耗过大问题。最后,对300MW燃煤电站化学吸收脱碳工艺改进进行了估算。
在半连续实验对各项操作参数的优化研究基础上,并结合水平衡改进工艺,完成了200Nm3/h燃煤烟气脱碳化学吸收试验平台的设计及搭建工作。该试验平台设计脱除率90%,试验拟测试不同化学吸收剂,在对填料吸收塔水动力学特性深入研究的基础上,提出反应器的优化改造方案。
The disasters caused by the extreme weather turn to be more frequent due to the greenhouse effect, while CO2is the largest contributer to the greenhouse effect. To reduce the CO2emission by human is an effective mean for tackling with the climate change. The reduction of CO2emission by large-scale stationary emitter is considered to be the most feasible and effective solution. Chemical absorption method is one of the most mature and most likely commercial technologies for CO2capture in coal-fired power plants. However, high energy consumption and huge water withdrawal still hinder the application of chemical absorption method. In this paper, research has already been carried out into development of novel absorbents and process modification. The potential of improving absorption performance, cutting down the energy consumption and water withdrawal has been discussed.
The semi-batch experiments have already been carried out to mixed amine solvents and aqueous ammonia in order to develop novel solvents. The experiment results show that,(1)20%MEA+10%DETA and25%MEA+5%PZ are two of best solvents for all the MEA based mixture solution, while15%MDEA+15%DETA is the best MDEA based mixed amine solvents. The former two solvents can increase the absorption score to54%～76%compared to30%MEA solution, meanwhile the regeneration performance of the two mixed amine solvents are almost apromiate to that of30%MEA solution.15%MDEA+15%DETA can reduce the energy consumption to25%compared to typical30%MEA solution.(2)12%is the most suitable mass concentration for aqueous ammonia solution during all the tested mass concentrations.15℃and35℃are two critical operation temperature values under which the CO2absorption of ammonia solution reaches the best mode.90℃is the best regeneration temperature during all the tested temperature values.0.4mol CO2mol NH3is the recommended CO2loading for cyclic lean ammonia solution. According to the study results on ammonia slippery and the control of ammonia slippery, the ammonia slippery increases with the temperature increase and intial ammonia mass concentration. AEPD and AMP of weight concentration1%added into13%aqueous ammonia solution can decreases the ammonia slippery during the30minutes to about33%. In addition, the screening parameters and evaluation method have been discussed in this paper. Enhancement factor and correlation factor have been introduced to analyze the appropriate blending ratio of mixed amine solutions.
Water balance of CO2capture process is another focus of this paper. A review of process flow sheet modifications for energy efficient CO2capture from flue gases using chemical absorption has been given out. Suprisingly, most of the process modifications focus on saving energy for CO2capture, while seldom people pay enough attention to water issue caused by chemical absorption method. In fact, the water withdrawal is a rather huge rock for the application of chemical absorption.Based on this background, detail analysis of water withdraw and water consumption for the power plants and the CCS process have been presented in this paper. Some potential measures are also afforded. At last, an estimation of water consumption for300MW coal-fired power plants retrofitted with CCS has been given.
The experimental study on the development of novel solvents and the theortical analysis on the process modification supply a large number of helpful parameters and method for cyclic experimental study. Based on the research background, a200Nm3/h test rig for CO2capture from coal-fired flue gas have been designed and built. The design CO2removal efficiency of this facility is90%. The aim of building such a test rig is to test different absorbents, to test hydraulic performance of pakced columns so as to achieveing the modification of absorbers.
引文
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