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灌区水资源评价及节水高效灌溉专家系统
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摘要
本课题是水利部重点研究项目“区域水资源规划与评价及节水高产灌溉专家系统”
    (SZ9621)的部分研究内容。研究中应用专家系统、人工神经网络技术、水资源巨系统及半
     结构多目标优选理论、系统工程理论等,研制了适合北方平原地区的灌区水资源评价及灌溉管
     理与决策专家系统,并对水资源及灌溉领域中的关键技术问题进行了较为深入的研究。主要研 究成果如下:
     1、将ALGOR软件应用于有限元法进行地下水资源评价中,实现了单元网格的自动剖
     分。针对计算区初始流场确定问题,建立了用加权平均外推法计算初始流场未知水位计算公式,
     并在机上实现了地下水资源评价的自动计算过程,为有限元法在地下水资源评价中的应用提供了更为便捷的手段。
     2、在水资源评价及预报中,将人工神经网络技术应用于灌区地下水位和河道径流预报,
    并研制了BP算法预报计算软件。实例证明,采用BP算法,计算结果精度高于其他传统方法,可以应用于生产实践。在水资源规划利用方面,采用动态规划和线性规划方法,建立了水资源最优规划模型,即专家咨询子系统软件。
     3、首次提出了“农业用水量”的新概念,对当前灌区用水量计算中存在的问题进行了
     分析。根据水量平衡原理得出的用水量结果,在对农业用水量主要影响因素进行系统分析的基础上,建立了农业用水量的计算经验公式。还对以农业用水量为依据进行灌区类型划分进行了论述。农业用水量的思路在灌溉规划与管理方面具有重要的理论和实际意义。所建公式具有简便、实用,数据易于获得等特点,其成果接近实际。
     4、针对北京灌区次生盐碱化问题,在农业用水量的基础上,提出了灌区水盐平衡设计方法,给出了计算公式,进行了灌区灌排制度设计方法研究,为盐碱化地区灌区设计及管理开辟了新的途径。论文还对解决当前灌区次生盐碱化和黄河断流问题进行了论述。
     5、采用系统科学的原理和方法,选择了22个对灌水技术应用有较大影响的因子,建立
    了节水灌溉技术评价体系。提出了灌水技术选择中,重要因素一票否决的观点。首次引入水资
    源巨系统和半结构多目标模糊优选理论,研制了节水灌溉技术模糊优选专家系统,解决了节水
    灌溉规划设计的难题,为推动节水灌溉技术的发展提供了有力的工具,与以往研究成果相比,具有—定的新颖性。
     6、在灌溉管理方面,作者提出了作物间配水及渠系输配水的实时修正优化决策总体思
    路,并依此为依据建立了系统决策软件其成果在研究思路和实用性方面,与同类研究成果相比,其水平都有所提高。
     7、以本文理论研究成果和子系统软件为基础,以专家系统理论为依据,论文中进行了灌区水资源评价及节水高效灌溉专家系统建模特点及总程序结构设计研究。建立了功能全面,实用性强的专家系统软件,其成果达到了在生产中直接应用的水平。
This topic was a part of the major research project named" water resources planning, evaluation and
    water saving, high-efficient irrigation in an area". Expert system, artificial neural network technique,
    water resources Microsystems technique, semi-structural and multi-objective fuzzy decision-making and
    optimal selection theory and system engineering theory were applied to develop expert system for water
    resources evaluation and irrigation management and decision in irrigation area that adapted in north area.
    Deep research was done to some key techniques in water resources optimum planning and irrigation
    fields in the paper The main results are as following:
    1 The software named ALGOR was adopted in the finite-element water resources evaluation to
    realize the automatic subdivision of unit net. Aiming at ascertaining the initial flow field in calculation
    area, the author created a formula to calculate the unknown graticule water level with
    weighted-average method. The calculation course was realized in the compute. A more convenient method was supplied to calculate the groundwater resources with finite-element method
    2 In water resources evaluation and forecast, the author applied the artificial neural network to
    groundwater level in the irrigation are and river runoff forecast.At the same time, a forecasting software
    based on BP algorithm was finished. After testing, it turned out that the precision with this method is
    better than other conventional method and that this method could put into practice. In the planning and
    utilization of water resources, dynamic programming and linear programming was adopted to build
    water resources optimum programming model. Software was finished with the name of "expert
    consultation subsystem".
    3 A new concept of agricultural water consumption was first raised An empirical formula was
    established based on water balance principle and systemic analysis was done about the main factor of
    agricultural water consumption The agricultural water consumption had an important theory and
    practice significance. The empirical formula is simple but practical, all the data in the formula was easy
    to obtain The calculation result was near to the actual situation. The shortcoming in water consumption
    calculation in present irrigation area and separation for irrigation area type based on agricultural water
    consumption were discussed in the paper.
    4 Against secondary salinization in the north, irrigation area water-salt balance design method was
    advanced based on agricultural water consumption. The calculation formula was given and the design
    method on irrigation and drainage system was researched. A new method was established for the
    irrigation area design and management in the salinization area. Resolvent on salinization in present
    irrigation area and water interception Yellow River was mentioned in the paper.
    5 By systemic,scientific theory and method, 22 factors that affected irrigation technique most were
    chosen to set up water-saving irrigation technique system. The view of rejection by important factor was
    mentioned in irrigation technique selection . Water resources macrosystem theory and semi-structural and
    multi-objective fuzzy decision-making and optimal selection theory were first introduced in water
    
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