尼采的视角主义研究
摘要
“视角主义”一词从词源上看虽然与文艺复兴以来的一种绘画技法(透视法)直接相关,但是尼采的视角主义却是全新的思想。透视法的观念(眼睛是万物的“最高法官”)不可避免地处于西方思想的视觉(隐喻)优先的传统中:从柏拉图(打开“灵魂的眼睛”看见真实事物)到黑格尔(把视觉仍然看成“理论器官”),这个传统都把“灵魂”或“精神”看成视觉的执行者,它使视觉变成了“求真”的工具,而忽视观看过程中“爱洛斯”的成分,即视觉不过是认知的工具,它本身并没有独立自足的价值,即使这里面存在着某种乐趣,那也首先是求知的乐趣,而不是视觉本身的乐趣。尼采从肉体和生理的出发点对这个(柏拉图主义)传统的改变即是他所说的“颠倒视角”,这表现为:1)任何看(认识)都有视角条件,即眼睛有着自身的解释力和创造力。“灵魂的眼睛”是映现真实事物的“冷冰冰的玻璃”,肉体性的视角才是让世界或存在显现的“活生生的镜子”。前者造成了理性对抗本能,使生命“痛苦”;后者认为,不是“灵魂”或“精神”,而是肉体状态才真正执行视觉的功能。2)“灵魂的眼睛”也有视角,只不过“不诚实的目光”(道德的评价)掩盖了视角条件,把自己装扮成了上帝之眼,“绝对的认识”,这带有很大的欺骗性;“诚实的目光”不仅不掩饰自身的视角条件,反而认为越多情感冲动表达出来,就越接近“客观性”。“诚实的目光”找到了“灵魂的眼睛”掩盖的视角条件,使上帝之眼的绝对视点相对化了。3)“不诚实的目光”不过是这种类型的人的生存需要,即保存需要。群体本能把一些概念抬高为“普遍价值”,人人都应当服从,从而使他人都从自己的视角看(认识)事物,这种强制就是“道德的视角”;“诚实的目光”也是一种类型的人的生存方式,情愿追求不确定性,把偶然性当成是祝福,认为“无物为真,一切皆允许”,这是真正的“自由精神”。与前者比较,后者就是非道德的类型。非道德主义通过宣称价值多元使“道德的视角”的强制成为错误“寓言”。4)世界由不同视角的活动方式构成,这是一个视角主义的世界,每个冲动都有自身的视角。柏拉图主义的“真实世界”不是“另一个”世界,而是这个世界的一种价值;不是“最高价值”,因为它掩盖了肉体的根本出发点。(酒神)艺术才是生命的“形而上学的活动”,它表征了生命的自我创造的游戏,这就是视角主义的实践真理。因此,必须用悲剧性的酒神状态肯定生命,超越道德,因为(艺术的)快乐是永恒的,而(道德的)“痛苦”是暂存的。尼采的视角主义形成的张力(非道德VS道德)引起了后来关于这个思想的诸多争论,究竟视角主义是一种“相对主义”还是有着它本身的“真理断言”至今仍然存在着争议,尽管也出现了调和的倾向。不管怎样,尼采的视角主义对传统理性主义的批判是有目共睹的,这为相对主义、多元主义、审美主义以及哲学的“身体转向”打开了大门。他的“热那亚航船”破碧波前进,诱使我们离开理性的那个稳固的帝国,驶向“新的海洋”。
The word "perspectivism"in view of derivation has the straight correlation with a drawing skill(perspctive) since the R-,but Nietzsche's perspectivism is a bran-new idea. The concept of perspective(the eye is "the highest judge" of the world) inevitably lies in the western tradition of the priority of vision(metaphor):from Plato(open "the eye of soul"and see the real things) to Hegel(the eye is still regarded as the "theoretical organ" ), this tradition makes the "soul" or "spirit" an essential judge of vision,the eye the tool of "finding the truth",with no regard of "eros"in the process of seeing.That is to say,the vision is only a tool of knowledge and no self-contained values of its own.Even though there is some interest in it,interest of knowledge first,none of its own exists.Nietzsche's transformation of this traditon(Platonism) from the start of body and physiology is his "invertion of perspectives",which is manifested as:1) Whoever sees something has his perspectives,his "eyes" exert the active and interpreting forces on the activity."The eye of soul" is an "icy glass'of mirroring the real things,not an "animated mirror" through which the carnal perspectives can make the being or world appear to us.The former makes the reason antagonize against the instinct;the latter holds that,not the "soul" or "spirit",but the body is the real minister of vision.2) "The eye of soul" also has its perspctives,but "dishonest eyes"(moral valuation) may conceal the situation,which is disguised as the eye of God,"absolute knowledge",such is its fraudulence;"Honest eyes" cannot conceal the situation of perspctives,instead,in this point of view,the more affect and impulse is expressed,the more "objectivity".So,"honest eyes" once find the conditions of "the eye of soul",the absolute viewpoint of the eye of God is relativized.3) "Dishonest eyes" is merely the survival need of this type of people,i.e.the need of preservation.Herd instinct upgrades some concepts to "universal values",which everyone should obey,from which other perspectives receive the validity,which is called "moral perspective";"Honest eyes" also connect with a type of existence,willingly in pursuit of the uncertainty and chance,holding that "nothing is true,everything is possible",which is really called "free spirit".Compared with the former,the latter is immoral type.Through its claim of pluralism of values,the immoralism makes the constraint of "moral perspective" a "fable".4)The world is consisted of different perspectival modes of activities,which is called the world of perspectivism,every drive has its perspective,so the world is will to power."The real world" of Platonism is not "another" world,but a value of this world;even not "the greatest value",for its concealment of the start of body. (Dionysian) art is just "metaphysical activity" of life,symbolizing the self-creative play of life,which is the practical truth of perspectivism.Therefore,it is necessary to affirm the life from the state of Dionysius,to surpass the morality as yet,for the(artistical) pleasure is eternal,and the(moral) "suffering" is temporary.The tension of Nietzsche's perspectivism(immorality VS morality) brings many subsequent debates about itself, whether it is on earth a "relativism"or a claim of truth is still controversial up to the present,though there is a trend of intermediation.Whatever happens,Nietzsche's perspectivism is obvious to all for its critique of traditional rationalism,which opens the door for relativism,pluralism,aestheticism and philosophical "turning of body".His "Genoese ship" breaks the waves of sea forward,seduces us to leave the firm empire of reason and bear up for "new sea".
The word "perspectivism"in view of derivation has the straight correlation with a drawing skill(perspctive) since the R-,but Nietzsche's perspectivism is a bran-new idea. The concept of perspective(the eye is "the highest judge" of the world) inevitably lies in the western tradition of the priority of vision(metaphor):from Plato(open "the eye of soul"and see the real things) to Hegel(the eye is still regarded as the "theoretical organ" ), this tradition makes the "soul" or "spirit" an essential judge of vision,the eye the tool of "finding the truth",with no regard of "eros"in the process of seeing.That is to say,the vision is only a tool of knowledge and no self-contained values of its own.Even though there is some interest in it,interest of knowledge first,none of its own exists.Nietzsche's transformation of this traditon(Platonism) from the start of body and physiology is his "invertion of perspectives",which is manifested as:1) Whoever sees something has his perspectives,his "eyes" exert the active and interpreting forces on the activity."The eye of soul" is an "icy glass'of mirroring the real things,not an "animated mirror" through which the carnal perspectives can make the being or world appear to us.The former makes the reason antagonize against the instinct;the latter holds that,not the "soul" or "spirit",but the body is the real minister of vision.2) "The eye of soul" also has its perspctives,but "dishonest eyes"(moral valuation) may conceal the situation,which is disguised as the eye of God,"absolute knowledge",such is its fraudulence;"Honest eyes" cannot conceal the situation of perspctives,instead,in this point of view,the more affect and impulse is expressed,the more "objectivity".So,"honest eyes" once find the conditions of "the eye of soul",the absolute viewpoint of the eye of God is relativized.3) "Dishonest eyes" is merely the survival need of this type of people,i.e.the need of preservation.Herd instinct upgrades some concepts to "universal values",which everyone should obey,from which other perspectives receive the validity,which is called "moral perspective";"Honest eyes" also connect with a type of existence,willingly in pursuit of the uncertainty and chance,holding that "nothing is true,everything is possible",which is really called "free spirit".Compared with the former,the latter is immoral type.Through its claim of pluralism of values,the immoralism makes the constraint of "moral perspective" a "fable".4)The world is consisted of different perspectival modes of activities,which is called the world of perspectivism,every drive has its perspective,so the world is will to power."The real world" of Platonism is not "another" world,but a value of this world;even not "the greatest value",for its concealment of the start of body. (Dionysian) art is just "metaphysical activity" of life,symbolizing the self-creative play of life,which is the practical truth of perspectivism.Therefore,it is necessary to affirm the life from the state of Dionysius,to surpass the morality as yet,for the(artistical) pleasure is eternal,and the(moral) "suffering" is temporary.The tension of Nietzsche's perspectivism(immorality VS morality) brings many subsequent debates about itself, whether it is on earth a "relativism"or a claim of truth is still controversial up to the present,though there is a trend of intermediation.Whatever happens,Nietzsche's perspectivism is obvious to all for its critique of traditional rationalism,which opens the door for relativism,pluralism,aestheticism and philosophical "turning of body".His "Genoese ship" breaks the waves of sea forward,seduces us to leave the firm empire of reason and bear up for "new sea".
引文
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[3]洛维特．从黑格尔到尼采[M]．北京：三联书店，2006．236．
[4]哈贝马斯．现代性哲学话语[M]．南京：译林出版社，2004：96-121．
[5]徐英瑾．塞尔对海德格尔的“视角主义”立场的批判[J]．哲学研究，2007(5)：53-58．
[6]胡塞尔．现象学的观念[M]．上海：上海译文出版社，1986：64．
[7]海德格尔．存在与时间[M]．北京：三联书店．2006：406．
[8]梅洛·庞蒂．行为的结构[M]．北京：商务印书馆，2005：286．
[9]梅洛·庞蒂．知觉现象学[M]．北京：商务印书馆，2005：3．
[10]梅洛·庞蒂．知觉的首要地位及其哲学结论嗍．上海：上海三联书店，2002．12．
[11]海德格尔．存在与时间[M]．北京：三联书店，2006．．447．
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[14]Schrft．Nietzsche’s French Legacy[M]．New York：Routledge。1995：2．
[15]德里达．论文字学[M]．上海：上海译文出版社．2005：68．
[16]普特南．理性、真理与历史[M]．上海：上海译文出版社，1997：136．
[17]塞尔．心灵、语言和社会[M]．上海：上海译文出版社，2006．22．
[18]塞尔．心灵、语言和社会[M]．上海：上海译文出版社，2006-23-24．
[19]奎因．从逻辑的观点看[M]．上海：上海译文出版社，1987：38"t0．
[20]范岱年．P.A．希伦和诠释学的科学哲学[J]．自然辩证法通讯，2006(1)：24-28．
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