基于木质环境学理念的饭店客户环境质量研究与实践
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摘要
木材是树木在森林生态系统中生长形成的一种生态环境材料。它不仅是国民经济发展所必需的建设用材,而且对创建绿色环境和保障人体健康有着重要的贡献。
由于传承和发展,我国拥有几千年的“木文化”和人类文明史,随着时代发展,人们对居住生活空间的要求已不局限于环境空间的大小和功能,更注重环境空间给身心带来的休养和静怡。“人+木=休”形象精美地概述了木材在人类居住环境中的神奇作用,主要和木材特有的固碳减排的生态学属性和优雅的环境学品质密切相关。
在工业化飞速发展的今天,城市建筑物密集,现代居室装饰和办公用品的高档化以及家用电器的普及等因素致使室内空气质量日益劣化并引发多种疾病,进而损害人居环境和人体健康。对此,愈来愈引起世人关注；国家主管部门近年来提出现代饭店创建“绿色套房”的要求,系指无建筑、装潢污染,室内环境完全符合人体健康要求的标准。因此,本项研究基于木质环境学的科学理念,进行饭店客房环境质量的探究与实践,为营造温馨、舒适的绿色空间,创建有益于人类身心健康的高质量饭店客房提供科学依据。
本项研究的主要内容包括：我国饭店客房环境质量问题与对策；宜居微环境的构成要素与评价；宜居微环境要素与居住舒适性的关系；饭店客房舒适性环境的实地构建与检验。采用实验和主观检验以及文献资料的借鉴与分析等方法,实践木质环境学理念,构建顺应时代发展、无环境污染、宜人居住的生活空间。其主要研究结果如下：
1、基于木质环境学理念,对用于饭店客房内的主要装饰材料的特性及对人居感受进行了量化科学分析,主要结论有：(1)经对木材、建筑基材、拼板、玻璃、布、瓷砖、金属、天然石、皮革、纸及转等11大类不同性质的装饰材料的材色分布与表面纹理特性进行了系统分析可知：纸、木材、拼板、建筑基材都在明度很高的范围且其材面较细而且较均匀,呈现一定纹理,但对比不强烈、纹理不明显；(2)对材色、表面纹理的视觉物理量与视觉心理量之间相关性进行了回归分析,回归分析结果表明大多数视觉心理量与视觉物理量之间均有中等较高程度的相关；(3)运用心理生理学的研究方法,研究了木质建材壁面的视觉物理特性对人体脑电波、血压变异、心率变异的影响。结果得出：视觉物理量“明度”和“纯度”对生理刺激的影响较高,“明度”和“纯度”的过高或过低将使生理反应程度加剧；(4)家具造型对受验者的心理感觉影响很大,受验者在欣赏到“简约、明快、豪华”时心率、血压有所降低,“豪华、端庄、朴素”的造型没对受验者产生太大影响；(5)饭店客房室内木质环境设计应遵循整体性原则、对比性原则、平衡性原则、秩序性原则、点睛性原则,以及习惯性原则和经济性原则。
2、构建了木质饭店客房0301和0308,其中0301客房的木造率达70%,0308客房使用了热处理木材,其木造率达90%,实地构建了木质环境空间；
3、经对0301客房、0308客房的环境空间微环境要素主观评价进行统计分析可知：
(1)0308客房的室内木质环境设计相对于0301客房具有更好的自然感、视觉舒适性及空气质量,同时也具有更好的隔声性能与混响性能,以及更高的综合环境满意度；(2)0301客房、0308客房与混凝土、瓷砖及地毯相比较,具有中等的软硬感、冷暖感；具有较好的运动感,较小的步行音,较舒适的步行氛围；(3)100%的受验对象认为0301客房、0308客房的室内环境较舒适或者舒适；比较0301客房与0308客房之间的评价结果得出,受验对象对0308客房给出了更高的评价。
4、对构建的饭店客房室内木质环境的空间微环境质量进行了分析与评价,结果表明：(1)相对于普通客房,木质环境设计的0301、0308客房,可有效降低有机挥发物的释放,尤其是采用热处理木材为原料的0308客房,效果更为明显；(2)相对于普通客房,木质环境设计的0301、0308客房具有较好的温湿度调节作用,0301、0308客房的温度变动比、湿度变化量明显减小；(3)0301、0308客房在吸声性、隔声性、混响效果上均有明显的改善。
该项研究结果对构建舒适、健康的饭店客房人居环境提供了较为全面、系统的科学分析数据和实践样例,将为在全国范围内创建饭店的“绿色客房”产生相应的积极影响。
Wood is a natural biopolymer grown and formed from the forestry ecosystem. It is not only a necessity for the development of national economy but also a contributor for guaranteeing the green environment and human health.
China has thousands of years of "wood culture" and history of human civilization with the constant inheritance and development. With the development of the society, the pursuit of preferable living space is not only to the dimensions and functions but concentrated on self-cultivation and peaceful relaxation. The mysterious efficacy caused by wood was perfectly summarized and expressed by the formula of "human+wood=relaxation", which is the inherent characteristics of wood with the features of carbon sequestration, emission reduction, and elegant environmental properties.
With the rapidly industrialized today, the gradually deteriorated air quality in indoor space, which was resulting from the increasing dense urban buildings, modern habitable decorations and office supplies, popularity of different electrical equipment and so on, will seriously damage the dwelling environment and human health. The indoor environmental quality has been attracted much attention by the society. The concerned official administrations have been proposed the requirements for "Green House", which means no construction pollution, no decorations pollutions. The "Green House" must be compliance to the human health. Therefore, it is extremely urgent and necessary for the creation and management of a warm, comfortable, and green space in a hotel with the research and practice of environmental quality based on the theory of wood science environment.
The objects of the thesis are mainly including:problems and countermeasures of the environmental quality for hotel rooms; elements and evaluation system of the livable micro-environment; relationship between the factors of micro-environments and living comfortability; practical constructions and inspections of preferable hotel space. With the combinations of experimental results, subjective emotions and analysis from the references, the text was proposed the suggestions and measures about how to structure a comfortable and pollution-free hotel house based on the theory of wood science environment with the developing society. The important and innovative research results are as follows:
1. The characteristics and human habitat feeling of main decorative materials in hotel room were scientifically quantified and analyzed based on the theory of wood environment science. Results showed:(1) With the systematical analysis of surface color distribution and grain features of11categories materials including wood, building substrates, joint board, glass, cloth, ceramic tile, metal, natural stone, leather, paper and brick, the surface brightness of paper, wood, jointed board and building substrates is much higher and the surface grain of these materials is slim, uniform, low-contrast and inconspicuous.(2) The correlation and regression analysis between the visual physical and visual mental quantities of wood color, surface texture showed that most of the visual physical and visual mental quantities have senior or middle correlationship.(3) The influences of visual physical quantities on the human brain waves, blood pressure variability, and heart rate variability were discussed using psychophysiological methodology. The results illustrated the visual physical "brightness" and "purity" had a higher effect on the physiological responses. Whether "brightness" and "purity" is too high or too low, the physiological responses had a negative influence.(4) Furniture shape has a great effect of the psychological feeling. The simple, bright and luxurious furniture shapes could cause lower heart rate and blood pressure. However, with the luxury, dignified and simple furniture shapes did not have much impact on the subjects.(5) The design of indoor wood environment in for hotel room should be followed the holistic principle, the contrast principle, the balanced principle, the uniform principle, the eye-dotting principle, the economical principle, and the principle.
2. Wood hotel room of0301and0308were practically built. The wood percentage of0301is70%. Meanwhile, the wood percentage using thermal wood of0308is90%. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time for building indoor wood environment in expert hotel in Northeast Forestry University.
3. With the subjective assessment, the microenvironment elements of0301room and0308room were statistically analyzed. It is presented that0308room expressed much better natural beauty, visual comfortableness and preferable air quality as well as better sound insulation, reverberation and comprehensive degree of environment satisfaction in comparison with that of0301room.(2) Compared with concrete, tile and carpet,0301and0308exhibited much better performance for middle softness or hardness, warmness or coldness, higher sense of movement, smaller sound of walking, comfortable walking environment.(3) All the surveyed people considered that0301and0308hold better or the best indoor comfortableness. With the comparison between0301and0308,0308received much higher evaluation than0301.
The indoor microenvironment quality of the created wood hotel room was analyzed and evaluated. Results showed:(1) Compared common hotel room, the release of volatile organic compounds in0301and0308is effectively reduced, and especially for0308room which is made up of thermal wood shows an obvious effect.(2) Compared common hotel room,0301and0308present much better adjustment of temperature and relative humidity. The variation ratio of temperature and relative humidity in room0301and0308were obviously reduced.(3) The effects of sound absorption, sound insulation and reverberation in room0301and0308were significantly improved.
These achievements of the thesis will provide a comprehensive and systematic reference for creating a comfortable and healthy inhabitation and positively affect the constructions of "Green Hotel" in the whole national restaurants.
由于传承和发展,我国拥有几千年的“木文化”和人类文明史,随着时代发展,人们对居住生活空间的要求已不局限于环境空间的大小和功能,更注重环境空间给身心带来的休养和静怡。“人+木=休”形象精美地概述了木材在人类居住环境中的神奇作用,主要和木材特有的固碳减排的生态学属性和优雅的环境学品质密切相关。
在工业化飞速发展的今天,城市建筑物密集,现代居室装饰和办公用品的高档化以及家用电器的普及等因素致使室内空气质量日益劣化并引发多种疾病,进而损害人居环境和人体健康。对此,愈来愈引起世人关注；国家主管部门近年来提出现代饭店创建“绿色套房”的要求,系指无建筑、装潢污染,室内环境完全符合人体健康要求的标准。因此,本项研究基于木质环境学的科学理念,进行饭店客房环境质量的探究与实践,为营造温馨、舒适的绿色空间,创建有益于人类身心健康的高质量饭店客房提供科学依据。
本项研究的主要内容包括：我国饭店客房环境质量问题与对策；宜居微环境的构成要素与评价；宜居微环境要素与居住舒适性的关系；饭店客房舒适性环境的实地构建与检验。采用实验和主观检验以及文献资料的借鉴与分析等方法,实践木质环境学理念,构建顺应时代发展、无环境污染、宜人居住的生活空间。其主要研究结果如下：
1、基于木质环境学理念,对用于饭店客房内的主要装饰材料的特性及对人居感受进行了量化科学分析,主要结论有：(1)经对木材、建筑基材、拼板、玻璃、布、瓷砖、金属、天然石、皮革、纸及转等11大类不同性质的装饰材料的材色分布与表面纹理特性进行了系统分析可知：纸、木材、拼板、建筑基材都在明度很高的范围且其材面较细而且较均匀,呈现一定纹理,但对比不强烈、纹理不明显；(2)对材色、表面纹理的视觉物理量与视觉心理量之间相关性进行了回归分析,回归分析结果表明大多数视觉心理量与视觉物理量之间均有中等较高程度的相关；(3)运用心理生理学的研究方法,研究了木质建材壁面的视觉物理特性对人体脑电波、血压变异、心率变异的影响。结果得出：视觉物理量“明度”和“纯度”对生理刺激的影响较高,“明度”和“纯度”的过高或过低将使生理反应程度加剧；(4)家具造型对受验者的心理感觉影响很大,受验者在欣赏到“简约、明快、豪华”时心率、血压有所降低,“豪华、端庄、朴素”的造型没对受验者产生太大影响；(5)饭店客房室内木质环境设计应遵循整体性原则、对比性原则、平衡性原则、秩序性原则、点睛性原则,以及习惯性原则和经济性原则。
2、构建了木质饭店客房0301和0308,其中0301客房的木造率达70%,0308客房使用了热处理木材,其木造率达90%,实地构建了木质环境空间；
3、经对0301客房、0308客房的环境空间微环境要素主观评价进行统计分析可知：
(1)0308客房的室内木质环境设计相对于0301客房具有更好的自然感、视觉舒适性及空气质量,同时也具有更好的隔声性能与混响性能,以及更高的综合环境满意度；(2)0301客房、0308客房与混凝土、瓷砖及地毯相比较,具有中等的软硬感、冷暖感；具有较好的运动感,较小的步行音,较舒适的步行氛围；(3)100%的受验对象认为0301客房、0308客房的室内环境较舒适或者舒适；比较0301客房与0308客房之间的评价结果得出,受验对象对0308客房给出了更高的评价。
4、对构建的饭店客房室内木质环境的空间微环境质量进行了分析与评价,结果表明：(1)相对于普通客房,木质环境设计的0301、0308客房,可有效降低有机挥发物的释放,尤其是采用热处理木材为原料的0308客房,效果更为明显；(2)相对于普通客房,木质环境设计的0301、0308客房具有较好的温湿度调节作用,0301、0308客房的温度变动比、湿度变化量明显减小；(3)0301、0308客房在吸声性、隔声性、混响效果上均有明显的改善。
该项研究结果对构建舒适、健康的饭店客房人居环境提供了较为全面、系统的科学分析数据和实践样例,将为在全国范围内创建饭店的“绿色客房”产生相应的积极影响。
Wood is a natural biopolymer grown and formed from the forestry ecosystem. It is not only a necessity for the development of national economy but also a contributor for guaranteeing the green environment and human health.
China has thousands of years of "wood culture" and history of human civilization with the constant inheritance and development. With the development of the society, the pursuit of preferable living space is not only to the dimensions and functions but concentrated on self-cultivation and peaceful relaxation. The mysterious efficacy caused by wood was perfectly summarized and expressed by the formula of "human+wood=relaxation", which is the inherent characteristics of wood with the features of carbon sequestration, emission reduction, and elegant environmental properties.
With the rapidly industrialized today, the gradually deteriorated air quality in indoor space, which was resulting from the increasing dense urban buildings, modern habitable decorations and office supplies, popularity of different electrical equipment and so on, will seriously damage the dwelling environment and human health. The indoor environmental quality has been attracted much attention by the society. The concerned official administrations have been proposed the requirements for "Green House", which means no construction pollution, no decorations pollutions. The "Green House" must be compliance to the human health. Therefore, it is extremely urgent and necessary for the creation and management of a warm, comfortable, and green space in a hotel with the research and practice of environmental quality based on the theory of wood science environment.
The objects of the thesis are mainly including:problems and countermeasures of the environmental quality for hotel rooms; elements and evaluation system of the livable micro-environment; relationship between the factors of micro-environments and living comfortability; practical constructions and inspections of preferable hotel space. With the combinations of experimental results, subjective emotions and analysis from the references, the text was proposed the suggestions and measures about how to structure a comfortable and pollution-free hotel house based on the theory of wood science environment with the developing society. The important and innovative research results are as follows:
1. The characteristics and human habitat feeling of main decorative materials in hotel room were scientifically quantified and analyzed based on the theory of wood environment science. Results showed:(1) With the systematical analysis of surface color distribution and grain features of11categories materials including wood, building substrates, joint board, glass, cloth, ceramic tile, metal, natural stone, leather, paper and brick, the surface brightness of paper, wood, jointed board and building substrates is much higher and the surface grain of these materials is slim, uniform, low-contrast and inconspicuous.(2) The correlation and regression analysis between the visual physical and visual mental quantities of wood color, surface texture showed that most of the visual physical and visual mental quantities have senior or middle correlationship.(3) The influences of visual physical quantities on the human brain waves, blood pressure variability, and heart rate variability were discussed using psychophysiological methodology. The results illustrated the visual physical "brightness" and "purity" had a higher effect on the physiological responses. Whether "brightness" and "purity" is too high or too low, the physiological responses had a negative influence.(4) Furniture shape has a great effect of the psychological feeling. The simple, bright and luxurious furniture shapes could cause lower heart rate and blood pressure. However, with the luxury, dignified and simple furniture shapes did not have much impact on the subjects.(5) The design of indoor wood environment in for hotel room should be followed the holistic principle, the contrast principle, the balanced principle, the uniform principle, the eye-dotting principle, the economical principle, and the principle.
2. Wood hotel room of0301and0308were practically built. The wood percentage of0301is70%. Meanwhile, the wood percentage using thermal wood of0308is90%. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time for building indoor wood environment in expert hotel in Northeast Forestry University.
3. With the subjective assessment, the microenvironment elements of0301room and0308room were statistically analyzed. It is presented that0308room expressed much better natural beauty, visual comfortableness and preferable air quality as well as better sound insulation, reverberation and comprehensive degree of environment satisfaction in comparison with that of0301room.(2) Compared with concrete, tile and carpet,0301and0308exhibited much better performance for middle softness or hardness, warmness or coldness, higher sense of movement, smaller sound of walking, comfortable walking environment.(3) All the surveyed people considered that0301and0308hold better or the best indoor comfortableness. With the comparison between0301and0308,0308received much higher evaluation than0301.
The indoor microenvironment quality of the created wood hotel room was analyzed and evaluated. Results showed:(1) Compared common hotel room, the release of volatile organic compounds in0301and0308is effectively reduced, and especially for0308room which is made up of thermal wood shows an obvious effect.(2) Compared common hotel room,0301and0308present much better adjustment of temperature and relative humidity. The variation ratio of temperature and relative humidity in room0301and0308were obviously reduced.(3) The effects of sound absorption, sound insulation and reverberation in room0301and0308were significantly improved.
These achievements of the thesis will provide a comprehensive and systematic reference for creating a comfortable and healthy inhabitation and positively affect the constructions of "Green Hotel" in the whole national restaurants.
引文
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