从关联理论看语用失误
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摘要
语用失误会使交际者彼此之间产生不愉快甚至愤怒敌对的情绪,导致交际中断或失败,不能达到预期的交际效果。因此,语用失误严重阻碍了人们之间的交际。语用失误的研究始于Jenny Thomas,她在1983年发表的《跨文化语用失误》一文中首次提出语用失误这个术语,并把语用失误分成语用语言失误和社交语用失误。近20多年来,国内外很多语用学家们在这个领域作了大量的研究。但是,这些研究还存在不少问题。本文拟用关联理论这一才起步不久的认知科学对跨文化语用失误的本质及其原因进行分析,旨在证明关联理论对跨文化语用失误现象有极强的诠释力。关联理论的框架是否可以用来支撑跨文化语用失误的研究是本文讨论的一个重点。Wilson 1994在他的Relevance and Understanding一文中也提到:关联理论旨在表明人类行为及其话语理解的吻合性。由此不难看出,关联理论可以对交际的成功和失败做出合理解释。笔者认为,关联理论对跨文化语用失误具有同样的诠释力,其主要表现在两个方面即关联的程度性和关联的全面性。本文的另一个重点是在关联理论的基础上,对语用失误的本质及其原因作了新的具体论述。广告语言作为人类语言的一个重要组成部分,是语言中最活跃、最具影响力的东西,具有时代烙印,在现实生活中无处不在,能够折射出社会的方方面面。毋庸置疑,广告翻译具有丰富内容和一定的语用功能,是社会文化的写照。但由于广告中英风俗习惯、价值观念、宗教信仰及认知模式的巨大差异,跨文化语用失误时有发生。鉴于广告语言的特点,本文列举了大量中英文广告互译例子证明以上研究结论。本文还尝试总结出如何利用关联理论来引导广告翻译并避免其语用失误的发生以获得最佳关联。
Pragmatic failure arouses unpleasant feelings or even inflammation between participants and brings breakdown to communication. As a result, it severely holds back the communication between people. The study of pragmatic failure begins with Jenny Thomas. She first proposes the notion of pragmatic failure in her“Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure”in 1983. She classifies pragmatic failure into pragmalinguistic failure and sociopragmatic failure. During the last 20 years or so, pragmaticians have carried out contrastive research into many different pragmatic features in a very wide range of languages. However, there are some defects in those researches. This dissertation, by analyzing the nature and reason for cross-cultural pragmatic failure with the new cognitive scientific theory—Relevance Theory, intends to demonstrate the interpretative force of Relevance Theory on cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Why RT can be relied upon for a study of cross-cultural pragmatic failure is one of emphases of my dissertation. Wilson (1994:35) also mentioned in his Relevance and Understanding:“Relevance Theory is intended to match human performance in comprehension”. Thus, it can be inferred RT can be relied on to give reasonable account for both failure and success on communication. I hold the interpretative force of RT in accounting for cross-cultural pragmatic failure consists in two aspects: relevance is a matter of degree; relevance is a rule of universality. A new elaboration to the nature and reason for pragmatic failure on the basis of RT is the second focus of my dissertation. Advertising language, as a true reflection of the time, is everywhere in our daily life and has a considerable effect on our behavior and action. It goes beyond saying that advertising translation in the present world has an abundant content and a rich pragmatic function. However, many translated advertisements have serious pragmatic failures because of different cultures, customs, social norms, and religions. Herein, considering its special characteristic, this dissertation performs the above research taking the cases of pragmatic failure in the EC/CE translations of advertisements. This dissertation also tries to summarize the ways to avoid the pragmatic failures in advertising translation and search for the Optimal Relevance by the Relevance Theory.
Pragmatic failure arouses unpleasant feelings or even inflammation between participants and brings breakdown to communication. As a result, it severely holds back the communication between people. The study of pragmatic failure begins with Jenny Thomas. She first proposes the notion of pragmatic failure in her“Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure”in 1983. She classifies pragmatic failure into pragmalinguistic failure and sociopragmatic failure. During the last 20 years or so, pragmaticians have carried out contrastive research into many different pragmatic features in a very wide range of languages. However, there are some defects in those researches. This dissertation, by analyzing the nature and reason for cross-cultural pragmatic failure with the new cognitive scientific theory—Relevance Theory, intends to demonstrate the interpretative force of Relevance Theory on cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Why RT can be relied upon for a study of cross-cultural pragmatic failure is one of emphases of my dissertation. Wilson (1994:35) also mentioned in his Relevance and Understanding:“Relevance Theory is intended to match human performance in comprehension”. Thus, it can be inferred RT can be relied on to give reasonable account for both failure and success on communication. I hold the interpretative force of RT in accounting for cross-cultural pragmatic failure consists in two aspects: relevance is a matter of degree; relevance is a rule of universality. A new elaboration to the nature and reason for pragmatic failure on the basis of RT is the second focus of my dissertation. Advertising language, as a true reflection of the time, is everywhere in our daily life and has a considerable effect on our behavior and action. It goes beyond saying that advertising translation in the present world has an abundant content and a rich pragmatic function. However, many translated advertisements have serious pragmatic failures because of different cultures, customs, social norms, and religions. Herein, considering its special characteristic, this dissertation performs the above research taking the cases of pragmatic failure in the EC/CE translations of advertisements. This dissertation also tries to summarize the ways to avoid the pragmatic failures in advertising translation and search for the Optimal Relevance by the Relevance Theory.
引文
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[2] Candlin, E. Form, Function and Strategy Zur Planning Communicative [J]. French Speaker Curricula in Edeldiff, 1978.
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[32] Tang Lingzhi. On the Cultivation of Students' Pragmatic Competence in ELT Classroom [J]. Applied Linguistics,2000.
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[37] Xu Ping. A Study of Chinese Students’ Pragmatic Failure [J]. Journal of Liaoning Teachers College (Social Sciences Edition), 2001.
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[39] 戴炜栋, 张红玲. 外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教学的启示[J]. 外语界,2000 (2).
[40] 戈玲玲. 教学语用学[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2002.
[41] 顾曰国. 跨文化交际学[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社,1997.
[42] 黄次栋. 语用学与语用错误[A]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社 1994.
[43] 何自然. 语用学概论[M]. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社,1988.
[44] 何自然. 言语交际中的语用移情[J]. 外语教学与研究, 1991 (4).
[45] 何自然. 语用学探索(第 1 版)[M]. 广东:世界图书出版社,2000.
[46] 何自然, 阎庄. 中国学生在英语交际中的语用失误[J]. 外语教学与研究,1986 (3).
[47] 何自然. 语用学概论(第 1 版)[M]. 长沙:湖南教育出版社,1988.
[48] 何自然. 语用学与英语学习(第 1 版)[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1997.
[49] 何自然. “Grice 语用学说与关联理论”[J]. 外语教学与研究,1995(4).
[50] 何兆熊. 新编语用学概要(第 1 版)[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[51] 何兆熊. 语用、意义和语境[J]. 外国语,1987(5).
[52] 洪 岗. 英语语用能力调查及其对外语教学的启示[J].外语教学与研究,1991 (4).
[53] 贾玉新. 跨文化交际学(第 I 版)[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.
[54] 刘卫东. “寻求广告翻译的最佳关联”[J]. 广西大学梧州分校学报,2001 (1).
[55] 钱冠连. 汉语文化语用学[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社,1997.
[56] 孙 亚. 从认知角度看语用失误[J]. 四川外语学院学报,2001 (6).
[57] 王得杏. 跨文化交际的语用问题[J]. 外语教学与研究,1990 (4).
[58] 王海英. 跨文化交际语用失误及英语教学研究[M]. 重庆:西南师范大学, 2001.
[2] Candlin, E. Form, Function and Strategy Zur Planning Communicative [J]. French Speaker Curricula in Edeldiff, 1978.
[3] Clyne, M. Culture and Discourse Structure[J]. Journal of Pragmatics, Vol. 5, 1981:61-66.
[4] Clark, H. & Marshall, C. Definite reference and mutual knowledge [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
[5] Ervin-Tripp, S. Sociolinguistics. Bletchley [M]. Bucks: Open University Press, 1976.
[6] Grice, H. P. Studies in the Way of Words [M]. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1989.
[7] Gazdar, G. Pragmatics: Implicature, Presupposition and Logical Form [M]. NewYork: Academic Press, 1979.
[8] Grundy, P. (2nd edition) Doing Pragmatics [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
[9] Hewson, Lance and Martin, Jacky. Redefining Translation: The Variational Approach[M]. London: Routledge,1991.
[10] Hu Wenzhong. Why Bother about Culture in ELT? [M]. Guangzhou: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1986(4).
[11] Hou Tian. Pragmatic Failure: A Cross-cultural Perspective [J].Foreign Languages, 2001 (5).
[12] Kasper, G. & E, Kellerman. Communication Strategies: Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspective [M]. London: Longman, 1983.
[13] Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
[14] Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics. 1st edition [M]. London: Longman, 1983.
[15] Leech, G. English in Advertising [M].London: Longman, 1996.
[16] Levinson, S.C. Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
[17] Lakoff, G. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things [M]. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
[18] Miller, G. Communication, Language and Meaning [J]. NY: Basic Book, .
[19] Ninio, S. & Snow, E. Pragmatic Development [M]. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996.
[20] Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation [M]. London: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
[21] Nida E.A. Towards a Science of Translation [M]. Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1964.
[22] Rutherford, W. Markedness in Second Language Acquisition[J].Language Learning (32), 1980.
[23] Sharwood-Smith, M. Consciousness-raising and the Second Language Learner [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
[24] Sperber, D & Wilson, D. (1st / 2nd edition) Relevance: Communication and Cognition[M]. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1986/1995.
[25] Sperber, D &Wilson, D. Inference and Implicature[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1991.
[26] Sperber, D &Wilson, D. Precis of Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences [J]. Routledge: Taylor & Francis (10), 1987.
[27] Sperber, D&Wilson, D. Relevance Theory. In L.Horn and G.Ward.(eds.) Handbook of Pragmatics [M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
[28] Schiffrin, S. Meaning [M]. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972.
[29] Simpson, P. Language, Ideology and Point of View [M]. Londres: Routledge, 1993.
[30] Talbot, M. Relevance. In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics [M]. Oxford: Pergamon,1994.
[31] Thomas, J. Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure [J]. Applied Linguistics, 1986 (3).
[32] Tang Lingzhi. On the Cultivation of Students' Pragmatic Competence in ELT Classroom [J]. Applied Linguistics,2000.
[33] Wan Shaohua. Cultural Teaching in English Language Teaching at College Levelin China [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[34] Woifson, N. Perspectives: Sociolinguistics and TESOL [M]. New York: Newbury House,1989.
[35] Wilson, D. Relevance and Understanding. In: G. Brown, eds. Language and Understanding [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1994.
[36] Wolfson, N. Perspectives: Sociolinguistics and TESOL [M]. New York:Newbury House,1989.
[37] Xu Ping. A Study of Chinese Students’ Pragmatic Failure [J]. Journal of Liaoning Teachers College (Social Sciences Edition), 2001.
[38] 戴炜栋, 何兆熊. 新编简明英语语言学教[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.
[39] 戴炜栋, 张红玲. 外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教学的启示[J]. 外语界,2000 (2).
[40] 戈玲玲. 教学语用学[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2002.
[41] 顾曰国. 跨文化交际学[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社,1997.
[42] 黄次栋. 语用学与语用错误[A]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社 1994.
[43] 何自然. 语用学概论[M]. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社,1988.
[44] 何自然. 言语交际中的语用移情[J]. 外语教学与研究, 1991 (4).
[45] 何自然. 语用学探索(第 1 版)[M]. 广东:世界图书出版社,2000.
[46] 何自然, 阎庄. 中国学生在英语交际中的语用失误[J]. 外语教学与研究,1986 (3).
[47] 何自然. 语用学概论(第 1 版)[M]. 长沙:湖南教育出版社,1988.
[48] 何自然. 语用学与英语学习(第 1 版)[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1997.
[49] 何自然. “Grice 语用学说与关联理论”[J]. 外语教学与研究,1995(4).
[50] 何兆熊. 新编语用学概要(第 1 版)[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[51] 何兆熊. 语用、意义和语境[J]. 外国语,1987(5).
[52] 洪 岗. 英语语用能力调查及其对外语教学的启示[J].外语教学与研究,1991 (4).
[53] 贾玉新. 跨文化交际学(第 I 版)[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.
[54] 刘卫东. “寻求广告翻译的最佳关联”[J]. 广西大学梧州分校学报,2001 (1).
[55] 钱冠连. 汉语文化语用学[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社,1997.
[56] 孙 亚. 从认知角度看语用失误[J]. 四川外语学院学报,2001 (6).
[57] 王得杏. 跨文化交际的语用问题[J]. 外语教学与研究,1990 (4).
[58] 王海英. 跨文化交际语用失误及英语教学研究[M]. 重庆:西南师范大学, 2001.