表象表征：心理旋转的实证探索
摘要
心理旋转是表象理论的重要组成部分，从1971年，谢帕德(R．N．Shepard)和梅茨勒(J．Metzler)开始的心理旋转(mental rotation)研究为表象的研究提供了依据，说明了表象是一种独立的心理过程，与感知觉的心理过程、情绪情感过程和生理过程有关系。在随后的心理旋转的实验研究过程中，对心理旋转中的表象表征与命题表征、内部参考框架和生理机制产生了争论，也正是这些争论启发了本研究。
本研究的第一部分是相关理论的综述，主要包含：表象和心理旋转的基本理论、影响心理旋转的因素和基本的研究方法，从整体上梳理了心理旋转研究中的热点问题。
第二部分是实证研究，使用了眼动和ERPs的方法对表象表征与命题表征、心理旋转中的参考框架、生理机制进行了分析。在研究一中采用瑞文联合型智力测验、镶嵌图形测验、注意专注力划消测验、安菲莫夫检查表和Cooper等人的R字符表象旋转实验考察了影响心理旋转的因素，建立了结构方程模型。研究二分析了刺激的表现方式对心理旋转效率的影响，研究三借助眼动的研究方法分析了心理旋转中的内部参考框架与外部参考框架的关系，发现在心理旋转的任务简单时，外部的参考框架可以提高心理旋转的成绩。研究四的两个实验分别采用了汉字数字与阿拉伯数字以及经典的心理旋转的三维立体图形探讨了心理旋转中的表象表征与命题表征的转化，发现表象表征的容量组块是4，在4以下时，表象表征占主导地位，心理旋转采用表象的匹配，但在容量组块超过4时，命题表征的优势显现了出来，对于刺激物的整体加工的效果更为明显。研究五借助眼动的研究对聋哑人和正常人进行了心理旋转的比较研究，结果发现：听觉通道受损伤对视觉的心理旋转的影响不大。研究六采用ERPs的方法，从不同脑电位置引发的脑电波波幅与潜伏期的分析发现：表象表征与命题表征的脑部活动区域有差别，表象表征时，右半球加工为主，命题表征时，左半球的活动增多。在对不同性别的脑电活动的分析中发现：性别差异表现在ERP的早期成分N200的潜伏期与波幅上，女性的潜伏期长，波幅大，在P300上刺激类型与性别的交互作用显著。不同性别的人在心理旋转中投入的心理能量和心理努力程度不同，女性左半球与右半球都进行加工，男性右半球加工明显。左、右利手的人也表现出了不同的ERP结果，差异主要在ERP后期慢波LSW的潜伏期与波幅上，左利手的人潜伏期长，波幅低。另外，左利手的人在心理旋转中左半球与右半球都进行加工，存在右半球资源竞争的现象，总体表现出比较强的空间能力，右利手的人右半球的加工明显。
第三部分结合六个研究的结果对本研究进行总的分析，总结了研究中的不足与创新，提出了研究展望。
Mental rotation is the important part of mental image theory. In 1971,R.N.Shepard & J.Metzler began to research mental rotation. Their study indicated thatmental image was an independent mental process, which related to other mentalprocesses and physiological process. After 1971,there were many issues about thetheory of mental rotation, such as mental image representation and propositionrepresentation, reference frame and physiological mechanism of mental rotation. Thetopic of the study is the same as these issues.
There are three parts in the dissertation. Part one introduces the basic theory ofmental image and mental rotation and analyzes the factors effected on mental rotation.The basic study methods and importantant issues are presented in the part. All thesepresentations are helpful to the study.
In part two, there are six exploratory researches. In experiment 1,the CRT, EFT,the Attention Test, Russian Continuous Letters Test and Cooper's mental rotation areused to construct equation model. The model shows the relation of intelligence,cognitive style, attention, temperament and mental rotation. In experiment 2, weanalyze the different stimulus how to effect on different mental rotation'efficiency.EyelinkⅡis used in experiment 3 to study the external and internal refence fame inmental rotation. The result is that presenting a number with an external referenceframe, subjects' internal reference frames can be revised. At the same time, thesubjects tend to use frame rotation. In experiment 4, we use the different stylenumbles and Shepard's three-dimensional pictures to study the image representationand proposition representation of mental rotation. We find that a chuck of imagerepresentation. The chuck is 4. When the capacity is less than 4, the imagerepresentation plays an important role in mental rotation's process. But, if thestimulus is very difficult, the capacity will overflow. Then propositionrepresentation will dominat in mental rotation's operation. Eyelink II is used inexperiment 5 to explore eye movements characteristic of mental rotation between deaf students and hearing students. The result is that impaired hearing bringsabout weaker effect in mental rotation. ERPs is used in last experiment to explorethe physiological mechanism of different people. We find that there are significantdifferences between different stimulus and different group on ERP. N200 hassignificant difference between male and female. SLW has significance differencebetween left-handed and right-handed. There are different functions between lefthemisphere and right hemisphere of brain in the course of mental rotation. Femaleuses more left hemisphere than male. Left-handed uses more left hemisphere thanright-handed in mental rotation.
本研究的第一部分是相关理论的综述，主要包含：表象和心理旋转的基本理论、影响心理旋转的因素和基本的研究方法，从整体上梳理了心理旋转研究中的热点问题。
第二部分是实证研究，使用了眼动和ERPs的方法对表象表征与命题表征、心理旋转中的参考框架、生理机制进行了分析。在研究一中采用瑞文联合型智力测验、镶嵌图形测验、注意专注力划消测验、安菲莫夫检查表和Cooper等人的R字符表象旋转实验考察了影响心理旋转的因素，建立了结构方程模型。研究二分析了刺激的表现方式对心理旋转效率的影响，研究三借助眼动的研究方法分析了心理旋转中的内部参考框架与外部参考框架的关系，发现在心理旋转的任务简单时，外部的参考框架可以提高心理旋转的成绩。研究四的两个实验分别采用了汉字数字与阿拉伯数字以及经典的心理旋转的三维立体图形探讨了心理旋转中的表象表征与命题表征的转化，发现表象表征的容量组块是4，在4以下时，表象表征占主导地位，心理旋转采用表象的匹配，但在容量组块超过4时，命题表征的优势显现了出来，对于刺激物的整体加工的效果更为明显。研究五借助眼动的研究对聋哑人和正常人进行了心理旋转的比较研究，结果发现：听觉通道受损伤对视觉的心理旋转的影响不大。研究六采用ERPs的方法，从不同脑电位置引发的脑电波波幅与潜伏期的分析发现：表象表征与命题表征的脑部活动区域有差别，表象表征时，右半球加工为主，命题表征时，左半球的活动增多。在对不同性别的脑电活动的分析中发现：性别差异表现在ERP的早期成分N200的潜伏期与波幅上，女性的潜伏期长，波幅大，在P300上刺激类型与性别的交互作用显著。不同性别的人在心理旋转中投入的心理能量和心理努力程度不同，女性左半球与右半球都进行加工，男性右半球加工明显。左、右利手的人也表现出了不同的ERP结果，差异主要在ERP后期慢波LSW的潜伏期与波幅上，左利手的人潜伏期长，波幅低。另外，左利手的人在心理旋转中左半球与右半球都进行加工，存在右半球资源竞争的现象，总体表现出比较强的空间能力，右利手的人右半球的加工明显。
第三部分结合六个研究的结果对本研究进行总的分析，总结了研究中的不足与创新，提出了研究展望。
Mental rotation is the important part of mental image theory. In 1971,R.N.Shepard & J.Metzler began to research mental rotation. Their study indicated thatmental image was an independent mental process, which related to other mentalprocesses and physiological process. After 1971,there were many issues about thetheory of mental rotation, such as mental image representation and propositionrepresentation, reference frame and physiological mechanism of mental rotation. Thetopic of the study is the same as these issues.
There are three parts in the dissertation. Part one introduces the basic theory ofmental image and mental rotation and analyzes the factors effected on mental rotation.The basic study methods and importantant issues are presented in the part. All thesepresentations are helpful to the study.
In part two, there are six exploratory researches. In experiment 1,the CRT, EFT,the Attention Test, Russian Continuous Letters Test and Cooper's mental rotation areused to construct equation model. The model shows the relation of intelligence,cognitive style, attention, temperament and mental rotation. In experiment 2, weanalyze the different stimulus how to effect on different mental rotation'efficiency.EyelinkⅡis used in experiment 3 to study the external and internal refence fame inmental rotation. The result is that presenting a number with an external referenceframe, subjects' internal reference frames can be revised. At the same time, thesubjects tend to use frame rotation. In experiment 4, we use the different stylenumbles and Shepard's three-dimensional pictures to study the image representationand proposition representation of mental rotation. We find that a chuck of imagerepresentation. The chuck is 4. When the capacity is less than 4, the imagerepresentation plays an important role in mental rotation's process. But, if thestimulus is very difficult, the capacity will overflow. Then propositionrepresentation will dominat in mental rotation's operation. Eyelink II is used inexperiment 5 to explore eye movements characteristic of mental rotation between deaf students and hearing students. The result is that impaired hearing bringsabout weaker effect in mental rotation. ERPs is used in last experiment to explorethe physiological mechanism of different people. We find that there are significantdifferences between different stimulus and different group on ERP. N200 hassignificant difference between male and female. SLW has significance differencebetween left-handed and right-handed. There are different functions between lefthemisphere and right hemisphere of brain in the course of mental rotation. Femaleuses more left hemisphere than male. Left-handed uses more left hemisphere thanright-handed in mental rotation.
引文
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