翻译活动中的文化意识
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摘要
文化与语言有着密切关系。语言是文化的载体，文化又深深根植于语言。文化与翻译的关系，是基于文化与语言关系的研究之上。翻译活动不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。翻译应从传统的字面翻译过渡到文化翻译，应转向学科意义上的跨文化的翻译研究。由于文化差异的存在，文化词汇蕴涵的文化意义极其产生的文化联想意义大不相同，语言、词语中蕴涵着不同民族的文化差异，成为翻译的难题。文化因素影响和制约了翻译，翻译不仅要克服语言的障碍，更要克服文化的障碍。
翻译活动的目的之一是文化传播，文化传播是翻译的社会功能。译者应把翻译看作是跨越语言和文化的信息交流，时时保持警觉的文化意识，对原文文化含量比较高的词语处理中采取不同的方式，使词语中的文化因素在译文中得以体现。译文既要保持原文的风貌，最大限度的传达原文特定的内涵，又要顾及读者的接受习惯，实现文化交流的功能。尤其需要指出的是，在翻译中国文学作品时，译者有责任尽可能将中国的文化介绍给西方读者。
纽马克提出针对不同的文本类型，应采用不同的翻译处理方法——语义翻译和交际翻译。本论文认为，在采用语义翻译的同时，为了达到文化交融的目的，我们更应采取交际翻译。本文提出了添加、加注、替代、调整、删减等交际翻译策略。译者应针对不同类型的文本，选择恰当的翻译策略最大限度地保持原文的风貌，促使不同的观点和思维方式在对话中得以交流，这在东西方交往日益频繁的今天是必要的，也是完全可能的。翻译活动促进各民族自身文化的繁荣，促进文化交流，促进世界文明的发展的使命也因此得以实现。
Cultural concept, which underlies the variety of language usages and language habits, comes to be the key area of translation studies. This thesis explores the relation between culture, language and translation. The cultural elements in language and the differences between Chinese and western cultures as reflected in translation are analysed.
Due to the cultural differences, culture-loaded words evoke different associative meanings. Translation activity is much complicated because of the cultural connotations. The modern functional translation theory has
defined translation as an act of communication, the main aim of which is
to establish communication between members of different cultures.
The cross-cultural consciousness is one of the basic requirements for the translator. Apart from bilingual competence, the translator is also expected to command bicultural competence. The translator should be sensitive to detect the subtle differences of the cultural content and find out the most appropriate strategy to convey these aspects into the target language.
Professor Newmark puts forward two translation principles: semantic vs. communicative translation. There are wide overlapping bands of the two methods; at the same time, since communicative translation can effect a more generous transfer of exotic elements into the target language and culture, this thesis prefers communicative translation. Under this concept, this thesis proposes several specific translation strategies such as addition, footnote, substitution, adjustment and omission etc. The translator should find out the most appropriate strategy, aiming to deliver to the target readers cultural connotation contained in the source text to the fullest extent and achieve communication between those who have different values, attitudes so as to fulfil the function of translation in
promoting cultural communication between different cultures and nations.
翻译活动的目的之一是文化传播，文化传播是翻译的社会功能。译者应把翻译看作是跨越语言和文化的信息交流，时时保持警觉的文化意识，对原文文化含量比较高的词语处理中采取不同的方式，使词语中的文化因素在译文中得以体现。译文既要保持原文的风貌，最大限度的传达原文特定的内涵，又要顾及读者的接受习惯，实现文化交流的功能。尤其需要指出的是，在翻译中国文学作品时，译者有责任尽可能将中国的文化介绍给西方读者。
纽马克提出针对不同的文本类型，应采用不同的翻译处理方法——语义翻译和交际翻译。本论文认为，在采用语义翻译的同时，为了达到文化交融的目的，我们更应采取交际翻译。本文提出了添加、加注、替代、调整、删减等交际翻译策略。译者应针对不同类型的文本，选择恰当的翻译策略最大限度地保持原文的风貌，促使不同的观点和思维方式在对话中得以交流，这在东西方交往日益频繁的今天是必要的，也是完全可能的。翻译活动促进各民族自身文化的繁荣，促进文化交流，促进世界文明的发展的使命也因此得以实现。
Cultural concept, which underlies the variety of language usages and language habits, comes to be the key area of translation studies. This thesis explores the relation between culture, language and translation. The cultural elements in language and the differences between Chinese and western cultures as reflected in translation are analysed.
Due to the cultural differences, culture-loaded words evoke different associative meanings. Translation activity is much complicated because of the cultural connotations. The modern functional translation theory has
defined translation as an act of communication, the main aim of which is
to establish communication between members of different cultures.
The cross-cultural consciousness is one of the basic requirements for the translator. Apart from bilingual competence, the translator is also expected to command bicultural competence. The translator should be sensitive to detect the subtle differences of the cultural content and find out the most appropriate strategy to convey these aspects into the target language.
Professor Newmark puts forward two translation principles: semantic vs. communicative translation. There are wide overlapping bands of the two methods; at the same time, since communicative translation can effect a more generous transfer of exotic elements into the target language and culture, this thesis prefers communicative translation. Under this concept, this thesis proposes several specific translation strategies such as addition, footnote, substitution, adjustment and omission etc. The translator should find out the most appropriate strategy, aiming to deliver to the target readers cultural connotation contained in the source text to the fullest extent and achieve communication between those who have different values, attitudes so as to fulfil the function of translation in
promoting cultural communication between different cultures and nations.
引文
1. Baker, M. (1992)In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Oxford: Blackwell.
2. Bassenett, Susan & Lefevere, Andre. (1998) Constructing Cultures. Multilingual Matters Ltd.
3. Edward T. Hall. (1984) Culture Beyond. New York: Doubleday.
4. Hatim, Basil. (1997) Communication Across Culture. University of Exeter Press.
5. Holz-Manttari, J. (1984) Translatiorische Handeln, Theorie and Methode [M]. Helsinki.
6. Kramsch, Claire. (1998) Language and Culture Oxford University Press.
7. Lado, R. (1957) Language Across Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
8. Leech, Geoffery. (1974)Semantics. Middlesex: Penguin
9. Lefevere, Andre. (1992) Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London and New York: Routledge.
10. Lotman, Y. (1978) Text and Function New Literary History. 9(2) 233-244
11. Lyons, John. (1977)Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Newmark, Peter. (1988)A Textbook of Translation [M]. Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd.
13. Nida, Eugene A. (1964) Toward a Science of Translation: With Special Reference to Priciples and procedures in Bible Translating. Leiden.
14. Nida, Eugene A. (1993) Language, Culture and Translating [M].
Shanghai. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
15. Nord, Christiane. (1991) Text Analysis in Translation [M]. Amsterdam, Atlanta, GA.
16. Sapir E. (1921) Language. An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co.
17. Scollon, Ron et al. (2000) Contrasive Discourse in Chinese and English. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
18. Shaw, R. Daniel. (1988) Transculturation: The Cultural Factors in Translation and Other Communication Tasks [M]. William Carvey Library, Pasadena. California.
19. Steiner, George. (2001) After Babel Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
20. Toury, Gideon, ed. (1987) Translation Across Cultures. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
21. Tylor, B. (1924) Primitive Culture. New York: Brentano's 7th ed.
22. Vemeer, Hans J. (1996) A Skopos Theory of Translation: Some Arguments for and against [M]. Heidelberg: TEXTconTEXT-Verlag.
23. Wliss, Wolfram. (1982) The Science of Translation Gunter Narr Verlag Tübingen.
24．戴炜栋(Dai Weidong)(1989)《简明英语语言学教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社。
25．邓炎昌(Deng Yanchang)、刘润清(Liu Runqing)(1989)《语言与文化》北京：外语教学研究出版社
26．杜承南(Du Chengnan)、文军(Wenjun)(1995)《中国当代翻译百论》重庆：重庆大学出版社。
27．郭建中(Guo Jianzhong)(2000)《文化与翻译》，北京：中国对外翻译出版社。
28．胡文仲(Hu Wenzhong)(1994)《文化与交际》北京：外语教学研究出
版社。
29．胡文仲(Hu Wenzhong)(1995)《英美文化词典》，北京：外语教学研究出版社。
30．贾玉新(Jia Yuxin)(1997){跨文化交际学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
31．柯平(Ke Ping)(1991)《英汉与汉英翻译教程》北京：北京大学出版社。
32．孔慧怡(Kong Huiyi)(1999)《翻译·文学·文化》北京：北京大学出版社。
33．刘宓庆(Liu Miqing)(1992)《汉英对比与翻译》南昌：江西教育出版社。
34．彭光谦(Peng Guangqian)(1981)《英语谚语》北京：对外贸易出版社。
35．邱蕤如(Qiu Maoru)．(2000)文化极其翻译 载 郭建中编《文化与翻译》318-327页。
36．孙致礼(Sun Zhili)(1999)《翻译：理论与实践探索》南京：艺林出版社。
37．谭载喜(Tan Zaixi)(1984)《奈达论翻译》北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。
38．王德春(Wang Dechun)(1988)《语言学与文化》上海：上海外语教学出版社。
39．王克非(Wang Kefei)(1997)《翻译文化史论》上海：上海外语教学出版社。
40．王佐良(Wang Zuoliang)(2000)《翻译中的文化比较》载郭建中编《文化与翻译》1-11页
41．吴有富(Wu Youfu)(1998)《国俗语义研究》上海：上海外语教学出版社。
42．刑福义(Xing Fuyi)(1990)《文化语言学》武汉：湖北教育出版社。
43．姚亚平(yao Yaping)(1990)《文化的撞击—语言交往》吉林：吉林教育出版社。
44．张今(Zhang Jin)(1987)《文学翻译原理》郑州：河南教育出版社。
2. Bassenett, Susan & Lefevere, Andre. (1998) Constructing Cultures. Multilingual Matters Ltd.
3. Edward T. Hall. (1984) Culture Beyond. New York: Doubleday.
4. Hatim, Basil. (1997) Communication Across Culture. University of Exeter Press.
5. Holz-Manttari, J. (1984) Translatiorische Handeln, Theorie and Methode [M]. Helsinki.
6. Kramsch, Claire. (1998) Language and Culture Oxford University Press.
7. Lado, R. (1957) Language Across Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
8. Leech, Geoffery. (1974)Semantics. Middlesex: Penguin
9. Lefevere, Andre. (1992) Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London and New York: Routledge.
10. Lotman, Y. (1978) Text and Function New Literary History. 9(2) 233-244
11. Lyons, John. (1977)Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Newmark, Peter. (1988)A Textbook of Translation [M]. Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd.
13. Nida, Eugene A. (1964) Toward a Science of Translation: With Special Reference to Priciples and procedures in Bible Translating. Leiden.
14. Nida, Eugene A. (1993) Language, Culture and Translating [M].
Shanghai. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
15. Nord, Christiane. (1991) Text Analysis in Translation [M]. Amsterdam, Atlanta, GA.
16. Sapir E. (1921) Language. An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co.
17. Scollon, Ron et al. (2000) Contrasive Discourse in Chinese and English. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
18. Shaw, R. Daniel. (1988) Transculturation: The Cultural Factors in Translation and Other Communication Tasks [M]. William Carvey Library, Pasadena. California.
19. Steiner, George. (2001) After Babel Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
20. Toury, Gideon, ed. (1987) Translation Across Cultures. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
21. Tylor, B. (1924) Primitive Culture. New York: Brentano's 7th ed.
22. Vemeer, Hans J. (1996) A Skopos Theory of Translation: Some Arguments for and against [M]. Heidelberg: TEXTconTEXT-Verlag.
23. Wliss, Wolfram. (1982) The Science of Translation Gunter Narr Verlag Tübingen.
24．戴炜栋(Dai Weidong)(1989)《简明英语语言学教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社。
25．邓炎昌(Deng Yanchang)、刘润清(Liu Runqing)(1989)《语言与文化》北京：外语教学研究出版社
26．杜承南(Du Chengnan)、文军(Wenjun)(1995)《中国当代翻译百论》重庆：重庆大学出版社。
27．郭建中(Guo Jianzhong)(2000)《文化与翻译》，北京：中国对外翻译出版社。
28．胡文仲(Hu Wenzhong)(1994)《文化与交际》北京：外语教学研究出
版社。
29．胡文仲(Hu Wenzhong)(1995)《英美文化词典》，北京：外语教学研究出版社。
30．贾玉新(Jia Yuxin)(1997){跨文化交际学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
31．柯平(Ke Ping)(1991)《英汉与汉英翻译教程》北京：北京大学出版社。
32．孔慧怡(Kong Huiyi)(1999)《翻译·文学·文化》北京：北京大学出版社。
33．刘宓庆(Liu Miqing)(1992)《汉英对比与翻译》南昌：江西教育出版社。
34．彭光谦(Peng Guangqian)(1981)《英语谚语》北京：对外贸易出版社。
35．邱蕤如(Qiu Maoru)．(2000)文化极其翻译 载 郭建中编《文化与翻译》318-327页。
36．孙致礼(Sun Zhili)(1999)《翻译：理论与实践探索》南京：艺林出版社。
37．谭载喜(Tan Zaixi)(1984)《奈达论翻译》北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。
38．王德春(Wang Dechun)(1988)《语言学与文化》上海：上海外语教学出版社。
39．王克非(Wang Kefei)(1997)《翻译文化史论》上海：上海外语教学出版社。
40．王佐良(Wang Zuoliang)(2000)《翻译中的文化比较》载郭建中编《文化与翻译》1-11页
41．吴有富(Wu Youfu)(1998)《国俗语义研究》上海：上海外语教学出版社。
42．刑福义(Xing Fuyi)(1990)《文化语言学》武汉：湖北教育出版社。
43．姚亚平(yao Yaping)(1990)《文化的撞击—语言交往》吉林：吉林教育出版社。
44．张今(Zhang Jin)(1987)《文学翻译原理》郑州：河南教育出版社。