旅游业碳排放测度与碳减排机制研究
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摘要
旅游业与气候环境变化息息相关,旅游业是受气候变化的影响仅次于农业的行业,同时交通、住宿等旅游活动产生的碳排放也影响着气候变化。现在,减少人为碳排放,实现低碳发展已经成为人们普遍认同的发展理念。而低碳旅游正是旅游业对气候变化的积极响应,也是低碳经济的延伸,将会给全球旅游业带来深远影响。但要真正实现旅游业低碳发展还有许多问题亟待解决。国外相关研究表明,旅游业碳排放测度是实现旅游业低碳发展的关键一步,但目前国内低碳旅游的研究仍处于起步阶段,尤其是旅游业碳排放测度的研究比较薄弱。本文在深入分析和总结国内外已有研究的基础上,尝试构建出符合我国目前统计口径的旅游产业碳排放测度方法和旅游景区碳排放测度方法,并以长江三角洲地区为例进行实证研究。进而探索旅游业碳减排的实现机制,提出了相应的建议与对策。全文共分为七章,各章的主要内容如下：
第一章,序论。本章主要阐述了本文的研究背景和研究意义,论述了本文的研究目标和主要内容,对本文的研究方法与技术路线做出了说明,从总体上对本文的研究思路做出了概述。
第二章,相关理论基础与研究进展。本章首先梳理了碳源、碳汇、碳中和等旅游业碳排放的相关基本概念；逐一阐述了支撑本文研究的可持续发展理论、循环经济理论、生态足迹理论和脱钩理论以及这些理论在旅游研究中的应用。并对气候变化、生态旅游、低碳经济、低碳社会和低碳城市等相关领域研究进展进行了回顾和总结,继而对低碳旅游的国内外发展现状和未来研究展望进行了详细阐述。
第三章,旅游业碳排放测度方法研究。本章基于国内外相关文献研究,系统梳理了常见的各种碳排放测度方法,并对目前国外旅游业碳排放测度研究进行总结,分别结合国外研究案例对旅游产业碳排放测度和旅游地碳排放测度这两大类碳排放测度方法进行了总结和分析。在此基础上,从旅游产业和旅游景区两个层面研究我国旅游业碳排放测度方法：借鉴“旅游消费剥离系数”概念,尝试从能源消费的角度,构建了我国旅游产业碳排放测度方法；从系统构成和生命周期两个角度构建了旅游景区碳排放测度框架与方法。
第四章,长三角旅游业碳排放测度。本章在对长江三角洲旅游业发展进行回顾的基础上,应用第三章中的旅游产业碳排放测度方法,对长三角地区进行了旅游业碳排放测度的实证研究,并分别对长三角区域和各省(市)旅游碳排放现状进行了分析。
第五章,长三角旅游景区碳排放测度。本章在对长江三角景区进行类型梳理的基础上,应用第三章中构建的旅游景区碳排放测度框架和方法,选取了长三角地区具有代表性的两个景区：中山陵园风景区和西塘古镇景区,进行旅游景区碳排放测度的实证研究。
第六章,旅游业碳减排机制探索。本章回顾了现阶段我国低碳旅游的发展已经取得的成果,分析了在未来发展中仍存着的制约因素,结合国内外旅游业碳减排经验提出了旅游业碳减排的主体分工,从规划、市场、管理和技术支撑四方面探索旅游业碳减排的实现机制。进而以中山陵园风景区和西塘古镇景区为例,对自然景观类景区和人文景观类景区的低碳建设提出了对策和建议。
第七章,结论与讨论。本章总结了研究获得的主要结论,概括了本文所取得的主要创新点,并对研究中存在的问题进行了讨论。
通过以上研究,本文主要取得了以下几个创新点：
(1)在分析了旅游产业排放测度的范围和对象的基础上,引入了旅游消费剥离系数,尝试从旅游业能源消费的角度入手,将旅游业碳排放从其他相关行业碳排放中剥离出来,构建了旅游产业碳排放的测度方法。并以长三角地区为案例,验证了测度方法的可行性。
(2)从系统构成和生命周期两个角度,构建了景区全生命周期的碳排放估算框架,并阐述了具体测度方法。在分析旅游景区碳排放的过程中,突出了旅游景区的空间属性和实体性,分析了景区从建设、发展到衰落全过程的碳排放构成。并结合中山陵园风景区和西塘古镇景区的案例进行了具体测度和分析。
(3)根据景区总体规划和详细规划的主要内容,提出了旅游景区碳减排的规划机制。强调了常被忽视的旅游规划对于景区碳减排的重要性,为低碳景区建设提供了新思路’。
Climate change is projected to impact tourism is closely in various ways, however, tourism also contributes to climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide through transport, accommodation and other tourist activities. Now low-carbon tourism is becoming a popular choice to protect the environment for tourists. A lot of people are already accepted the low-carbon conception, and more and more people like it. But there are still numerous hurdles on the road to really achieve low-carbon in our travels, because there is a large amount of direct energy consumption in the form of fossil fuels or indirect energy consumption in the form of electricity during the whole journey. And this consumption directly leads to the emission of carbon dioxide. According to international experience, measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism is a key step to developing low-carbon tourism. However, the study of low-carbon tourism in China is still in its initial stage. Under the background of global energy conservation and emissions reduction, this paper build up a rational method for measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism and tourist attractions which is according with the situation of Chinese tourism. Taking the Yangtze River Delta as the scope of research, we attempt to measure carbon dioxide emissions from tourism and tourist attractions of Jiangsu, Zhejiang provinces and Shanghai, and then contrast and analyze the results of measurement. This paper includes seven chapters, each of which is summarized as the following.
Chapter1, introduction. This chapter gives a description of the research mentality. The author elaborates the research background and the research significance, and then expounds the research objectives, the primary coverage, methods and the train of thought.
Chapter2, the overview of related theoretic basis and research progress. This chapter firstly defines the related basic concepts, such as carbon source, carbon sink, carbon neutral and so on. And then the chapter gives a detailed description about relative supporting theories and their applications in tourism researcher in turn, including Sustainable Development theory, Circular Economy theory, Ecological Footprint theory and Decoupling theory. Furthermore, the latest research status in the corresponding field are reviewed and summarized, including researches in global climatic change, ecological tourism, low-carbon economy, low-carbon society and low-carbon city. After these, the low-carbon tourism developing situation and tendency in China and foreign are expounded
Chapter3, the method of measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism. In this chapter, the methods of measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism are studied by consulting domestic and abroad relevant references. The methods of measuring carbon dioxide emissions common used in other fields are summarized. Through the literature studies, the researches of measuring tourist carbon emissions are divided into two broad categories:measuring carbon dioxide emissions of tourist industry and measuring carbon dioxide emissions of tourist destination, and then, the methods of the two categories have been summarized and analyzed with foreign research cases respectively. On this basis, the methods of measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism are studied in two aspects: tourism industry and tourism attraction. Firstly, the author builds up a rational method for measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism industry which is according with the situation of Chinese tourism. This measurement can strip tourist energy consumptions away from energy consumptions by related industries by using "tourist consuming minus coefficient". Secondly, the author builds up the framework and method for measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism attraction from both system structure and life cycle perspectives.
Chapter4, measuring carbon dioxide emissions from the tourism industry in Yangtze River Delta. Based on the review of the tourism development in Yangtze River Delta, this chapter attempt to measure carbon dioxide emissions from tourism of Jiangsu, Zhejiang provinces and Shanghai by using the method which has been built up in chapter3, and then contrast and analyze the results of measurement.
Chapter5, measuring carbon dioxide emissions from the tourism attractions in Yangtze River Delta. Based on the analysis of the types of tourism attractions in Yangtze River Delta, the author chooses two tourism attractions:The Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum national park and Xitang historic town to measure carbon dioxide emissions by using the framework and the method which has been built up in chapter3.
Chapters6, study on the operational mechanism of reducing tourist carbon dioxide emissions. In this chapter, the main achievements in the low-carbon tourism in recent years are reviewed, and the problems and restrictive factors are analyzed. In this foundation, this chapter believes that reducing tourist carbon dioxide emissions should depends largely on the cooperation among government, tourist destinations, tourism companies and tourists, and explores the implementing mechanisms of reducing tourist carbon dioxide emissions from three aspects:tourism planning, carbon market and management. Moreover, some technologies which powerfully support to reduce tourist carbon dioxide emissions are elaborated. Additionally, taking the Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum national park and Xitang historic town as example, some countermeasures and suggestions are presented to the construction of a low-carbon natural or cultural tourism attraction.
Chapters7, conclusion and discussion. In conclusion, the author sums up the main results and the creative works of this study. And in discussion, the author discusses problems and prospects in this study.
Based on above work, this paper has made the following innovative achievements.
Firstly, starting from the angle of tourism energy consumption, this paper builds up a measurement that strip tourist energy consumptions away from energy consumptions by related industries by using "tourist consuming minus coefficient". With taking the Yangtze River Delta as the example, the feasibility and validity of the measurement are demonstrated by experiment measured result.
Secondly, this paper builds up a framework and method for measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism attraction from both system structure and life cycle perspectives, and expounds its concrete steps. During the analysis, the paper highlights the spatiality and entity of tourist attractions, and analyzes the constitution of carbon dioxide emissions in whole process of tourism attraction from constructing, developing until decaying. And the measurement and analysis are made by combining the example of the Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum national park and Xitang historic town.
Finally, according to the main content of tourism master planning and tourism detailed planning, the paper puts forward the key points of tourism planning in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions of tourist attractions. This wok stressed the importance of tourism planning which is often neglected, and provides new ideas for construction of low-carbon tourism attraction.
第一章,序论。本章主要阐述了本文的研究背景和研究意义,论述了本文的研究目标和主要内容,对本文的研究方法与技术路线做出了说明,从总体上对本文的研究思路做出了概述。
第二章,相关理论基础与研究进展。本章首先梳理了碳源、碳汇、碳中和等旅游业碳排放的相关基本概念；逐一阐述了支撑本文研究的可持续发展理论、循环经济理论、生态足迹理论和脱钩理论以及这些理论在旅游研究中的应用。并对气候变化、生态旅游、低碳经济、低碳社会和低碳城市等相关领域研究进展进行了回顾和总结,继而对低碳旅游的国内外发展现状和未来研究展望进行了详细阐述。
第三章,旅游业碳排放测度方法研究。本章基于国内外相关文献研究,系统梳理了常见的各种碳排放测度方法,并对目前国外旅游业碳排放测度研究进行总结,分别结合国外研究案例对旅游产业碳排放测度和旅游地碳排放测度这两大类碳排放测度方法进行了总结和分析。在此基础上,从旅游产业和旅游景区两个层面研究我国旅游业碳排放测度方法：借鉴“旅游消费剥离系数”概念,尝试从能源消费的角度,构建了我国旅游产业碳排放测度方法；从系统构成和生命周期两个角度构建了旅游景区碳排放测度框架与方法。
第四章,长三角旅游业碳排放测度。本章在对长江三角洲旅游业发展进行回顾的基础上,应用第三章中的旅游产业碳排放测度方法,对长三角地区进行了旅游业碳排放测度的实证研究,并分别对长三角区域和各省(市)旅游碳排放现状进行了分析。
第五章,长三角旅游景区碳排放测度。本章在对长江三角景区进行类型梳理的基础上,应用第三章中构建的旅游景区碳排放测度框架和方法,选取了长三角地区具有代表性的两个景区：中山陵园风景区和西塘古镇景区,进行旅游景区碳排放测度的实证研究。
第六章,旅游业碳减排机制探索。本章回顾了现阶段我国低碳旅游的发展已经取得的成果,分析了在未来发展中仍存着的制约因素,结合国内外旅游业碳减排经验提出了旅游业碳减排的主体分工,从规划、市场、管理和技术支撑四方面探索旅游业碳减排的实现机制。进而以中山陵园风景区和西塘古镇景区为例,对自然景观类景区和人文景观类景区的低碳建设提出了对策和建议。
第七章,结论与讨论。本章总结了研究获得的主要结论,概括了本文所取得的主要创新点,并对研究中存在的问题进行了讨论。
通过以上研究,本文主要取得了以下几个创新点：
(1)在分析了旅游产业排放测度的范围和对象的基础上,引入了旅游消费剥离系数,尝试从旅游业能源消费的角度入手,将旅游业碳排放从其他相关行业碳排放中剥离出来,构建了旅游产业碳排放的测度方法。并以长三角地区为案例,验证了测度方法的可行性。
(2)从系统构成和生命周期两个角度,构建了景区全生命周期的碳排放估算框架,并阐述了具体测度方法。在分析旅游景区碳排放的过程中,突出了旅游景区的空间属性和实体性,分析了景区从建设、发展到衰落全过程的碳排放构成。并结合中山陵园风景区和西塘古镇景区的案例进行了具体测度和分析。
(3)根据景区总体规划和详细规划的主要内容,提出了旅游景区碳减排的规划机制。强调了常被忽视的旅游规划对于景区碳减排的重要性,为低碳景区建设提供了新思路’。
Climate change is projected to impact tourism is closely in various ways, however, tourism also contributes to climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide through transport, accommodation and other tourist activities. Now low-carbon tourism is becoming a popular choice to protect the environment for tourists. A lot of people are already accepted the low-carbon conception, and more and more people like it. But there are still numerous hurdles on the road to really achieve low-carbon in our travels, because there is a large amount of direct energy consumption in the form of fossil fuels or indirect energy consumption in the form of electricity during the whole journey. And this consumption directly leads to the emission of carbon dioxide. According to international experience, measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism is a key step to developing low-carbon tourism. However, the study of low-carbon tourism in China is still in its initial stage. Under the background of global energy conservation and emissions reduction, this paper build up a rational method for measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism and tourist attractions which is according with the situation of Chinese tourism. Taking the Yangtze River Delta as the scope of research, we attempt to measure carbon dioxide emissions from tourism and tourist attractions of Jiangsu, Zhejiang provinces and Shanghai, and then contrast and analyze the results of measurement. This paper includes seven chapters, each of which is summarized as the following.
Chapter1, introduction. This chapter gives a description of the research mentality. The author elaborates the research background and the research significance, and then expounds the research objectives, the primary coverage, methods and the train of thought.
Chapter2, the overview of related theoretic basis and research progress. This chapter firstly defines the related basic concepts, such as carbon source, carbon sink, carbon neutral and so on. And then the chapter gives a detailed description about relative supporting theories and their applications in tourism researcher in turn, including Sustainable Development theory, Circular Economy theory, Ecological Footprint theory and Decoupling theory. Furthermore, the latest research status in the corresponding field are reviewed and summarized, including researches in global climatic change, ecological tourism, low-carbon economy, low-carbon society and low-carbon city. After these, the low-carbon tourism developing situation and tendency in China and foreign are expounded
Chapter3, the method of measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism. In this chapter, the methods of measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism are studied by consulting domestic and abroad relevant references. The methods of measuring carbon dioxide emissions common used in other fields are summarized. Through the literature studies, the researches of measuring tourist carbon emissions are divided into two broad categories:measuring carbon dioxide emissions of tourist industry and measuring carbon dioxide emissions of tourist destination, and then, the methods of the two categories have been summarized and analyzed with foreign research cases respectively. On this basis, the methods of measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism are studied in two aspects: tourism industry and tourism attraction. Firstly, the author builds up a rational method for measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism industry which is according with the situation of Chinese tourism. This measurement can strip tourist energy consumptions away from energy consumptions by related industries by using "tourist consuming minus coefficient". Secondly, the author builds up the framework and method for measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism attraction from both system structure and life cycle perspectives.
Chapter4, measuring carbon dioxide emissions from the tourism industry in Yangtze River Delta. Based on the review of the tourism development in Yangtze River Delta, this chapter attempt to measure carbon dioxide emissions from tourism of Jiangsu, Zhejiang provinces and Shanghai by using the method which has been built up in chapter3, and then contrast and analyze the results of measurement.
Chapter5, measuring carbon dioxide emissions from the tourism attractions in Yangtze River Delta. Based on the analysis of the types of tourism attractions in Yangtze River Delta, the author chooses two tourism attractions:The Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum national park and Xitang historic town to measure carbon dioxide emissions by using the framework and the method which has been built up in chapter3.
Chapters6, study on the operational mechanism of reducing tourist carbon dioxide emissions. In this chapter, the main achievements in the low-carbon tourism in recent years are reviewed, and the problems and restrictive factors are analyzed. In this foundation, this chapter believes that reducing tourist carbon dioxide emissions should depends largely on the cooperation among government, tourist destinations, tourism companies and tourists, and explores the implementing mechanisms of reducing tourist carbon dioxide emissions from three aspects:tourism planning, carbon market and management. Moreover, some technologies which powerfully support to reduce tourist carbon dioxide emissions are elaborated. Additionally, taking the Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum national park and Xitang historic town as example, some countermeasures and suggestions are presented to the construction of a low-carbon natural or cultural tourism attraction.
Chapters7, conclusion and discussion. In conclusion, the author sums up the main results and the creative works of this study. And in discussion, the author discusses problems and prospects in this study.
Based on above work, this paper has made the following innovative achievements.
Firstly, starting from the angle of tourism energy consumption, this paper builds up a measurement that strip tourist energy consumptions away from energy consumptions by related industries by using "tourist consuming minus coefficient". With taking the Yangtze River Delta as the example, the feasibility and validity of the measurement are demonstrated by experiment measured result.
Secondly, this paper builds up a framework and method for measuring carbon dioxide emissions from tourism attraction from both system structure and life cycle perspectives, and expounds its concrete steps. During the analysis, the paper highlights the spatiality and entity of tourist attractions, and analyzes the constitution of carbon dioxide emissions in whole process of tourism attraction from constructing, developing until decaying. And the measurement and analysis are made by combining the example of the Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum national park and Xitang historic town.
Finally, according to the main content of tourism master planning and tourism detailed planning, the paper puts forward the key points of tourism planning in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions of tourist attractions. This wok stressed the importance of tourism planning which is often neglected, and provides new ideas for construction of low-carbon tourism attraction.
引文
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