淮河支流微量元素分布及环境生物效应研究
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摘要
自上个世纪50年代初始,环境问题就引起了人们的重视。由于日本发生由汞污染引起的水俣病和由镉污染引起的痛骨病开始,微量元素污染问题渐渐进入人们的视线,它的污染和防治备受世界各国政府的重视,特别是环境中的有毒微量元素,由于其化学行为和生物富集效应,一直为世界各国学者研究的热点。
目前人们对河流污染的研究主要集中在江河湖泊,而对人们河流支流中污染在状况却不十分重视,支流污染往往比干流更加严重。支流一般流经城市,在城市功能中起着水源地、排涝、排污等重要的功能,因此本文选取了淮河两条重要的支流,一条为人工河流新汴河,一条为自然河流沱河,且都流经安徽宿州地区。流经区域为严重缺水地区,经济发展滞后,正面临着产业升级转型中,保护有限的水资源,保证人们生产生活用水显得十分迫切!本文以新汴河与沱河为研究对象,设置96个采样点(断面),系统采集了河流沉积物、沿岸土壤、水中金鱼藻、中华圆田螺样品,分析测试其微量元素,通过模拟实验研究的金鱼藻和中华圆田螺作为微量元素指示生物的可能性。
通过研究发现：
(1)新汴河表层沉积物中As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn六种微量元素除Zn外其他微量元素在大部分采样点都受到无污染到中污染,各段污染负荷指数来看泗洪段污染最严重,宿州段和灵璧段相当,泗县段污染最低。
(2)沱河沉积物中除Cu有大部分样点为无污染到中度污染外其余的微量元素样点有零星污染；各段污染负荷指数来看采煤塌陷段和宿州段污染最严重,农业段污染指数相差不大。
(3)农业生产生活污染、交通运输以及城市工业污染是两条河流沉积物微量元素主要来源,在沱河中靠近工业区段存在明显的带状污染情况。两条河流沉积物微量元素比较发现自然河流沱河微量元素含量比较低。
(4)两条河流沿岸土壤中除个别微量元素有轻微污染外,其他微量元素均没有污染,Zn在两条河流中都处于无污染到中度污染等级。
(5)金鱼藻在研究区域内不同样点表现出不同的富集能力,在对金鱼藻中微量元素富集系数与沉积物中微量元素含量线性回归分析发现,金鱼藻中的微量元素富集系数与周边环境中的沉积物在着一定的相关关系的现象,部分微量元素如Cu、Pb、As存在稳定吸附的现象。
(6)研究区域内中华圆田螺微量元素富集能力大小顺序为Cr>Ni>Cu>Zn>Mn>As>Pb>Fe。Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mn是生物体生长所必需的微量元素因而富集能力较强,而Pb和As为生物体生长非必需的、有毒微量元素,因而富集能力较弱。
(7)金鱼藻模拟实验对微量元素铜的毒性、富集、吸附特征进行研究。铜离子在低浓度时对金鱼藻的生长有明显的促进作用,高浓度是对生长有抑制作用,金鱼藻在低浓度时吸附量与ln(时间)有很好的线性关系,随着浓度升高,线性关系越差。因此金鱼藻在低浓度时可以用作对水中Cu离子的指示生物。
(8)中华圆田螺模拟实验结果表明中华圆田螺对微量元素的吸收与沉积物中微量元素总量无关,As和Mn存在最大饱和吸附量,而Cu、Pb和Zn在中华圆田螺体内的含量与沉积物中的含量存在一定的线性关系,因此,中华圆田螺可以成为Cu、Pb和Zn的指示生物。图：122；表：40；参：110
Environmental problems caused people's attention since the1950s. Element pollution got in to sight because of minamata disease and Itai-itai disease caused by mercury pollution and cadmium pollution. The prevention and control of pollution was pay attention to by the governments around the world. Especially in the environment of elements whose chemical behavior and bioaccumulation effects, has been a hot research scholars around the world.
Today most researches about river pollution focuses on the big rivers and lakes, while the tributaries around people were not pad attention. Tributaries had stronger contamination than mainstream, because tributaries go through the city. Rivers in the city play a functional water sources, drainage, sewage and other important functions. Therefore, we choose two tributaries of Huaihe River. Both of them were in Suzhou Anhui province, one was an artificial river named New Bian River, and other is a natural river named Tuo River. Anhui Suzhou is a serious water shortage areas and economic development lags behind city. Protecting of limited water resources to ensure that people living was very urgent by the economic development. We sited96samples (or sections) and collected sediments, coastal soil, Ceratophyllum and Cipangopaludina cahayensis in New Bian River and Tuo River and detected the content of elements in them. We do experiments studied on the possibilities of Ceratophyllum and Cipangopaludina cahayensis as element indicators.
Through research, main results were summed as follows:
(1) Six elements (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were belong to uncontamination to moderate contamination, strong contamination in some sample stations in sediments of New Bian River except Zn. Sihong section had most contaminated. Suzhou section and Lingbi section had the same contamination, and then was Sihong section.
(2) In Tuo River most or half of samples were clean to moderate contamination by Cu, and others were uncontamination except sporadic samples. Mining subsidence section had a biggest index of PLI, and then was Suzhou section. Several agriculture sections had small index of PLIs.
(3) Agricultural production and domestic pollution, transport pollution and industry pollution were the main sources of elements in sediments of two study rivers. There was an industrial zone near Tuo River that was considered as industrial pollution. Compare the two rivers, nature river lower content of elements in sediment than artificial river.
(4) Coastal soil was uncontaminated except some elements in some sampling points, but two river coastal soils had contaminated by Zn.
(5) Ceratophyllum had different ability to accumulate elements on different study area. Correlation phenomenon was existed between EFs and content of elements in sediment, through linear regression analyzing.
(6) The order of EFs of Cipangopaludina cahayensis in study area was that: Cr>Ni>Cu>Zn>Mn>As>Pb>Fe. We could find the Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn were necessary elements for the growth, thus show stronger enrichment ability, and As and Pb were nor necessary elements for the growth.
(7) Simulation Ceratophyllum experiments studied on enrichment, adsorption characteristics and toxicity of Cu. Low concentration of Cu had role in promoting, but high concentration had inhibition. Adsorption capacity and ln(time) had a good linear relationship at low concentration, but the higher concentration had worse linear relationship. Thus Ceratophyllum could consider as an indicator organism at low concentration of Cu.
(8) Cipangopaludina cahayensis experiments show that elements adsorption had no relationship which concentration of element in sediments. As and Mn had a maximum adsorption capacity. The concentration of Cu, Pb and Zn in Cipangopaludina cahayensis and in sediment had a good linear relationship, therefore, can be an indicator organism. Figure122; table40; reference110
目前人们对河流污染的研究主要集中在江河湖泊,而对人们河流支流中污染在状况却不十分重视,支流污染往往比干流更加严重。支流一般流经城市,在城市功能中起着水源地、排涝、排污等重要的功能,因此本文选取了淮河两条重要的支流,一条为人工河流新汴河,一条为自然河流沱河,且都流经安徽宿州地区。流经区域为严重缺水地区,经济发展滞后,正面临着产业升级转型中,保护有限的水资源,保证人们生产生活用水显得十分迫切!本文以新汴河与沱河为研究对象,设置96个采样点(断面),系统采集了河流沉积物、沿岸土壤、水中金鱼藻、中华圆田螺样品,分析测试其微量元素,通过模拟实验研究的金鱼藻和中华圆田螺作为微量元素指示生物的可能性。
通过研究发现：
(1)新汴河表层沉积物中As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn六种微量元素除Zn外其他微量元素在大部分采样点都受到无污染到中污染,各段污染负荷指数来看泗洪段污染最严重,宿州段和灵璧段相当,泗县段污染最低。
(2)沱河沉积物中除Cu有大部分样点为无污染到中度污染外其余的微量元素样点有零星污染；各段污染负荷指数来看采煤塌陷段和宿州段污染最严重,农业段污染指数相差不大。
(3)农业生产生活污染、交通运输以及城市工业污染是两条河流沉积物微量元素主要来源,在沱河中靠近工业区段存在明显的带状污染情况。两条河流沉积物微量元素比较发现自然河流沱河微量元素含量比较低。
(4)两条河流沿岸土壤中除个别微量元素有轻微污染外,其他微量元素均没有污染,Zn在两条河流中都处于无污染到中度污染等级。
(5)金鱼藻在研究区域内不同样点表现出不同的富集能力,在对金鱼藻中微量元素富集系数与沉积物中微量元素含量线性回归分析发现,金鱼藻中的微量元素富集系数与周边环境中的沉积物在着一定的相关关系的现象,部分微量元素如Cu、Pb、As存在稳定吸附的现象。
(6)研究区域内中华圆田螺微量元素富集能力大小顺序为Cr>Ni>Cu>Zn>Mn>As>Pb>Fe。Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mn是生物体生长所必需的微量元素因而富集能力较强,而Pb和As为生物体生长非必需的、有毒微量元素,因而富集能力较弱。
(7)金鱼藻模拟实验对微量元素铜的毒性、富集、吸附特征进行研究。铜离子在低浓度时对金鱼藻的生长有明显的促进作用,高浓度是对生长有抑制作用,金鱼藻在低浓度时吸附量与ln(时间)有很好的线性关系,随着浓度升高,线性关系越差。因此金鱼藻在低浓度时可以用作对水中Cu离子的指示生物。
(8)中华圆田螺模拟实验结果表明中华圆田螺对微量元素的吸收与沉积物中微量元素总量无关,As和Mn存在最大饱和吸附量,而Cu、Pb和Zn在中华圆田螺体内的含量与沉积物中的含量存在一定的线性关系,因此,中华圆田螺可以成为Cu、Pb和Zn的指示生物。图：122；表：40；参：110
Environmental problems caused people's attention since the1950s. Element pollution got in to sight because of minamata disease and Itai-itai disease caused by mercury pollution and cadmium pollution. The prevention and control of pollution was pay attention to by the governments around the world. Especially in the environment of elements whose chemical behavior and bioaccumulation effects, has been a hot research scholars around the world.
Today most researches about river pollution focuses on the big rivers and lakes, while the tributaries around people were not pad attention. Tributaries had stronger contamination than mainstream, because tributaries go through the city. Rivers in the city play a functional water sources, drainage, sewage and other important functions. Therefore, we choose two tributaries of Huaihe River. Both of them were in Suzhou Anhui province, one was an artificial river named New Bian River, and other is a natural river named Tuo River. Anhui Suzhou is a serious water shortage areas and economic development lags behind city. Protecting of limited water resources to ensure that people living was very urgent by the economic development. We sited96samples (or sections) and collected sediments, coastal soil, Ceratophyllum and Cipangopaludina cahayensis in New Bian River and Tuo River and detected the content of elements in them. We do experiments studied on the possibilities of Ceratophyllum and Cipangopaludina cahayensis as element indicators.
Through research, main results were summed as follows:
(1) Six elements (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were belong to uncontamination to moderate contamination, strong contamination in some sample stations in sediments of New Bian River except Zn. Sihong section had most contaminated. Suzhou section and Lingbi section had the same contamination, and then was Sihong section.
(2) In Tuo River most or half of samples were clean to moderate contamination by Cu, and others were uncontamination except sporadic samples. Mining subsidence section had a biggest index of PLI, and then was Suzhou section. Several agriculture sections had small index of PLIs.
(3) Agricultural production and domestic pollution, transport pollution and industry pollution were the main sources of elements in sediments of two study rivers. There was an industrial zone near Tuo River that was considered as industrial pollution. Compare the two rivers, nature river lower content of elements in sediment than artificial river.
(4) Coastal soil was uncontaminated except some elements in some sampling points, but two river coastal soils had contaminated by Zn.
(5) Ceratophyllum had different ability to accumulate elements on different study area. Correlation phenomenon was existed between EFs and content of elements in sediment, through linear regression analyzing.
(6) The order of EFs of Cipangopaludina cahayensis in study area was that: Cr>Ni>Cu>Zn>Mn>As>Pb>Fe. We could find the Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn were necessary elements for the growth, thus show stronger enrichment ability, and As and Pb were nor necessary elements for the growth.
(7) Simulation Ceratophyllum experiments studied on enrichment, adsorption characteristics and toxicity of Cu. Low concentration of Cu had role in promoting, but high concentration had inhibition. Adsorption capacity and ln(time) had a good linear relationship at low concentration, but the higher concentration had worse linear relationship. Thus Ceratophyllum could consider as an indicator organism at low concentration of Cu.
(8) Cipangopaludina cahayensis experiments show that elements adsorption had no relationship which concentration of element in sediments. As and Mn had a maximum adsorption capacity. The concentration of Cu, Pb and Zn in Cipangopaludina cahayensis and in sediment had a good linear relationship, therefore, can be an indicator organism. Figure122; table40; reference110
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