直流大电流计量标准装置的应用研究
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摘要
直流大电流在工业生产、交通运输和科学实践等行业中都发挥着巨大的作用,随着特高压直流输电和电气化铁路的大力发展,直流大电流应用领域越来越多,在能源消耗中的比重也越来越大。然而相对于直流大电流应用的快速发展,其计量的基础研究工作还处于滞后状态。落后的直流大电流计量基础研究导致能源计量失准严重,也导致国家倡导的节能减排的发展要求无从谈起。因此必须建立国家直流大电流计量标准和量值传递系统、实现大功率直流电源能耗的准确计量,为国家高耗能重点行业的中长期发展规划、节能降耗等工作奠定坚实的理论基础与技术支持,以真正体现计量技术在节能减排事业中的突出作用。本文的研究依托国家质检公益性行业科研专项项目——直流大电流计量标准装置的研究(编号200710107)。本文研究的主要是应用于工业现场的直流大电流计量标准装置,并对标准装置在实验室及现场应用遇到的问题进行分析。
本文首先介绍了直流大电流计量工作的研究意义及研究现状,明确了该课题研究的重要性。然后本文开始介绍磁调制式比较仪的各种基本原理,从磁调制器的物理基础,到双铁芯差动式结构的磁调制器,再到磁调制式比较仪,并于第二章的最后介绍开口式多通道磁调制比较仪的原理,指出工业现场应用的标准装置要采用开口式多通道磁调制比较仪的设计方案。随后的章节开始讨论开口式多通道磁调制比较仪的各种特性,如防磁特性、开环特性、开口与通道平衡的关系等等。
从第四章开始,本文开始重点分析开口式多通道磁调制比较仪的现场应用及遇到的问题。先由模拟现场实验发现通道封闭的问题,然后利用磁场仿真分析软件对测量头的磁场进行仿真,提出测量头的磁场变化的剧烈程度会影响通道的平衡性,并利用实验予以验证。后由工业现场的实验,发现环境磁场对比较仪工作点的影响,并利用数学计算,分析磁场的影响,并给出了比较仪开环调节时的环境磁场条件。
本文最后总结了全文的工作,并提出了有待进一步研究的工作。
Heavy direct current has been widely applied in industrial production, transportation and many other aspects. With the rapid development of UHVDC and high-speed railway, heavy direct current will account for larger proportions in energy consumption in the society. However, it is more and more eager to develop a unified metering standard and transfer standard of heavy direct current, which are lagged behind hugely, in order to avoid inaccuracy of measurement and thus the prodigality of energy. What is more, a solid foundation will be built in the long-term planning of high energy consumption field in our country and an enhanced theory and technology basis will be laid on energy saving. This thesis is supported by Special Projects as Scientific Research for General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China(No.200710107). Some metering and transfer standard devices are designed, and problems following the test in the lab and industry are deeply studied.
This thesis introduces the present situation in this field and indicates the significance of such research first. The basic principles are illustrated in Chapter 2, ranging from difference double-cores magnetic modulator to current comparator based on magnetic modulator, and then to multi-channel and openable-core type. It is indicated that the design of the transfer standard devices applied in industry will be designed based on multi-channel and openable-core comparator. After that, some characteristics of this compactor, such as antimagnetic and openable-loop features, are discussed.
In Chapter 4, the emphasis is put on the application of multi-channel and openable-core comparator and analysis of the problems followed in industry. First, the problem of some channels are closed when doing simulated experiments in Heavy Direct Lab of HUST. Then simulations based on electromagnetic software are adopted in terms of sensor heads, obtaining that fluctuations of magnetic field intensity will influence the balance of multi-channels, which is proved by experiments. The environmental magnetic field intensity affects the operating point of the comparator according to the test in industrial enterprise, and related mathematical calculations indicate the condition of the environmental magnetic field intensity that will influence the operating point of the comparator.
In the end of this thesis, summing-ups and prospects of this research are proposed.
本文首先介绍了直流大电流计量工作的研究意义及研究现状,明确了该课题研究的重要性。然后本文开始介绍磁调制式比较仪的各种基本原理,从磁调制器的物理基础,到双铁芯差动式结构的磁调制器,再到磁调制式比较仪,并于第二章的最后介绍开口式多通道磁调制比较仪的原理,指出工业现场应用的标准装置要采用开口式多通道磁调制比较仪的设计方案。随后的章节开始讨论开口式多通道磁调制比较仪的各种特性,如防磁特性、开环特性、开口与通道平衡的关系等等。
从第四章开始,本文开始重点分析开口式多通道磁调制比较仪的现场应用及遇到的问题。先由模拟现场实验发现通道封闭的问题,然后利用磁场仿真分析软件对测量头的磁场进行仿真,提出测量头的磁场变化的剧烈程度会影响通道的平衡性,并利用实验予以验证。后由工业现场的实验,发现环境磁场对比较仪工作点的影响,并利用数学计算,分析磁场的影响,并给出了比较仪开环调节时的环境磁场条件。
本文最后总结了全文的工作,并提出了有待进一步研究的工作。
Heavy direct current has been widely applied in industrial production, transportation and many other aspects. With the rapid development of UHVDC and high-speed railway, heavy direct current will account for larger proportions in energy consumption in the society. However, it is more and more eager to develop a unified metering standard and transfer standard of heavy direct current, which are lagged behind hugely, in order to avoid inaccuracy of measurement and thus the prodigality of energy. What is more, a solid foundation will be built in the long-term planning of high energy consumption field in our country and an enhanced theory and technology basis will be laid on energy saving. This thesis is supported by Special Projects as Scientific Research for General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China(No.200710107). Some metering and transfer standard devices are designed, and problems following the test in the lab and industry are deeply studied.
This thesis introduces the present situation in this field and indicates the significance of such research first. The basic principles are illustrated in Chapter 2, ranging from difference double-cores magnetic modulator to current comparator based on magnetic modulator, and then to multi-channel and openable-core type. It is indicated that the design of the transfer standard devices applied in industry will be designed based on multi-channel and openable-core comparator. After that, some characteristics of this compactor, such as antimagnetic and openable-loop features, are discussed.
In Chapter 4, the emphasis is put on the application of multi-channel and openable-core comparator and analysis of the problems followed in industry. First, the problem of some channels are closed when doing simulated experiments in Heavy Direct Lab of HUST. Then simulations based on electromagnetic software are adopted in terms of sensor heads, obtaining that fluctuations of magnetic field intensity will influence the balance of multi-channels, which is proved by experiments. The environmental magnetic field intensity affects the operating point of the comparator according to the test in industrial enterprise, and related mathematical calculations indicate the condition of the environmental magnetic field intensity that will influence the operating point of the comparator.
In the end of this thesis, summing-ups and prospects of this research are proposed.
引文
[1] (苏)C.A.斯佩克托尔.直流大电流测量[M].北京:计量出版社,1985:1-148
[2]李晓黎,陈祖胜.特高压直流输电技术发展综述[J].广西电力2009,1:23-26
[3]胡重光,樊相来.直流大电流计量监测体系的开发与应用[J].中国计量2004,1:23-24
[4]董霞,杨仲卿.直流大电流在线校准标准器的研制.铁道技术监督,2007,2:39-40
[5]张晓京.电力体制改革方案.中国电力企业管理,2002.5
[6]陈永强.浅析电能计量与装置.现代企业管理?理论版,2009(22)
[7] M.P.Macmartin, N.L.Kusters. A self-balancing direct current comparator for 20 000 amperes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1965, 4 (1):396-402
[8] Shiyan Ren, Ding Henchun. A 300 000 A high precision comparator for on-line calibration and measurement[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumention and Measurement,1991,40(2) :281-283
[9]任士焱.100kA多通道开口磁调制器式直流大电流比较仪[J].华中理工大学学报,1988,16(1):69-75
[10]洪和平.DB-3A型电流比较仪系统的分析与综合[J].电测与仪表, 1981,12:3-9
[11] M.Groenboom and J.Lisser. Accurate measurement of d.c.and a.c.by transformer[J]. IEEE Trans.on Electronics&Power,1977,6:52-55
[12] M.A.G.J.Fry.Precision direct-current transformers with active element[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Magnetic Technology, 1972:674-815
[13] W.Kramer. Development of the dc instrument transformer for the precision measurement of highest direct current. IEEE Trans. on Commu. &Elec. ,1964, 70(6):382-390
[14] M . P . MacMartin . An improved transductor for measuring large direct current[J].IEEE Trans.on P.A.S,1976,1(3):250-254
[15] W.J.M.Moore,P.N.Miljanic.The current comparator[M].London,United Kingdom:Peter Peregrinus Ltd,1988
[16]斯佩克托尔C A.直流大电流测量[J].揭秉信,周予为译.北京:计量出版社,1983
[17]郭来祥.磁调制器的理论与计算(一)[J].电测与仪表,1978,9:13-21
[18]揭秉信.磁调制器的理论分析与计算[J].仪器仪表学报,1982,3(1):57-63
[1] (苏)C.A.斯佩克托尔.直流大电流测量[M].北京:计量出版社,1985:1-148
[2]李晓黎,陈祖胜.特高压直流输电技术发展综述[J].广西电力2009,1:23-26
[3]胡重光,樊相来.直流大电流计量监测体系的开发与应用[J].中国计量2004,1:23-24
[4]董霞,杨仲卿.直流大电流在线校准标准器的研制.铁道技术监督,2007,2:39-40
[5]张晓京.电力体制改革方案.中国电力企业管理,2002.5
[6]陈永强.浅析电能计量与装置.现代企业管理?理论版,2009(22)
[7] M.P.Macmartin, N.L.Kusters. A self-balancing direct current comparator for 20 000 amperes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1965, 4 (1):396-402
[8] Shiyan Ren, Ding Henchun. A 300 000 A high precision comparator for on-line calibration and measurement[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumention and Measurement,1991,40(2) :281-283
[9]任士焱.100kA多通道开口磁调制器式直流大电流比较仪[J].华中理工大学学报,1988,16(1):69-75
[10]洪和平.DB-3A型电流比较仪系统的分析与综合[J].电测与仪表, 1981,12:3-9
[11] M.Groenboom and J.Lisser. Accurate measurement of d.c.and a.c.by transformer[J]. IEEE Trans.on Electronics&Power,1977,6:52-55
[12] M.A.G.J.Fry.Precision direct-current transformers with active element[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Magnetic Technology, 1972:674-815
[13] W.Kramer. Development of the dc instrument transformer for the precision measurement of highest direct current. IEEE Trans. on Commu. &Elec. ,1964, 70(6):382-390
[14] M . P . MacMartin . An improved transductor for measuring large direct current[J].IEEE Trans.on P.A.S,1976,1(3):250-254
[15] W.J.M.Moore,P.N.Miljanic.The current comparator[M].London,United Kingdom:Peter Peregrinus Ltd,1988
[16]斯佩克托尔C A.直流大电流测量[J].揭秉信,周予为译.北京:计量出版社,1983
[17]郭来祥.磁调制器的理论与计算(一)[J].电测与仪表,1978,9:13-21
[18]揭秉信.磁调制器的理论分析与计算[J].仪器仪表学报,1982,3(1):57-63based on homogenization[J].IEEE Trans.Magn.,2006,42(4) ,847-850
[35]胡寿松.自动控制原理[M].第3版.北京:国防工业出版社,1994
[36]黄家英.自动控制原理[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003
[37]绪方胜彦.现代控制工程[M].北京:科学出版社,1976
[38]李文秀.自动控制原理[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2002
[39]王晓蔚.直流大电流传感器屏蔽问题的分析与研究[D].博士学位论文,华中科技大学图书馆,2007
[40]刘里鹏.从割圆术走向无穷小——揭秘微积分[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2009
[41]吴赣昌.高等数学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007
[42] So E,Ren S,Bennett D A.High-current high-precision openable-core ac and ac/ac current transformers[J].IEEE Trans.on Instrum.Meas.,1993,42(2):571-576
[43]任士焱.高精度开口式直流大电流比较仪[J].华中工学院学报,1984,12(1):107-112
[44]王晓蔚.多通道直流大电流比较仪的稳定性[J].高电压技术,2008,34(8):1563-1566
[45] Ai Xin,Bao Hai,Song Jiahua,et al.The hall current transformer modeling and simulation[C].Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE POWERCON Conference, Orlando,USA,1998:1015-1020
[46]陈乔夫,李湘生.互感器电抗器的理论与计算[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1992
[47] ShiyanRen, Zhijie Zhang and Wenyi Hu. Analysis and Calibration of Systemic Error of Voltage Difference Method in the Calibration for Heavy DC Sensors [C]. Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, London, 1998,6(10): 568-569
[48]罗旭东,何韵,曹云飞等.直流大电流比例标准自校系统的研制[J].电测与仪表.2006,8:40-43
[49]王笑君,薛天龙等.BCY型直流电流比差测量仪及其应用[J].仪器仪表学报.1992,2(1):8-14
[50]梁荫中,张琳,汤钧民.大学物理[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2006
[2]李晓黎,陈祖胜.特高压直流输电技术发展综述[J].广西电力2009,1:23-26
[3]胡重光,樊相来.直流大电流计量监测体系的开发与应用[J].中国计量2004,1:23-24
[4]董霞,杨仲卿.直流大电流在线校准标准器的研制.铁道技术监督,2007,2:39-40
[5]张晓京.电力体制改革方案.中国电力企业管理,2002.5
[6]陈永强.浅析电能计量与装置.现代企业管理?理论版,2009(22)
[7] M.P.Macmartin, N.L.Kusters. A self-balancing direct current comparator for 20 000 amperes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1965, 4 (1):396-402
[8] Shiyan Ren, Ding Henchun. A 300 000 A high precision comparator for on-line calibration and measurement[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumention and Measurement,1991,40(2) :281-283
[9]任士焱.100kA多通道开口磁调制器式直流大电流比较仪[J].华中理工大学学报,1988,16(1):69-75
[10]洪和平.DB-3A型电流比较仪系统的分析与综合[J].电测与仪表, 1981,12:3-9
[11] M.Groenboom and J.Lisser. Accurate measurement of d.c.and a.c.by transformer[J]. IEEE Trans.on Electronics&Power,1977,6:52-55
[12] M.A.G.J.Fry.Precision direct-current transformers with active element[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Magnetic Technology, 1972:674-815
[13] W.Kramer. Development of the dc instrument transformer for the precision measurement of highest direct current. IEEE Trans. on Commu. &Elec. ,1964, 70(6):382-390
[14] M . P . MacMartin . An improved transductor for measuring large direct current[J].IEEE Trans.on P.A.S,1976,1(3):250-254
[15] W.J.M.Moore,P.N.Miljanic.The current comparator[M].London,United Kingdom:Peter Peregrinus Ltd,1988
[16]斯佩克托尔C A.直流大电流测量[J].揭秉信,周予为译.北京:计量出版社,1983
[17]郭来祥.磁调制器的理论与计算(一)[J].电测与仪表,1978,9:13-21
[18]揭秉信.磁调制器的理论分析与计算[J].仪器仪表学报,1982,3(1):57-63
[1] (苏)C.A.斯佩克托尔.直流大电流测量[M].北京:计量出版社,1985:1-148
[2]李晓黎,陈祖胜.特高压直流输电技术发展综述[J].广西电力2009,1:23-26
[3]胡重光,樊相来.直流大电流计量监测体系的开发与应用[J].中国计量2004,1:23-24
[4]董霞,杨仲卿.直流大电流在线校准标准器的研制.铁道技术监督,2007,2:39-40
[5]张晓京.电力体制改革方案.中国电力企业管理,2002.5
[6]陈永强.浅析电能计量与装置.现代企业管理?理论版,2009(22)
[7] M.P.Macmartin, N.L.Kusters. A self-balancing direct current comparator for 20 000 amperes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1965, 4 (1):396-402
[8] Shiyan Ren, Ding Henchun. A 300 000 A high precision comparator for on-line calibration and measurement[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumention and Measurement,1991,40(2) :281-283
[9]任士焱.100kA多通道开口磁调制器式直流大电流比较仪[J].华中理工大学学报,1988,16(1):69-75
[10]洪和平.DB-3A型电流比较仪系统的分析与综合[J].电测与仪表, 1981,12:3-9
[11] M.Groenboom and J.Lisser. Accurate measurement of d.c.and a.c.by transformer[J]. IEEE Trans.on Electronics&Power,1977,6:52-55
[12] M.A.G.J.Fry.Precision direct-current transformers with active element[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Magnetic Technology, 1972:674-815
[13] W.Kramer. Development of the dc instrument transformer for the precision measurement of highest direct current. IEEE Trans. on Commu. &Elec. ,1964, 70(6):382-390
[14] M . P . MacMartin . An improved transductor for measuring large direct current[J].IEEE Trans.on P.A.S,1976,1(3):250-254
[15] W.J.M.Moore,P.N.Miljanic.The current comparator[M].London,United Kingdom:Peter Peregrinus Ltd,1988
[16]斯佩克托尔C A.直流大电流测量[J].揭秉信,周予为译.北京:计量出版社,1983
[17]郭来祥.磁调制器的理论与计算(一)[J].电测与仪表,1978,9:13-21
[18]揭秉信.磁调制器的理论分析与计算[J].仪器仪表学报,1982,3(1):57-63based on homogenization[J].IEEE Trans.Magn.,2006,42(4) ,847-850
[35]胡寿松.自动控制原理[M].第3版.北京:国防工业出版社,1994
[36]黄家英.自动控制原理[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003
[37]绪方胜彦.现代控制工程[M].北京:科学出版社,1976
[38]李文秀.自动控制原理[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2002
[39]王晓蔚.直流大电流传感器屏蔽问题的分析与研究[D].博士学位论文,华中科技大学图书馆,2007
[40]刘里鹏.从割圆术走向无穷小——揭秘微积分[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2009
[41]吴赣昌.高等数学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007
[42] So E,Ren S,Bennett D A.High-current high-precision openable-core ac and ac/ac current transformers[J].IEEE Trans.on Instrum.Meas.,1993,42(2):571-576
[43]任士焱.高精度开口式直流大电流比较仪[J].华中工学院学报,1984,12(1):107-112
[44]王晓蔚.多通道直流大电流比较仪的稳定性[J].高电压技术,2008,34(8):1563-1566
[45] Ai Xin,Bao Hai,Song Jiahua,et al.The hall current transformer modeling and simulation[C].Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE POWERCON Conference, Orlando,USA,1998:1015-1020
[46]陈乔夫,李湘生.互感器电抗器的理论与计算[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1992
[47] ShiyanRen, Zhijie Zhang and Wenyi Hu. Analysis and Calibration of Systemic Error of Voltage Difference Method in the Calibration for Heavy DC Sensors [C]. Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, London, 1998,6(10): 568-569
[48]罗旭东,何韵,曹云飞等.直流大电流比例标准自校系统的研制[J].电测与仪表.2006,8:40-43
[49]王笑君,薛天龙等.BCY型直流电流比差测量仪及其应用[J].仪器仪表学报.1992,2(1):8-14
[50]梁荫中,张琳,汤钧民.大学物理[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2006