基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意捕获及其自动性研究
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摘要
视觉系统是一个资源有限的信息加工系统,在任何时刻视觉注意只能选择外界环境中的有限信息进行加工。影响视觉选择性注意的因素既可能是视觉场景中具有显著特征的刺激,也可能是个体当前的主观意图或任务目标。偏向竞争模型认为工作记忆对于解决视觉场景中不同物体之间的注意竞争具有重要作用,保持在工作记忆中的目标模板会以自上而下的方式引导视觉注意优先选择视场中与之匹配的物体。本研究所探讨的就是这种基于工作记忆内容的自上而下的视觉注意机制,并且重点考察视场中与当前工作记忆内容匹配的无关刺激是否能够自动捕获注意。本研究共包括十个实验,系统考察了工作记忆内容对视觉选择性注意的自动引导作用。实验一到实验三考察了视觉工作记忆内容对视觉注意的自动引导作用,结果发现视场中与当前工作记忆内容匹配的物体具体特征或抽象维度能够自动捕获注意。实验四和实验五进一步发现,言语工作记忆内容也能够引发这种自上而下的注意捕获机制。实验六检验基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意捕获是否满足强自动性的意向性标准,结果显示被试的注意准备状态能够调节基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意捕获,工作记忆内容对视觉注意的引导作用并没有表现出非常强的自动性。本研究的创新性贡献表现为:首先,本研究改进了已往的研究范式,排除了被试主观动机对实验结果的影响,从而为基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意捕获提供了强有力的证据支持。其次,本研究扩展了已往相关研究,证明了工作记忆内容对视觉注意的自动引导作用可以基于多种形式的匹配关系进行,既可以基于具体特征值的匹配,也可以基于抽象维度的匹配。最后,本研究首次引入意向性标准直接检验了基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意捕获的自动性,提出基于工作记忆内容的视觉注意捕获是一个有条件的自动化过程,从而为解决工作记忆内容是否能够自动引导注意这个理论争论提供了一个重要视角。
Since there are usually much more stimuli in the scene than limited capacity visual system can process at any moment, visual attention selects only a minority of them for further processing. This selection process can be controlled either by bottom-up factors (e.g., salient stimuli in the visual scene) or by top-down factors, such as subjective intention or task target. The biased competition model suggests that working memory may be crucial to resolve the competition for selection amongst different stimuli in the visual field. Top-down feedback from the target template held in working memory will bias attention in favor of the matching objects. The present research focused on this content-based memory-driven attention mechanism and specifically investigated whether distractors that match the current contents of working memory can capture attention. A total of ten experiments were reported. Experient 1-3 explored attentional capture by visual working memory, and the results showed the reliable effect of working memory on selection which could be established on both feature-based and dimension-based matching between memory items and attention displays. Moreover, this effect could also occur when memory items were verbally encoded (Experiment 4-5). However, the top-down guidance of attention did not strictly satisfy the intentionality criterion for strong automaticity, since participants' state of attentional readiness could modulate attentional capture by working memory contents (Experiment 6). The present research makes strong contributions for understanding the automatic guidance of attention from working memory. First, since participants were provided with no explicit incentive for attending to memory matches in the present task paradigm, the current findings provide the strongest evidence for content-based working memory-driven capture of attention. Second, the present research extends previous studies by further demonstating that top-down guidance of attention can be based on different types of matching between working memory contents and attention objects, from feature-based matching to dimension-based matching. Finally, the present research is, to my best knowledge, the first attempt to directly test the intentionality criterion for the automaticity of attentional capture by working memory contents. A novel notion that content-based working memory-driven capture of visual attention is conditionally automatic is proposed here, which provides an important perspective for resolving the controversy as to whether working memory can involuntarily guide attention.
Since there are usually much more stimuli in the scene than limited capacity visual system can process at any moment, visual attention selects only a minority of them for further processing. This selection process can be controlled either by bottom-up factors (e.g., salient stimuli in the visual scene) or by top-down factors, such as subjective intention or task target. The biased competition model suggests that working memory may be crucial to resolve the competition for selection amongst different stimuli in the visual field. Top-down feedback from the target template held in working memory will bias attention in favor of the matching objects. The present research focused on this content-based memory-driven attention mechanism and specifically investigated whether distractors that match the current contents of working memory can capture attention. A total of ten experiments were reported. Experient 1-3 explored attentional capture by visual working memory, and the results showed the reliable effect of working memory on selection which could be established on both feature-based and dimension-based matching between memory items and attention displays. Moreover, this effect could also occur when memory items were verbally encoded (Experiment 4-5). However, the top-down guidance of attention did not strictly satisfy the intentionality criterion for strong automaticity, since participants' state of attentional readiness could modulate attentional capture by working memory contents (Experiment 6). The present research makes strong contributions for understanding the automatic guidance of attention from working memory. First, since participants were provided with no explicit incentive for attending to memory matches in the present task paradigm, the current findings provide the strongest evidence for content-based working memory-driven capture of attention. Second, the present research extends previous studies by further demonstating that top-down guidance of attention can be based on different types of matching between working memory contents and attention objects, from feature-based matching to dimension-based matching. Finally, the present research is, to my best knowledge, the first attempt to directly test the intentionality criterion for the automaticity of attentional capture by working memory contents. A novel notion that content-based working memory-driven capture of visual attention is conditionally automatic is proposed here, which provides an important perspective for resolving the controversy as to whether working memory can involuntarily guide attention.
引文
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