矿床三维地质混合建模与属性插值技术的研究及应用
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摘要
矿床三维地质建模是数字矿山软件系统的基础和核心功能,通过矿山复杂地质数据构建真实的矿床三维地质环境,包括地层、断层、矿体等对象的三维模型和地质属性变量的预测。进而采用三维可视化的采矿地质环境,为矿区地质属性变量的空间变化分析、资源管理,矿山设计、生产计划编制以及采掘活动的灾变过程分析等提供直观、逼真的开放式基础数据源。
国外的矿业发达国家,诸如澳大利亚、加拿大和美国等,开发的矿床三维地质建模相关的软件遍布全球。包括国内多个科研院所、大型矿山也购买了此类软件进行应用和研究。这些软件不仅价格昂贵,而且在国内的推广应用中存在一些缺陷。我国在具有自主知识产权的矿床三维地质建模软件的开发方面,起步落在了矿业发达国家的后面,一方面是经济和组织上的原因,另一方面是软件开发本身具有相当的难度。随着国内矿业的复苏和数字矿山建设的需求,开始出现了一些国产的矿床三维地质建模软件,本文的研究即是结合这一契机,在中南大学数字矿山研究中心与长沙迪迈信息科技有限公司合作开发的DIMINE数字矿山软件系统开发过程中展开的。通过借鉴国内外在三维数据模型、复杂地质体建模、属性插值等方面的研究成果,实现了表面模型建模、离散模型建模和属性插值中的关键技术,并通过在矿山中的应用实例显示了这些方法的实用性和创新性。论文的主要研究工作如下：
1)通过分析现有的三维数据模型,提出表面模型加离散模型的矿床三维混合数据模型以及混合模型的构建流程。
2)提出将多种原始地质数据抽象为钻孔数据,以自行设计的数据表模块对其进行存储和管理。研究了钻孔三维模型的计算方法和混合数据结构存储方式。提出并实现基于钻孔三维模型的矿体真厚度计算方法以及矿体边界圈定的算法。研究了勘探线剖面图从二维变换至三维坐标的方法。
3)论述了基于轮廓线表面重建的轮廓线贴面优化方法,提出基于小波分解的多分辨率贴面算法,在低分辨率轮廓线上应用轮廓线贴面优化算法,然后逐次添加顶点实施局部优化得到新表面。提出基于中轴线法的过渡轮廓线构造方法,交互式解决分支问题。提出基于方向包围盒层次树的表面模型之间的布尔运算算法,通过布尔运算实现表面模型之间的相互吻合。
4)提出复杂形态块段模型的建模方法,以强制细分的八叉树结构存储传统的边界细分块段模型,使用方向包围盒碰撞检测算法进行相交判断,采用改进的Feito-Torres法进行内外的判断。介绍了德洛内四面体剖分的原理,采用网格生成器TetGen实现表面模型的四面体剖分从而构建四面体模型。
5)介绍了对三维地质属性数据进行探索性数据分析的原理和应用。采用定向搜索棱柱的点对搜索方法计算实验变异函数,研究了各种变异函数理论模型和交互式拟合的方法。对几何各向异性模型的套合进行研究,给出将几何各向异性模型变换为各向同性模型的坐标变换方法以及变换矩阵的计算。
6)论述了插值过程中临近数据的搜索方法,提出八分圆的空间分扇区搜索方法,并添加最小工程数量为约束条件。采用三维网格建立样品的索引,加快了临近数据搜索的速度。论述了距离幂次反比法和几种克立格立格方法的原理,并给出了计算方法和算法实现。研究了克立格负权重的修正方法和交叉验证方法。
7)以某铜矿矿床为例,准确地建立了钻孔三维模型、断层表面模型、矿床表面模型和块段模型,并对铜品位实施克立格插值,验证了本文论述的各种算法。以某铜矿开采方案选择的数值计算模型为例,建立地层表面模型和采场表面模型,对其实施约束德洛内四面体剖分,从而生成复杂地质条件下岩体工程开挖的准确数值计算模型。
3D geological modeling of mineral deposit is the fundamental and core function of digital mine software system. The real 3D geological environment of mineral deposit, including 3D models of stratum, faults, orebodies etc. and prediction of geological variables was established through complex geological data of mine. The 3D geological environment provides a visual and realistic open data source of mineral deposit for spatial analysis of geological variables, resource management, mine planning, mine design, mine planning and analysis of catastrophe process in mining activities.
Software packages with 3D geological modeling function of deposit have been developed in countries, such as Australia, Canada, and America, which are advanced in mining industry. These software packages are used all over the word. Many colleges, institutes and large scale mine in China have bought them for application and research. However, these software packages are very expensive and also have some drawbacks. Our country started late on the software development, expect for the reason of economy and organization, the great difficulty in developing is the main reason. With the recovery of mining industry and requirement of digital mine, some homemade software packages with 3D geological modeling function of deposit begin to appear. With this opportunity, the research of this thesis was carry out under the developing of DIMINE digital mine software system. Through using the previous research results for reference, key techniques in modeling methods of surface model, discrete model and attribute interpolation were implemented. Finally, application examples utilizing these techniques showed the practicability and innovation. The main study works are as follow:
1) By analyzing the existing 3D data models,3D hybrid data model consists of surface model and discrete model to describing deposit was proposed. Furthermore, the flow of establishing hybrid model was presented.
2) The multi-source exploration data was abstract to borehole data, and the data storage method using table designed for borehole was proposed. The calculation method and hybrid data structure of 3D borehole model were analyzed. Then, the automatic orebody delineation algorithm for single borehole based on 3D borehole model was implemented. Approach to convert the sectional drawing to 3D coordinates was also proposed.
3) Tiling method for surface reconstruction based on contour lines was expounded. Multi-resolution tiling method was proposed. In this method, tiling of lower resolution contour line is used to construct a tiling for the full resolution contour line. The branch problem of surface reconstruction was solved by utilizing transition line calculated through medial axis algorithm. Algorithm for Boolean operations on surface models based on OBB tree was presented.
4) Robust creation method of block model from complex orebody model was put forward. An octree with force subdivision as the data structure of block model with subdivision blocks on the boundary. OBB collision detection algorithm was used for celebrating the intersect test and Feito-Torres algorithm was used for inclusion test between block and surface model. The theorem of Delaunay tetrahedralization was described and tetrahedral model was obtained by tetrahedralizing surface model with TetGen mesh generator.
5) The method of exploratory data analysis was described and introduced to analyze the 3D geological attribute data. The strategy of directional search prism used for pair-wise search in experiment variogram calculation was discussed. Several theory variogram model were studied and interactive fitting method was presented. The nest structure variogram model of geometric anisotropic variograms was discussed. Furthermore, the calculation method for reducing anisotropy to isotropy by a linear transformation of the coordinates was presented.
6) The search strategy of neighbor dada for interpolation was discussed. The octant search method was improved with minimum number of borehole as constrain condition. Index of sample data was built within a 3D grid for speeding up the neighbor data search process. The IDW and kriging method were expounded and their implemention processes were presented. Correcting of negative kriging weights and cross validation were investigated.
7) An copper deposit was took as an example, the 3D borehole model, surface models of faults and deposit, block model were established accurately and thereby verified the algorithms of this thesis. Another example was numerical model for selection mining scheme of certain copper mine. Surface models of stratum and stopes were constructed and tetrahedralized to generate the numerical model for excavation of rock mass under complex geological body.
国外的矿业发达国家,诸如澳大利亚、加拿大和美国等,开发的矿床三维地质建模相关的软件遍布全球。包括国内多个科研院所、大型矿山也购买了此类软件进行应用和研究。这些软件不仅价格昂贵,而且在国内的推广应用中存在一些缺陷。我国在具有自主知识产权的矿床三维地质建模软件的开发方面,起步落在了矿业发达国家的后面,一方面是经济和组织上的原因,另一方面是软件开发本身具有相当的难度。随着国内矿业的复苏和数字矿山建设的需求,开始出现了一些国产的矿床三维地质建模软件,本文的研究即是结合这一契机,在中南大学数字矿山研究中心与长沙迪迈信息科技有限公司合作开发的DIMINE数字矿山软件系统开发过程中展开的。通过借鉴国内外在三维数据模型、复杂地质体建模、属性插值等方面的研究成果,实现了表面模型建模、离散模型建模和属性插值中的关键技术,并通过在矿山中的应用实例显示了这些方法的实用性和创新性。论文的主要研究工作如下：
1)通过分析现有的三维数据模型,提出表面模型加离散模型的矿床三维混合数据模型以及混合模型的构建流程。
2)提出将多种原始地质数据抽象为钻孔数据,以自行设计的数据表模块对其进行存储和管理。研究了钻孔三维模型的计算方法和混合数据结构存储方式。提出并实现基于钻孔三维模型的矿体真厚度计算方法以及矿体边界圈定的算法。研究了勘探线剖面图从二维变换至三维坐标的方法。
3)论述了基于轮廓线表面重建的轮廓线贴面优化方法,提出基于小波分解的多分辨率贴面算法,在低分辨率轮廓线上应用轮廓线贴面优化算法,然后逐次添加顶点实施局部优化得到新表面。提出基于中轴线法的过渡轮廓线构造方法,交互式解决分支问题。提出基于方向包围盒层次树的表面模型之间的布尔运算算法,通过布尔运算实现表面模型之间的相互吻合。
4)提出复杂形态块段模型的建模方法,以强制细分的八叉树结构存储传统的边界细分块段模型,使用方向包围盒碰撞检测算法进行相交判断,采用改进的Feito-Torres法进行内外的判断。介绍了德洛内四面体剖分的原理,采用网格生成器TetGen实现表面模型的四面体剖分从而构建四面体模型。
5)介绍了对三维地质属性数据进行探索性数据分析的原理和应用。采用定向搜索棱柱的点对搜索方法计算实验变异函数,研究了各种变异函数理论模型和交互式拟合的方法。对几何各向异性模型的套合进行研究,给出将几何各向异性模型变换为各向同性模型的坐标变换方法以及变换矩阵的计算。
6)论述了插值过程中临近数据的搜索方法,提出八分圆的空间分扇区搜索方法,并添加最小工程数量为约束条件。采用三维网格建立样品的索引,加快了临近数据搜索的速度。论述了距离幂次反比法和几种克立格立格方法的原理,并给出了计算方法和算法实现。研究了克立格负权重的修正方法和交叉验证方法。
7)以某铜矿矿床为例,准确地建立了钻孔三维模型、断层表面模型、矿床表面模型和块段模型,并对铜品位实施克立格插值,验证了本文论述的各种算法。以某铜矿开采方案选择的数值计算模型为例,建立地层表面模型和采场表面模型,对其实施约束德洛内四面体剖分,从而生成复杂地质条件下岩体工程开挖的准确数值计算模型。
3D geological modeling of mineral deposit is the fundamental and core function of digital mine software system. The real 3D geological environment of mineral deposit, including 3D models of stratum, faults, orebodies etc. and prediction of geological variables was established through complex geological data of mine. The 3D geological environment provides a visual and realistic open data source of mineral deposit for spatial analysis of geological variables, resource management, mine planning, mine design, mine planning and analysis of catastrophe process in mining activities.
Software packages with 3D geological modeling function of deposit have been developed in countries, such as Australia, Canada, and America, which are advanced in mining industry. These software packages are used all over the word. Many colleges, institutes and large scale mine in China have bought them for application and research. However, these software packages are very expensive and also have some drawbacks. Our country started late on the software development, expect for the reason of economy and organization, the great difficulty in developing is the main reason. With the recovery of mining industry and requirement of digital mine, some homemade software packages with 3D geological modeling function of deposit begin to appear. With this opportunity, the research of this thesis was carry out under the developing of DIMINE digital mine software system. Through using the previous research results for reference, key techniques in modeling methods of surface model, discrete model and attribute interpolation were implemented. Finally, application examples utilizing these techniques showed the practicability and innovation. The main study works are as follow:
1) By analyzing the existing 3D data models,3D hybrid data model consists of surface model and discrete model to describing deposit was proposed. Furthermore, the flow of establishing hybrid model was presented.
2) The multi-source exploration data was abstract to borehole data, and the data storage method using table designed for borehole was proposed. The calculation method and hybrid data structure of 3D borehole model were analyzed. Then, the automatic orebody delineation algorithm for single borehole based on 3D borehole model was implemented. Approach to convert the sectional drawing to 3D coordinates was also proposed.
3) Tiling method for surface reconstruction based on contour lines was expounded. Multi-resolution tiling method was proposed. In this method, tiling of lower resolution contour line is used to construct a tiling for the full resolution contour line. The branch problem of surface reconstruction was solved by utilizing transition line calculated through medial axis algorithm. Algorithm for Boolean operations on surface models based on OBB tree was presented.
4) Robust creation method of block model from complex orebody model was put forward. An octree with force subdivision as the data structure of block model with subdivision blocks on the boundary. OBB collision detection algorithm was used for celebrating the intersect test and Feito-Torres algorithm was used for inclusion test between block and surface model. The theorem of Delaunay tetrahedralization was described and tetrahedral model was obtained by tetrahedralizing surface model with TetGen mesh generator.
5) The method of exploratory data analysis was described and introduced to analyze the 3D geological attribute data. The strategy of directional search prism used for pair-wise search in experiment variogram calculation was discussed. Several theory variogram model were studied and interactive fitting method was presented. The nest structure variogram model of geometric anisotropic variograms was discussed. Furthermore, the calculation method for reducing anisotropy to isotropy by a linear transformation of the coordinates was presented.
6) The search strategy of neighbor dada for interpolation was discussed. The octant search method was improved with minimum number of borehole as constrain condition. Index of sample data was built within a 3D grid for speeding up the neighbor data search process. The IDW and kriging method were expounded and their implemention processes were presented. Correcting of negative kriging weights and cross validation were investigated.
7) An copper deposit was took as an example, the 3D borehole model, surface models of faults and deposit, block model were established accurately and thereby verified the algorithms of this thesis. Another example was numerical model for selection mining scheme of certain copper mine. Surface models of stratum and stopes were constructed and tetrahedralized to generate the numerical model for excavation of rock mass under complex geological body.
引文
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