关于首都机场扩容的研究
摘要
近年来，随着我国经济的飞速发展，作为快捷交通手段的民用航空业，其发展更是突飞猛进。北京首都国际机场作为我国和亚洲地区的航空枢纽，每天航班起降架次已经超过700架次，成为亚洲第一；北京赢得了2008年夏季奥运会的主办权，届时世界各国的运动员、裁判员、记者等各国朋友云集北京，人数之多、时间之集中是历无前有，且起降架次在最高峰时将会远远超过700架次。这对我们国家的空管、对华北地区的空管、尤其是对北京地区的空管将会是一个严峻的考验和挑战，但同时也是民航发展的一个机遇。我们为首都机场日新月异的发展感到自豪，但同时也为首都机场的安全隐患担忧。每天起降架次的迅速攀升，机场周边空域的不合理性逐渐暴露，而且严重限制了首都机场空中流量的增加。
为了提高飞行安全，增大首都机场空中流量，解决飞行矛盾，以顺应未来的发展需求，首都机场跑道容量必须增加，机场跑道容量受多方面因素的影响，如机场平行跑道的运行方式、进离场程序的优劣和空中交通管制方式等，而飞行程序的设计又受到空域的限制，因此，要增加机场容量既要考虑纵向因素又要考虑横向原因，最终目标是统一规划北京终端区的空域，做到终端区的空域统一又协调，才能获得最大的机场容量。
本文从目前首都机场平行跑道的运行方式、进离场程序、终端区空域的现状入手，剖析了造成空域紧张的原因，应用仪表飞行程序设计的思想和原则，利用首都机场终端区现有的设施，某些航线可采用区域导航(RNAV)程序与仪表进近程序相结合的飞行程序设计，优化了目前首都机场的进离场程序，在一定程度上增加了机场容量；其次，研究了雷达管制条件下平行跑道不同运行方式的容量对比，得出平行跑道独立运行的容量最大，然后以这种这种运行方式，为首都机场设计出了平行跑道独立运行的飞行程序；最后，分析北京终端区各机场空域对首都机场飞行程序安全、有效运行的制约因素，研究设计出了北京终端区规划方案及规划后的飞行程序和飞行方法，以达到增大机场的容量，适应未来航班量增加的需求。
通过本文的研究，首都机场尽快购置必备的设备，适当增加管制席位，按设计的飞行程序实施平行跑道独立运行。各机场应本着空域共享，互谅互让的原则，协调相互间的空域，统一规划北京地区的空域。另外，建议首都
西南空通大学硕士研究生学位论文 第11页
机场扩容的实施进程将分阶段尽快实施。
Along with the rapid developing economy of our country in recent years, the civil aviation industry, the fastest transportation means has boomed greatly. Beijing Capital International Airport has been the aviation hub of China and Asia.The taking off and landing sorties in Beijing International Airport have exceeded 700 everyday. It's the No. 1 in Asia recently. Beijing has won the authorization of the Summer Olympic Game of 2008. During that time all the athletes, umpires, reporters and friends from all over the world will swarm into Beijing. The taking off and landing sorties will be far ahead 700.It's a great beyond examination and challenge for the air traffic management system of china, especially for Beijing control unit. But it also provides an opportunity for the development of China civil aviation. We are taking pride for the great changes of Beijing International Airport. But at the same time we are worrying the safety of the airport. With the boom of take off and landing sorties, the shortcoming o
f unreasonable airspace regulation in Beijing International Airport has exposed, and it has limited the increase of air traffic flow in Beijing International Airport airspace.
For the sake of exalting the safety of flight, enlarging the air traffic flow of the Beijing International Airport, and solving the flying conflict, the capacity of runway in Beijing International Airport should be increased to adjust to the development of the future. There are various factors that influence the capacity of runway, such as the movement methods of the parallel runway, the results of approach and departure procedure and the methods of air traffic control etc. The design of flight procedure is restricted by airspace. In order to make the terminal airspace moderated and consisted, and acquire the biggest capacity of airport, we must consider the influencing factors as many as possible, it is our final target to plan the airspace in Beijing terminal unify.
With the conditions that the current operation modes of parallel runway , approach and departure procedures and terminal airspace in Beijing International Airport, this article has analyzed the reasons of airspace congestion. This article also applies the theory of instrument flight procedure and utilizes the current facilities in Beijing International Airport.The design of flight procedures
combining RNAV procedures with instrument approach procedures may be accepted on some routes.It make the approach and departure procedure more effective, and increase the capacity of the airport more or less; Secondly, this article contrast the capacities of parallel runway in different methods under radar control, and make the conclusion that the parallel runway in dependent operation modes has the biggest capacity. The article provides the flight procedure for the parallel runway in dependent operation method. Finally, there are factors in the airports that in Beijing terminal airspace which restrict the safety of flight procedure and operation. In order to enlarge the capacity of the airport and adjust to the increasing services, the article has designed a new scheme and provided flight procedure and flight method under the new scheme.
Through the analyses of the article, we should purchase necessary facilities, need more ATCs appropriately, and adopt the parallel runway in dependent operation modes. All airports that in Beijing terminal airspace should coordinate and program the common and public airspace altogether, according to the principle of common sharing and moderating the public airspace. In addition, we should make practice of extending the capacity in stage.
为了提高飞行安全，增大首都机场空中流量，解决飞行矛盾，以顺应未来的发展需求，首都机场跑道容量必须增加，机场跑道容量受多方面因素的影响，如机场平行跑道的运行方式、进离场程序的优劣和空中交通管制方式等，而飞行程序的设计又受到空域的限制，因此，要增加机场容量既要考虑纵向因素又要考虑横向原因，最终目标是统一规划北京终端区的空域，做到终端区的空域统一又协调，才能获得最大的机场容量。
本文从目前首都机场平行跑道的运行方式、进离场程序、终端区空域的现状入手，剖析了造成空域紧张的原因，应用仪表飞行程序设计的思想和原则，利用首都机场终端区现有的设施，某些航线可采用区域导航(RNAV)程序与仪表进近程序相结合的飞行程序设计，优化了目前首都机场的进离场程序，在一定程度上增加了机场容量；其次，研究了雷达管制条件下平行跑道不同运行方式的容量对比，得出平行跑道独立运行的容量最大，然后以这种这种运行方式，为首都机场设计出了平行跑道独立运行的飞行程序；最后，分析北京终端区各机场空域对首都机场飞行程序安全、有效运行的制约因素，研究设计出了北京终端区规划方案及规划后的飞行程序和飞行方法，以达到增大机场的容量，适应未来航班量增加的需求。
通过本文的研究，首都机场尽快购置必备的设备，适当增加管制席位，按设计的飞行程序实施平行跑道独立运行。各机场应本着空域共享，互谅互让的原则，协调相互间的空域，统一规划北京地区的空域。另外，建议首都
西南空通大学硕士研究生学位论文 第11页
机场扩容的实施进程将分阶段尽快实施。
Along with the rapid developing economy of our country in recent years, the civil aviation industry, the fastest transportation means has boomed greatly. Beijing Capital International Airport has been the aviation hub of China and Asia.The taking off and landing sorties in Beijing International Airport have exceeded 700 everyday. It's the No. 1 in Asia recently. Beijing has won the authorization of the Summer Olympic Game of 2008. During that time all the athletes, umpires, reporters and friends from all over the world will swarm into Beijing. The taking off and landing sorties will be far ahead 700.It's a great beyond examination and challenge for the air traffic management system of china, especially for Beijing control unit. But it also provides an opportunity for the development of China civil aviation. We are taking pride for the great changes of Beijing International Airport. But at the same time we are worrying the safety of the airport. With the boom of take off and landing sorties, the shortcoming o
f unreasonable airspace regulation in Beijing International Airport has exposed, and it has limited the increase of air traffic flow in Beijing International Airport airspace.
For the sake of exalting the safety of flight, enlarging the air traffic flow of the Beijing International Airport, and solving the flying conflict, the capacity of runway in Beijing International Airport should be increased to adjust to the development of the future. There are various factors that influence the capacity of runway, such as the movement methods of the parallel runway, the results of approach and departure procedure and the methods of air traffic control etc. The design of flight procedure is restricted by airspace. In order to make the terminal airspace moderated and consisted, and acquire the biggest capacity of airport, we must consider the influencing factors as many as possible, it is our final target to plan the airspace in Beijing terminal unify.
With the conditions that the current operation modes of parallel runway , approach and departure procedures and terminal airspace in Beijing International Airport, this article has analyzed the reasons of airspace congestion. This article also applies the theory of instrument flight procedure and utilizes the current facilities in Beijing International Airport.The design of flight procedures
combining RNAV procedures with instrument approach procedures may be accepted on some routes.It make the approach and departure procedure more effective, and increase the capacity of the airport more or less; Secondly, this article contrast the capacities of parallel runway in different methods under radar control, and make the conclusion that the parallel runway in dependent operation modes has the biggest capacity. The article provides the flight procedure for the parallel runway in dependent operation method. Finally, there are factors in the airports that in Beijing terminal airspace which restrict the safety of flight procedure and operation. In order to enlarge the capacity of the airport and adjust to the increasing services, the article has designed a new scheme and provided flight procedure and flight method under the new scheme.
Through the analyses of the article, we should purchase necessary facilities, need more ATCs appropriately, and adopt the parallel runway in dependent operation modes. All airports that in Beijing terminal airspace should coordinate and program the common and public airspace altogether, according to the principle of common sharing and moderating the public airspace. In addition, we should make practice of extending the capacity in stage.
引文
1、乔乐中著 运输经济
2、系统工程及交通运输系统 西南交大交通运输学院
3、1995年华北区域管制中心预可行性研究报告
4、FAA. Flight procedure and Airspace, 1997
6、《The controller》 1989.7 , 1993.9
7、首都机场近几年航空器起降架次表 1998-2002
8、《Journal of ATC》 1992.9
9、陈宝智编著。安全原理。北京：冶金工业出版社，1995 62-64
10、首都机场航空流量统计表 1998-2002
11、夏洪山等．现代航空运输管理．人民交通出版社，2000
12、国际民航组织DOC8168-Ops/611 航空器运行 第二卷 1993 15-49
13、《Aviation Security》, LEGAL AND REGULATORY ASPECTS, Ruwantissa I.R. Abeyratne.
14、潘卫军等编，空中交通管制基础，中国民航飞行学院出版社，1998：235-240。
15、张焕编 领航学上册 154-164
16、IACO国际民用航空公约附件11空中交通服务 1990．7
17、首都机场空中走廊规定
18、刘汉辉等编 安全飞行原理 北京：中国民航出版社 1993
19、杨春生等编，危险11分钟。北京 中国民航出版社，2000 3-5
20、何光勤等编，目视和仪表飞行程序，广汉：中国民航飞行学院出版社，1993：21-25，31-39。
21、国际民航组织DOC8168一Ops/611航空器运行 第二卷 1993 15-49
22、《THE FUTURE OF AIRTRAFFIC CONTROL》, HUMAN OPERATERS AND AUTOMATION, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
23、ICAO. Airport planning manual. ICAO. 1981. 57-61。
24、Frank Durso. Ph.D. The Role of the Future ATC Specialist. University of Oklahoma, June 1999
25、卢芝平等编，全向信标和仪表着陆系统，北京：国防工业出版社，1990：11-13。
26、pilot' s handbook of Approach, 1974: 199。
27、中国民航总局，机场运行最低标准与实施规定，北京：中国民航出版社，1996：5-12。
28、《Cross - Country Flying》, 3rd Edition, TAB RACTICAI, FLYING SERIES, R. Randall Padfield
29、许学伊等译。杰普逊航图，北京：中国民航出版社，1991：1044-106
30、《Flying The Edge》, FLIGHT AT THE THRESHOLD OF OPTIMUM
PERFORMANCE, CAPT. BRIAN MCALLISTER
31、《机场规划与程序设计》 富兰西斯．马卡维 1984
32、孙宏 西南交通大学学报 2002．1
33、《ICAO journal》 1995.4
34、Davis. T and J. Erzberger. Design and Evaluation of Final Approach Spacing tool. Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, Vol. 14, No. 4, July-August 1991
35、中国民用航空空中交通管理规则 民航总局令第86号
36、潘国兵等．机场终端区着陆次序的排序规划算法研究．中国民航飞行学院 2002年论文集，2002
37、漆俊杰．民航现阶段流量控制的合理使用．中国民航飞行学院学报，1999，第1期
38、戴福清．机场跑道容量若干问题的研究．中国民航学院学报，2000，第3期
39、ICAO附件14关于平行跑道间距的建议 1990．7
40、ICAO TERPS第九章 平行跑道同时ILS进近
41、ICAO DOC9643 第二卷
42、朱燕堂．应用概率统计方法．西北工业大学出版社，1990
43、同济大学数学教研室．工程数学线性代数．高等教育出版社
44、ICAO DOC. 4444-RAC/501
45、UNITED STATES STANDAND FOR TERMINAL INSTRUMENT PROCEDURES (TERPS) 1976.7
46、EUROCONTROL . European Organization for The Safety of Air Navigation. Guidance Material for The Design of TerminalProcedures for DME/DME and GNSS Area Navigation. European Air Traffic Control, 1997: 57～58.
47、King C. The"Y"Concept of RNAV terminal procedure, Eurocontrol Publishing Company, 1998. 4-7.
48、华北空管局终端区年架次统计 94年
49、FAA. The Rules of Aircraft Separation (ATC-150/5325). Washington. DC.,1999
50、Pieter Vinken. Stability Analysis of In-trail Flowing aircraft. Eurocontrol Experimental Center BP15,91222 Bretigny
51、Charle. Sonic. The Modeling Reserch For Route Air Traffic Flow Management. NASA TM-103880, 2002
52、王大海。飞行性能．)广汉：中国民航飞行学院出版社，1997：75～78。
53、《AIM/FAR 1998》 Charles F. Spence editor
54、吕人力 空域管理中的的军民航协调机制民航经济与技术
55、Scott D. Gronlund. An Information Tool For Planning in ATC. Office of Aerospace Medicine Washington, DC. 20591,2001
56、中国民航总局：中华人民共和国飞行基本规则补充规定。北京：中国民航出版社，2001
2、系统工程及交通运输系统 西南交大交通运输学院
3、1995年华北区域管制中心预可行性研究报告
4、FAA. Flight procedure and Airspace, 1997
6、《The controller》 1989.7 , 1993.9
7、首都机场近几年航空器起降架次表 1998-2002
8、《Journal of ATC》 1992.9
9、陈宝智编著。安全原理。北京：冶金工业出版社，1995 62-64
10、首都机场航空流量统计表 1998-2002
11、夏洪山等．现代航空运输管理．人民交通出版社，2000
12、国际民航组织DOC8168-Ops/611 航空器运行 第二卷 1993 15-49
13、《Aviation Security》, LEGAL AND REGULATORY ASPECTS, Ruwantissa I.R. Abeyratne.
14、潘卫军等编，空中交通管制基础，中国民航飞行学院出版社，1998：235-240。
15、张焕编 领航学上册 154-164
16、IACO国际民用航空公约附件11空中交通服务 1990．7
17、首都机场空中走廊规定
18、刘汉辉等编 安全飞行原理 北京：中国民航出版社 1993
19、杨春生等编，危险11分钟。北京 中国民航出版社，2000 3-5
20、何光勤等编，目视和仪表飞行程序，广汉：中国民航飞行学院出版社，1993：21-25，31-39。
21、国际民航组织DOC8168一Ops/611航空器运行 第二卷 1993 15-49
22、《THE FUTURE OF AIRTRAFFIC CONTROL》, HUMAN OPERATERS AND AUTOMATION, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
23、ICAO. Airport planning manual. ICAO. 1981. 57-61。
24、Frank Durso. Ph.D. The Role of the Future ATC Specialist. University of Oklahoma, June 1999
25、卢芝平等编，全向信标和仪表着陆系统，北京：国防工业出版社，1990：11-13。
26、pilot' s handbook of Approach, 1974: 199。
27、中国民航总局，机场运行最低标准与实施规定，北京：中国民航出版社，1996：5-12。
28、《Cross - Country Flying》, 3rd Edition, TAB RACTICAI, FLYING SERIES, R. Randall Padfield
29、许学伊等译。杰普逊航图，北京：中国民航出版社，1991：1044-106
30、《Flying The Edge》, FLIGHT AT THE THRESHOLD OF OPTIMUM
PERFORMANCE, CAPT. BRIAN MCALLISTER
31、《机场规划与程序设计》 富兰西斯．马卡维 1984
32、孙宏 西南交通大学学报 2002．1
33、《ICAO journal》 1995.4
34、Davis. T and J. Erzberger. Design and Evaluation of Final Approach Spacing tool. Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, Vol. 14, No. 4, July-August 1991
35、中国民用航空空中交通管理规则 民航总局令第86号
36、潘国兵等．机场终端区着陆次序的排序规划算法研究．中国民航飞行学院 2002年论文集，2002
37、漆俊杰．民航现阶段流量控制的合理使用．中国民航飞行学院学报，1999，第1期
38、戴福清．机场跑道容量若干问题的研究．中国民航学院学报，2000，第3期
39、ICAO附件14关于平行跑道间距的建议 1990．7
40、ICAO TERPS第九章 平行跑道同时ILS进近
41、ICAO DOC9643 第二卷
42、朱燕堂．应用概率统计方法．西北工业大学出版社，1990
43、同济大学数学教研室．工程数学线性代数．高等教育出版社
44、ICAO DOC. 4444-RAC/501
45、UNITED STATES STANDAND FOR TERMINAL INSTRUMENT PROCEDURES (TERPS) 1976.7
46、EUROCONTROL . European Organization for The Safety of Air Navigation. Guidance Material for The Design of TerminalProcedures for DME/DME and GNSS Area Navigation. European Air Traffic Control, 1997: 57～58.
47、King C. The"Y"Concept of RNAV terminal procedure, Eurocontrol Publishing Company, 1998. 4-7.
48、华北空管局终端区年架次统计 94年
49、FAA. The Rules of Aircraft Separation (ATC-150/5325). Washington. DC.,1999
50、Pieter Vinken. Stability Analysis of In-trail Flowing aircraft. Eurocontrol Experimental Center BP15,91222 Bretigny
51、Charle. Sonic. The Modeling Reserch For Route Air Traffic Flow Management. NASA TM-103880, 2002
52、王大海。飞行性能．)广汉：中国民航飞行学院出版社，1997：75～78。
53、《AIM/FAR 1998》 Charles F. Spence editor
54、吕人力 空域管理中的的军民航协调机制民航经济与技术
55、Scott D. Gronlund. An Information Tool For Planning in ATC. Office of Aerospace Medicine Washington, DC. 20591,2001
56、中国民航总局：中华人民共和国飞行基本规则补充规定。北京：中国民航出版社，2001