采用D-InSAR技术获取山区DEM的研究
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摘要
数字高程模型(DEM)是重要的空间基础地理信息,在资源调查与开发、防灾减灾、基础设施规划与施工等相关的科研及国民经济领域的作用越来越大。然而在我国的西部,地形复杂、海拔高、空气稀薄,部分区域甚至常年受到云雾天气影响,致使常规的DEM数据采集手段很难适用。合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术为实现西部山区DEM的大面积、快速及高精度获取提供了一种全新的方式。它是利用同一区域内的两景或多景SAR影像进行干涉,从而提取研究区高程精度达米级的高程信息。本文主要就利用InSAR技术在大范围、高精度的山区地形测绘方面存在的问题进行研究和探讨,为其在地形测绘领域的推广应用奠定基础。
论文围绕利用InSAR技术获取高精度山区DEM的算法理论和技术流程开展研究。针对SAR干涉DEM数据处理中的基线估计和相位解缠两大关键步骤,分别提出了一种适合于山区SAR数据处理的基线估计算法和差分提取DEM算法,以获取高精度的山区DEM。论文的主要研究工作如下：
1、分析了影响SAR干涉测高精度的误差源
从SAR干涉DEM的几何模型和数学模型着手,寻找影响SAR干涉提取DEM高程精度的误差源,并从理论上分析主要误差源对SAR干涉提取DEM高程精度的影响。
2、提出了一种不受地形条件限制的InSAR基线估计算法
对已有的InSAR基线估计方法的特性和适用条件进行分析总结；在此基础上,基于SAR干涉测量几何模型,构建一种不受地形条件限制的InSAR基线估计算法——基于配准偏移量的InSAR基线估计算法,并以ENVISAT卫星获取的西藏地区的真实数据进行验证分析。
3、提出了一种基于“相位补偿”的SAR差分提取DEM算法流程
针对长基线干涉对获取山区DEM存在“解缠困难”的问题,简要分析了现有的两种差分干涉提取DEM算法的特性和不足之处,在此基础上提出了一种基于“相位补偿”的SAR差分提取DEM算法。以昆仑山地区的ERS-Tandem模式数据进行差分干涉提取DEM实验,从理论和实验两方面验证了该算法的可行性和有效性。
4、探讨了SAR干涉提取DEM的高程精度与地形条件、相干性之间的关系
以本文所提出的差分提取DEM算法结果为例,采用统计学方法详细分析了差分干涉DEM高程精度与研究区地形条件、干涉对相干性之间的关系。实验结果表明,本文算法所得DEM高程精度与坡度、相干性之间是正相关的,且远离雷达视线方向的高程精度优于迎向雷达视线方向。因此,当研究区地形坡度不大(坡度小于45°)时,选择入射角大的SAR影像有利于高精度DEM获取。
Digital elevation model (DEM) is very vital spatial geographic information, which plays an important role in related research and national economy fields, such as resource exploration, disaster prevention and mitigation, infrastructure planning and construction and so on. However, in Western China, due to complicated topography, high altitude, thin air and some area are even affected by mist wheather throughout the year, conventional methods of elevation data acquisition are difficult to apply. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar thechnology can help obtain large extent, fast and high precision elevation data. It makes use of two or more correlated SLCs in the test area to extract its height information with an accuracy high to meters. In this thesis, the problems existing in the DEM reconstruction based on InSAR technique are discussed, which put forward the application and development in terrain mapping field.
The study is around the theory and technical flow of the DEM construction algorithm based on InSAR technique. Aiming at the key processes of SAR data processing, i.e., baseline estimation and phase unwrapping, a new baseline estimation method and an elevation information extraction algorithm by D-InSAR technique applicable in mountainous area are broughtforward to attain more accurate elevation data in relief area. The main research work in the thesis are as follows:
Firstly, analyse the error sources of the height acquired by InSAR technique
Based on the geometric and mathematical model of elevation extraction by InSAR, we explore the error sources that affect the height accuracy, and theoretically analyse the sensitivities of the main error sources to height estimation.
Secondly, present a baseline estimation method immune to topography condition.
After making an analysis of the characteristics and the applied condition of the existing InSAR baseline estimation algorithms, we propose a new baseline estimation algorithm less relying on terrain relief-InSAR baseline estimation algorithm based on coregi strati on offsets. Experiments with the real data acquired in Tibet by Envisate satellite are conducted to validate the algorithm.
Thirdly, a DEM construction algorithm by differential InSAR technique based on phase compensation is proposed.
Aiming at the problem of phase unwrapping diffculty in large baseline interferograms, we firstly make a simple analysis of the characteristics and defiency of the conventional DEM construction algorithm by InSAR and D-InSAR. Then, a DEM construction method by D-InSAR technique based on phase compensation is proposed. Experiments with the ERS-Tandem data acquired in Kunlun Mountain verify the feasibility and efficiency of the algorithm.
Fourthly, discuss the relationship between the elevation accuracy and the topography condition and the coherence
Taking the DEM obtained by the algorithm proposed in the paper as an example, we use statistical method to analyse the height accuracy under different topography and coherence conditions. The experiment results demonstrate that the accuracy of the obtained DEM is positively correlated to the coherence and the topographic slope, and that of the slopes bending away from the SAR look direction is more accurate than those facing the radar antenna. Therefore, if the slope of test area is less than 45 degrees, SAR images with greater incidence angle will be advantageous for high-precision DEM generation.
论文围绕利用InSAR技术获取高精度山区DEM的算法理论和技术流程开展研究。针对SAR干涉DEM数据处理中的基线估计和相位解缠两大关键步骤,分别提出了一种适合于山区SAR数据处理的基线估计算法和差分提取DEM算法,以获取高精度的山区DEM。论文的主要研究工作如下：
1、分析了影响SAR干涉测高精度的误差源
从SAR干涉DEM的几何模型和数学模型着手,寻找影响SAR干涉提取DEM高程精度的误差源,并从理论上分析主要误差源对SAR干涉提取DEM高程精度的影响。
2、提出了一种不受地形条件限制的InSAR基线估计算法
对已有的InSAR基线估计方法的特性和适用条件进行分析总结；在此基础上,基于SAR干涉测量几何模型,构建一种不受地形条件限制的InSAR基线估计算法——基于配准偏移量的InSAR基线估计算法,并以ENVISAT卫星获取的西藏地区的真实数据进行验证分析。
3、提出了一种基于“相位补偿”的SAR差分提取DEM算法流程
针对长基线干涉对获取山区DEM存在“解缠困难”的问题,简要分析了现有的两种差分干涉提取DEM算法的特性和不足之处,在此基础上提出了一种基于“相位补偿”的SAR差分提取DEM算法。以昆仑山地区的ERS-Tandem模式数据进行差分干涉提取DEM实验,从理论和实验两方面验证了该算法的可行性和有效性。
4、探讨了SAR干涉提取DEM的高程精度与地形条件、相干性之间的关系
以本文所提出的差分提取DEM算法结果为例,采用统计学方法详细分析了差分干涉DEM高程精度与研究区地形条件、干涉对相干性之间的关系。实验结果表明,本文算法所得DEM高程精度与坡度、相干性之间是正相关的,且远离雷达视线方向的高程精度优于迎向雷达视线方向。因此,当研究区地形坡度不大(坡度小于45°)时,选择入射角大的SAR影像有利于高精度DEM获取。
Digital elevation model (DEM) is very vital spatial geographic information, which plays an important role in related research and national economy fields, such as resource exploration, disaster prevention and mitigation, infrastructure planning and construction and so on. However, in Western China, due to complicated topography, high altitude, thin air and some area are even affected by mist wheather throughout the year, conventional methods of elevation data acquisition are difficult to apply. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar thechnology can help obtain large extent, fast and high precision elevation data. It makes use of two or more correlated SLCs in the test area to extract its height information with an accuracy high to meters. In this thesis, the problems existing in the DEM reconstruction based on InSAR technique are discussed, which put forward the application and development in terrain mapping field.
The study is around the theory and technical flow of the DEM construction algorithm based on InSAR technique. Aiming at the key processes of SAR data processing, i.e., baseline estimation and phase unwrapping, a new baseline estimation method and an elevation information extraction algorithm by D-InSAR technique applicable in mountainous area are broughtforward to attain more accurate elevation data in relief area. The main research work in the thesis are as follows:
Firstly, analyse the error sources of the height acquired by InSAR technique
Based on the geometric and mathematical model of elevation extraction by InSAR, we explore the error sources that affect the height accuracy, and theoretically analyse the sensitivities of the main error sources to height estimation.
Secondly, present a baseline estimation method immune to topography condition.
After making an analysis of the characteristics and the applied condition of the existing InSAR baseline estimation algorithms, we propose a new baseline estimation algorithm less relying on terrain relief-InSAR baseline estimation algorithm based on coregi strati on offsets. Experiments with the real data acquired in Tibet by Envisate satellite are conducted to validate the algorithm.
Thirdly, a DEM construction algorithm by differential InSAR technique based on phase compensation is proposed.
Aiming at the problem of phase unwrapping diffculty in large baseline interferograms, we firstly make a simple analysis of the characteristics and defiency of the conventional DEM construction algorithm by InSAR and D-InSAR. Then, a DEM construction method by D-InSAR technique based on phase compensation is proposed. Experiments with the ERS-Tandem data acquired in Kunlun Mountain verify the feasibility and efficiency of the algorithm.
Fourthly, discuss the relationship between the elevation accuracy and the topography condition and the coherence
Taking the DEM obtained by the algorithm proposed in the paper as an example, we use statistical method to analyse the height accuracy under different topography and coherence conditions. The experiment results demonstrate that the accuracy of the obtained DEM is positively correlated to the coherence and the topographic slope, and that of the slopes bending away from the SAR look direction is more accurate than those facing the radar antenna. Therefore, if the slope of test area is less than 45 degrees, SAR images with greater incidence angle will be advantageous for high-precision DEM generation.
引文
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