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碎裂结构岩体路堑边坡锚固机理分析及其应用研究
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摘要
等厚层状碎裂结构岩体是工程中最常见的一种碎裂岩体结构,这种岩体结构
    边坡的加固技术是工程技术人员最难把握的。锚作为一种原位岩体加固方法,自
    诞生之日起即获得广泛应用,经几十年的研究和工程实践,被国内外岩土工程界
    公认为是直接加固岩体的最具发展前途的方法。本文对等厚层状碎裂结构岩体路
    堑边坡的锚固及其应用技术展开了研究,研究内容涉及了边坡变形破坏机理、稳
    定性评价方法、锚固机理、锚固设计计算方法和锚固格子梁坡面结构等,研究手
    段采用了模型试验、解析计算、流形元及有限元数值分析和工程实例设计及监测
    等。通过比较全面系统的研究,本文获得的主要成果及结论如下:
    (1)模型试验结果发现,碎裂结构岩体路堑边坡破坏包括浅层破坏和深层
    破坏,无论加锚与否,离开坡面一定距离后碎裂结构岩体路堑边坡变形是连续的,
    呈现出似均质岩体特征,因此可用似均质岩体稳定性计算方法分析碎裂结构岩体
    路堑边坡的整体稳定性。
    (2)研究提出了加锚后碎裂结构岩体路堑边坡将形成三个变形区:直接压
    缩区、剪切变形区、连续变形区。引入相关假设后导出了锚力作用形成的直接压
    缩区计算深度解析式。
    (3)提出主动锚和被动锚联合治理碎裂结构岩体路堑边坡的观点,并提出
    主动锚治理边坡的深层破坏,其长度由似均质岩体稳定性计算获得的边坡破裂面
    位置决定,被动锚治理边坡的浅层破坏,其长度由锚力作用形成的直接压缩区深
    度决定。
    (4)研究发现加锚后碎裂结构岩体路堑边坡破裂面会向边坡深部发展,这
    对锚的非锚固段超过滑裂面长度有影响。研究结果表明,锚的非锚固段超过滑裂
    面长度可用 Hobst 经验公式估算。
    (5)边坡锚固的断裂力学研究结果表明:在裂纹尖端施加锚固力效果最好,
    锚固效果随锚间距的减小呈非线性增加。引入相关假设后导出了锚间距的断裂力
    学解析计算式。
    (6)采用流形元和 ANSYS 分析了边坡锚固机理,结果表明边坡加锚后可减
    小边坡岩土体位移、均化边坡锚固区内的应力分布梯度,有利于边坡稳定。
    (7)研究并首次提出边坡稳定性极限平衡分析时锚作用力简化的“三类条
    块法”。研究认为路堑边坡安全系数取值应与计算方法相联系,提出了与计算方
    法相联系的安全系数取值建议。
     I
    
    
    (8)研究表明边坡锚固格子梁可采用弹性地基上的自由梁计算。
The layered disintegrate rock mass is the most popular disintegrated rock mass
    and this kind of rock mass slope’s reinforced technology is the most difficult in
    geotechnical engineering. As an in-site rock mass reinforced method, anchor has been
    used comprehensively after creation and it is taken for the most promising method
    that can reinforce the rock mass directly by the national and overseas engineers.
     Pointed to the layered disintegrate rock mass cutting-slope’s reinforced
    technology, the corresponding investigation is proceeded in the dissertation. The
    investigation contents involve slope deformation and failure mechanism, stability
    evaluation method, anchor mechanism, design and compute method, anchor grid
    beam slope surface structure etc. The research means include model test, analytical
    computation, manifold element method, FEM numerical analysis, field engineering
    design example and field monitoring etc. According above comprehensive and
    systemic research, the main results and conclusions of the dissertation are as follows:
     (1) Model test shows that the failures of the disintegrate rock mass slope include
    shallow part failure and deep part failure. whether the slope is anchored or not, away
    from the slope surface for a certain distance its deformation is continuous and the
    presented mechanic characteristic are similar to uniform rock mass slope. So the
    resemble uniform rock mass slope stability compute method can be used in the
    disintegrate rock mass slope’s whole stability analysis.
     (2) The investigation puts forward that it will form three deformation zones
    which include direct compressed zone 、 shear deformation zone 、 continuous
    deformation zone when the disintegrate rock mass slope is anchored. The analytical
    formula of the direct compressed zone depth induced by the anchor force is put
    forward for the first time.
     (3) The view of disintegrate rock mass cutting-slope reinforced by the active
    anchor and passive anchor is put forward. And in active anchored slope’s deep part
    failure circumstances, the active anchor’s length is decided by the slope failure
    surface obtained by resemble uniform rock mass stability computation; In passive
    anchored slope’s shallow part failure circumstances, the passive anchor’s length is
    decided by the direct compressed zone depth.
     (4) The investigation shows that after being reinforced by the anchors,
     III
    
    
    disintegrate rock mass cutting-slope’s failure surface will shift to deeper zone of the
    slope and it influences the non-anchored section’s length that surpass the slide surface
    of the anchor. The investigation shows that the non-anchored section’s length that
    surpasses the slide surface of the anchor can be estimated by Hobst empirical formula.
     (5) Fracture mechanics investigation of anchored slope shows that applying
    anchor force at fracture clip can obtain the best anchor effect and by the decrease of
    the space between anchors, the anchor effect will increase non-linearly. The analytical
    formula of the space between anchors is put forward by the fracture mechanics
    principlely.
     (6) Slope anchor mechanics is investigated by the numerical manifold element
    method and ANSYS software. The results show that after anchored, slope rock and
    soil’s displacement will decrease, stress-distributing grads of the slope-anchored zone
    will be evener and the slope will be more stable.
     (7) The three kinds of strip and block method that used in simplifying anchor
    force in the slope stability limited analysis is investigated and put forward for the first
    time. The investigation shows that the value of slope safety coefficient should concern
    the compute method, and when a compute method to be used the corresponding safety
    coefficient value should be concerned.
     (8)The investigation shows that the slope anchor beam grid can be analyzed
     by the theory of cross beam on the elastic foundation.
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