高海拔地区油池火燃烧和烟气特性研究
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摘要
我国地形复杂多样,高原地区约占到我国国土面积的1/3。在这些广阔的高原地区分布着众多的古建筑等历史文化遗产,尤其是位于青藏高原上的西藏自治区,更是拥有大量的寺庙等古建筑。这些古建筑大多年代久远并且多为木质结构,耐火等级低,且其内部存在这大量的可燃物以及点火源。同时由于高海拔地区特殊的低压低氧环境,对于现有的安全防治手段的适用性也有待考察。因而,高海拔地区的火灾安全防治就显得非常迫切。为了给高海拔地区的建筑消防安全设计及火灾防治提供科学依据和理论支持,有必要对高海拔地区低压低氧环境下可燃物的燃烧特性和烟气特性进行研究。
高海拔地区的低压低氧环境将直接对可燃物的燃烧过程,烟气产生以及烟气蔓延产生影响。对于液体燃料的燃烧,高海拔的影响主要体现在燃烧速率的降低。燃烧速率的降低主要是由于气相燃烧强度、对未燃油面的热反馈及单位体积的氧气质量浓度不同造成的。由于燃烧速率的降低,进而会影响到空气的卷吸、火焰形状、火焰及烟气的温度、火焰辐射、烟气浓度等参数,从而造成高海拔地区的液体燃料燃烧的规律与内地有所不同。因而,本文开展正庚烷油池火的燃烧实验来揭示高海拔地区低压低氧环境下油池火的燃烧特性和烟气特性规律。
首先在合肥和拉萨两地开展标准燃烧实验间的油池火燃烧对比实验,通过测量燃烧速率、火焰和烟气温度、火焰高度、烟气的发射率和光学密度、烟气组分浓度以及热辐射通量等参数,初步揭示高海拔地区低压低氧环境对于油池火燃烧特性和烟气特性的影响规律。结果表明,随着海拔高度的增加燃烧时间增长,燃烧速率降低,烟气浓度及烟气发射率降低,热辐射通量及单位面积热辐射损失降低,烟气中CO、CO2降低,并推断出油池火单位面积的燃烧速率与油池的燃烧面积以及环境压力有关。
为了更深入的揭示高海拔地区油池火的燃烧特性规律,在合肥和拉萨地区搭建简易锥形量热仪实验平台开展两地油池火燃烧对比实验以及合肥地区的变烟道风速对比实验,通过测量燃烧速率、烟道排烟风速、烟气的组分浓度以及烟气温度等参数计算得到油池火的热释放速率及燃烧效率,进一步揭示高海拔地区油池火的燃烧特性。结果表明,热释放速率及燃烧效率均随着海拔高度的升高而降低,随着风速的增大热释放速率增大,而燃烧效率则是先降低再增加。通过对实验数据的处理分析得出了常压下有强制通风时油池直径在10-30cm的单位面积燃烧速率与油池直径的关系式,然后在前人研究成果(压力相似模型和辐射模型)的基础上,推导出了两种在强制通风条件下油池直径满足一定范围时单位面积燃烧速率与油池直径及大气压力的关系式,并使用实验数据对关系式进行了部分验证。但由于压力数据量比较少,因而这两种关系式在其它压力情形下的适用性仍需实验来进行验证。同时也对这两种关系式在适用范围内的预测结果进行了误差分析,结果发现两种关系式的预测结果基本一致。
由于前面两部分的实验只在两个压力点开展了对比燃烧实验,数据量太少。因而本文也从两方面对前面得出的油池火燃烧特性和烟气特性规律进行验证。一部分是使用车载可移动实验装置在拉萨和当雄两地开展对比实验,进一步验证了本文得出的规律在更高海拔地区的适用性。另一部分是在合肥地区的低压实验舱通过调节低压实验舱内的大气压力开展小尺寸油池火的变压力燃烧实验,通过测量燃烧速率这一参数来研究其与大气压力的关系,对数据进行处理分析拟合得到了小尺寸油池火稳定燃烧阶段的平均燃烧速率与大气压强的关系式,即小尺寸油池火稳定燃烧阶段的平均燃烧速率与大气压力呈指数关系。
The terrain is highly complex in China, with the plateau region covering about one-third percent of land area. On this wide range of plateaus, especially the Tibet on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, are distributed a large number of ancient buildings and historical heritage. Most of these ancient buildings are wood--structured, having plenty of combustibles and ignition sources inside. Therefore, they are weakly resistant to any possible fire. At the same time, the applicability of the existing fire safety technology under low pressure and low oxygen concentration still needs to be further investigated. Thus, the fire prevention and treatment at the high altitudes is very urgent. In order to provide scientific basis and theoretical support to the fire safety design and fire prevention of building at high altitude, it is necessary to study the combustion and smoke characteristics under low pressure and low oxygen concentration.
Low pressure and low oxygen concentration at high altitude will directly affect the combustion process, smoke generation and smoke spread. In the case of the liquid fuel, the impact of the high altitude is mainly reflected on the decrease in its burning rate. The decrease of the burning rate may be attributed to the difference in gas phase burning intensity, in radiation feedback to fuel surface and in oxygen mass concentration per unit volume. And the decrease in the burning rate will further affect such parameters as air entrainment, flame shape, flame and smoke temperature, flame radiation and smoke density, which finally makes combustion law of liquid fuel at high altitude quite different from that at sea level. Then this paper conducted the combustion experiments of n-heptane to reveal the combustion and smoke characteristics of circle-pan fire under low pressure and low oxygen concentration.
Firstly, the fire experiments were conducted in standard rooms in Lhasa and Hefei. To initially reveal the effect of low pressure and low oxygen concentration at high altitude on the combustion and smoke characteristics of circle-pan fire, burning rate, flame and smoke temperature, flame height, emissivity, smoke concentration and radiation heat flux were measured. The experimental results show that burning rate, smoke concentration, emissivity, radiation heat flux and thermal radiation loss per unit area decreases when the altitude is increased. It's then revealed that the burning rate per unit area is related to the pressure and the pool area.
In order to further reveal the combustion characteristics at high altitude, the experiments were conducted in the simple cone calorimeter platforms which were built in Lhasa and Hefei respectively. The heat release rate and combustion efficiency were calculated by measuring the burning rate, exhaust velocity and smoke concentration. The experimental results show that the heat release rate and combustion efficiency decreases when the altitude is increased. When the exhaust velocity is increased, the heat release rate increases while the combustion efficiency first decreases and then increases. The relationship between burning rate per unit area and pool diameter was obtained under the forced ventilation when the range of the pool's diameter is10-30cm at the sea level. Then on the basis of the results of previous studies(Pressure modeling and radiation modeling), two relationships of burning rate per unit area and pool diameter, atmospheric pressure were deduced and the relationships were partly verified by the experimental data. However, for the limit of the data under the other atmospheric pressure, the applicability of the relationships also needs to be validated. Error analysis between the two relationships was also carried out and the result shows the good consistency.
As the previous experiments were only carried out at two altitudes, it is necessary to conduct more experiments to validate the combustion and smoke characteristics at high altitude. Therefore, the experiments were carried out in a portable rig which was loaded onto a truck in Lhasa and Dangxiong to confirm the finding of previous studies. And the fire experiments in the low pressure chamber in Hefei by changing the pressure in the chamber were also conducted. The results show that the average burning rate of the small pool during the steady period and atmospheric pressure is an exponent relationship.
高海拔地区的低压低氧环境将直接对可燃物的燃烧过程,烟气产生以及烟气蔓延产生影响。对于液体燃料的燃烧,高海拔的影响主要体现在燃烧速率的降低。燃烧速率的降低主要是由于气相燃烧强度、对未燃油面的热反馈及单位体积的氧气质量浓度不同造成的。由于燃烧速率的降低,进而会影响到空气的卷吸、火焰形状、火焰及烟气的温度、火焰辐射、烟气浓度等参数,从而造成高海拔地区的液体燃料燃烧的规律与内地有所不同。因而,本文开展正庚烷油池火的燃烧实验来揭示高海拔地区低压低氧环境下油池火的燃烧特性和烟气特性规律。
首先在合肥和拉萨两地开展标准燃烧实验间的油池火燃烧对比实验,通过测量燃烧速率、火焰和烟气温度、火焰高度、烟气的发射率和光学密度、烟气组分浓度以及热辐射通量等参数,初步揭示高海拔地区低压低氧环境对于油池火燃烧特性和烟气特性的影响规律。结果表明,随着海拔高度的增加燃烧时间增长,燃烧速率降低,烟气浓度及烟气发射率降低,热辐射通量及单位面积热辐射损失降低,烟气中CO、CO2降低,并推断出油池火单位面积的燃烧速率与油池的燃烧面积以及环境压力有关。
为了更深入的揭示高海拔地区油池火的燃烧特性规律,在合肥和拉萨地区搭建简易锥形量热仪实验平台开展两地油池火燃烧对比实验以及合肥地区的变烟道风速对比实验,通过测量燃烧速率、烟道排烟风速、烟气的组分浓度以及烟气温度等参数计算得到油池火的热释放速率及燃烧效率,进一步揭示高海拔地区油池火的燃烧特性。结果表明,热释放速率及燃烧效率均随着海拔高度的升高而降低,随着风速的增大热释放速率增大,而燃烧效率则是先降低再增加。通过对实验数据的处理分析得出了常压下有强制通风时油池直径在10-30cm的单位面积燃烧速率与油池直径的关系式,然后在前人研究成果(压力相似模型和辐射模型)的基础上,推导出了两种在强制通风条件下油池直径满足一定范围时单位面积燃烧速率与油池直径及大气压力的关系式,并使用实验数据对关系式进行了部分验证。但由于压力数据量比较少,因而这两种关系式在其它压力情形下的适用性仍需实验来进行验证。同时也对这两种关系式在适用范围内的预测结果进行了误差分析,结果发现两种关系式的预测结果基本一致。
由于前面两部分的实验只在两个压力点开展了对比燃烧实验,数据量太少。因而本文也从两方面对前面得出的油池火燃烧特性和烟气特性规律进行验证。一部分是使用车载可移动实验装置在拉萨和当雄两地开展对比实验,进一步验证了本文得出的规律在更高海拔地区的适用性。另一部分是在合肥地区的低压实验舱通过调节低压实验舱内的大气压力开展小尺寸油池火的变压力燃烧实验,通过测量燃烧速率这一参数来研究其与大气压力的关系,对数据进行处理分析拟合得到了小尺寸油池火稳定燃烧阶段的平均燃烧速率与大气压强的关系式,即小尺寸油池火稳定燃烧阶段的平均燃烧速率与大气压力呈指数关系。
The terrain is highly complex in China, with the plateau region covering about one-third percent of land area. On this wide range of plateaus, especially the Tibet on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, are distributed a large number of ancient buildings and historical heritage. Most of these ancient buildings are wood--structured, having plenty of combustibles and ignition sources inside. Therefore, they are weakly resistant to any possible fire. At the same time, the applicability of the existing fire safety technology under low pressure and low oxygen concentration still needs to be further investigated. Thus, the fire prevention and treatment at the high altitudes is very urgent. In order to provide scientific basis and theoretical support to the fire safety design and fire prevention of building at high altitude, it is necessary to study the combustion and smoke characteristics under low pressure and low oxygen concentration.
Low pressure and low oxygen concentration at high altitude will directly affect the combustion process, smoke generation and smoke spread. In the case of the liquid fuel, the impact of the high altitude is mainly reflected on the decrease in its burning rate. The decrease of the burning rate may be attributed to the difference in gas phase burning intensity, in radiation feedback to fuel surface and in oxygen mass concentration per unit volume. And the decrease in the burning rate will further affect such parameters as air entrainment, flame shape, flame and smoke temperature, flame radiation and smoke density, which finally makes combustion law of liquid fuel at high altitude quite different from that at sea level. Then this paper conducted the combustion experiments of n-heptane to reveal the combustion and smoke characteristics of circle-pan fire under low pressure and low oxygen concentration.
Firstly, the fire experiments were conducted in standard rooms in Lhasa and Hefei. To initially reveal the effect of low pressure and low oxygen concentration at high altitude on the combustion and smoke characteristics of circle-pan fire, burning rate, flame and smoke temperature, flame height, emissivity, smoke concentration and radiation heat flux were measured. The experimental results show that burning rate, smoke concentration, emissivity, radiation heat flux and thermal radiation loss per unit area decreases when the altitude is increased. It's then revealed that the burning rate per unit area is related to the pressure and the pool area.
In order to further reveal the combustion characteristics at high altitude, the experiments were conducted in the simple cone calorimeter platforms which were built in Lhasa and Hefei respectively. The heat release rate and combustion efficiency were calculated by measuring the burning rate, exhaust velocity and smoke concentration. The experimental results show that the heat release rate and combustion efficiency decreases when the altitude is increased. When the exhaust velocity is increased, the heat release rate increases while the combustion efficiency first decreases and then increases. The relationship between burning rate per unit area and pool diameter was obtained under the forced ventilation when the range of the pool's diameter is10-30cm at the sea level. Then on the basis of the results of previous studies(Pressure modeling and radiation modeling), two relationships of burning rate per unit area and pool diameter, atmospheric pressure were deduced and the relationships were partly verified by the experimental data. However, for the limit of the data under the other atmospheric pressure, the applicability of the relationships also needs to be validated. Error analysis between the two relationships was also carried out and the result shows the good consistency.
As the previous experiments were only carried out at two altitudes, it is necessary to conduct more experiments to validate the combustion and smoke characteristics at high altitude. Therefore, the experiments were carried out in a portable rig which was loaded onto a truck in Lhasa and Dangxiong to confirm the finding of previous studies. And the fire experiments in the low pressure chamber in Hefei by changing the pressure in the chamber were also conducted. The results show that the average burning rate of the small pool during the steady period and atmospheric pressure is an exponent relationship.
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