城市新区生态雨水基础设施规划理论、方法与应用研究
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摘要
城市化进程破坏了城市的自然水文过程,加之传统“以排为主”的管网工程措施的雨洪管理理念与体制,引发了一系列的城市雨洪问题,集中表现为：洪涝灾害频发、水环境持续恶化以及水资源严重短缺。城市新区作为我国城市化进程中的建设主体,是未来城市雨洪管理的重点区域,因此需要从规划阶段、在新城建设前,便引入具有前瞻性的雨洪生态管理理念,规避现有旧城区出现的雨洪管理问题。本研究以生态雨水基础设施(ESI)为核心理论,结合我国城市新区的实际情况和规划编制体系,系统地提出了多目标、多尺度的中国城市新区生态雨水基础设施规划的理论框架和方法论体系,并以上海临港新城为例进行实证研究,为临港新城的雨洪生态管理提供技术支撑。论文主要研究结论如下：
理论与方法研究：
(1)生态基础设施(Ecoligical Stormwater Infrastructure, ESI)是雨洪生态管理的核心理论,强调生态系统有关雨洪调蓄、径流削减、水质保护、清洁水源提供等方面的生态系统服务价值,注重自然水处理与人工设施之间的协调互动。生态雨水基础设施规划包括集中式、终端控制的BMPs-ESI和就地／分散式、源头与过程控制的LID-ESI以及传输型ESI三个组分。
(2)生态雨水基础设施规划具有多目标性以及多领域性,其核心是在“近自然软排水”雨洪生态管理理念的指导下,从水循环、水安全、水环境、水资源等角度,在不同尺度、规划编制阶段,对生态雨水基础设施的类型、规模、布局、结构等进行系统性的保护和规划,形成完整的生态雨水基础设施的网络体系,进而实现城市的可持续雨洪管理和精明增长。
(3)结合城市规划编制体系,提出了城市新区生态雨水基础设施规划的体系、理论、方法与技术流程,包括三个层面：生态雨水基础设施总体规划、生态雨水基础设施控制性规划以及生态雨水基础设施修建性规划。总体规划侧重考虑雨洪生态管理重点区域的BMPs-ESI的规划,雨洪管理景观安全格局(SWMSP)是生态雨水基础设施总体规划的规划成果；控制性规划侧重考虑LID-ESI的规划,有效透水面指标EPA(尤其是有效绿地EGA)是生态雨水基础设施控制性规划的规划成果；修建性规划则是对总体规划和控制性规划确定的ESI提出具体的安排和详细规划设计,指导工程设计与建设。
应用研究：
结合研究区实际情况,确立了上海临港新城生态雨水基础设施规划的总体目标,建设了生态雨水基础设施规划数据库,并从区域生态雨水基础设施总体规划、典型地块生态雨水基础设施控制性规划、生态雨水基础设施示范工程修建性规划等三个层面展开了实证研究。
(1)区域生态雨水基础设施总体规划实证研究
在城市总体规划的规划愿景下,对临港新城主城区的雨洪生态过程进行空间模拟分析,确定了生态雨水基础设施总体规划的重点区域。结合BMPs-ESI适宜性评价,判别出BMPs-ESI的空间位置、组分及其关系,构建区域雨洪管理景观安全格局。研究区基于洪涝控制、径流削减、水质保护等单个雨洪生态管理目标的BMPs-ESI分别为5.71km2、1.81km2以及4.49km2。将单个雨洪生态管理目标的BMPs-ESI格局进行空间叠加、综合分析,形成了连续而完整的、系列化的区域雨洪管理景观安全格局SWMSP,SWMSP的用地面积为8.75km2,占研究区总面积的12.97%,它是研究区城市发展建设中不可逾越的生态底线,应重点保护和严格限制开发建设。
(2)典型地块生态雨水基础设施控制性规划实证研究
结合生态雨水基础设施总体规划成果,基于城市控制性规划的规划愿景,运用有效(不)透水面理论和USCSWEM下垫面分类方法,在利益相关方调查分析的基础上,确定了五个规划情景方案,通过水量平衡分析,得出不同情景方案对应的EPA(EGA)的面积指标,并通过SWMM模型对情景规划结果进行验证,最终选定了两个情景规划方案(方案二S2和方案三S3),分别对应绿色建筑评价标准中的基本项和优选项标准。S2对应的EPA、EGA面积分别为2.38hm2、2.02hm2,EGA占绿地面积、地块总面积的比例分别为77.69%、7.52%；S3对应的EPA、EGA面积为1.66hm2、1.30hm2,EGA占绿地面积、总面积的比例为50.16%、4.86%。
(3)生态雨水基础设施示范工程修建性规划与设计实证研究
对临港新城护城环路附近的两处生态雨水基础设施示范工程进行了修建性规划与设计,包括砂石生态过滤池、“阶梯式”多级梯度生态净化塘系统(挺水植物塘、沉水植物塘)、生态渗滤沟、表流湿地、复合生态塘系统、潜流湿地等组分。两处示范工程建成后,即使在暴雨、冬季等恶劣气候条件下,也可正常地运行,保持稳定的水质净化效果,具有一定的耐冲击负荷能力,生态、社会、经济效益良好。
The rapid urbanization has greatly changed the surface of the Earth. Numerous research studies have documented that Land Use/Land Cover Change (LUCC) caused by urban expansion, i.e., the increase of impervious surface, and conventional Stormwater Management (SWM) methods, which remove runoff with piped conveyance systems and route runoff directly to stream to prevent ponding, are considered as the main cause for the destruction of urban natural water cycles. It will lead to a series of stormwater problems, such as an increase in flash floods, increased pollution generated by urban nonpoint sources, shortage of water resource, degradation of ecological value of rivers, to name but a few.
Being one of the most rapidly urbanizing countries in the world, China is suffering a lot from the environmental and ecological problems induced by urban stormwater. As the major part of China's urbanization process, new urban districts are the key areas of SWM in the future. Conventional SWM system, i.e., gray stormwater management is no longer adequate to deal with larger and more intense storm events and the associated pollution, and there has been a shift from gray stormwater management to Stormwater Ecological Management (SWEM), i.e., Ecological Stormwater Infrastructure (ESI).
In this paper, an systematic innovative theory, method and technical architecture of ESI planning for new urban district is given in multi-scale, that combined with the current situation of new urban district and China's urban planning system, and aimed at natural hydro logical process protection and urban sustainable development. A case study of Shanghai Lingang New City (SHLNC),which is one of the major satellite towns of Shanghai and an important sector of the world's shipping center, is demonstrated with a multi-objective comprehensive ESI planning target for flood control, runoff reduction, water quality and rainwater resource utilization. The main research results and conclusions are as follows:
Theory and Method
(1) The core concept of ESI planning is to form an interconnected network of ESI which consisted of ESI's type, size, layout and structure. A combination of proposed ESI system ranging from on site LID-ESI features at the property or neighborhood level, to BMPs-ESI features at the regional scale, and transfer ESI.
(2) The innovative theory, method, andframework for ESI planning on different scales was proposed based on China's urban planning system. It consists of three parts:On the regional scale, it concerned with Stormwater Management Landscape Security Pattern (SWMSP) base on urban master plan; on the mesoscale and microscale, it concerned LID-ESI and effective pervious areas (EPA) based on the regulatory planning; the site construction detailed planning concerned with with the planning, design and construction of ESI.
(3) According to the concept of Effective Pervious Areas (EPA), that compared to Effective Impervious Area (EIA), an innovation classification system, which called as USCSWEM (Urban Underlying Surface Classification for Stormwater Eco-management) is put forward. EPA indicates the pervious area that receives and stores runoff from other underlying surface, and EPA (espically Effective Green Area, EGA) should be listed as planning index for urban regulatory detailed planning.
Case Study of SHLNC
Under the multi-objective comprehensive ESI planning target, a space-based database system for ESI planning was constructed in GIS platform.
(1) Based on the vision of SHLNC's master plan, and through the analysis and simulation of hydrological processes, strategic BMPs-ESI nodes which have critical significance in safeguarding and controlling hydrological processes are identified to form an integrated SWMSP. The areas of BMPs-ESI for flood control, stormwater control, runoff reduction, water quality are3.94sq km,1.77sq km,1.81sq km, and4.49sq km respectively. The comprehensive BMPs-ESI network of SHLNC, also called SWMSP compose about12.97%of the total area, with the size of8.75sq km. SWMSP should not be used as construction land.
(2) Under the vision of regulatory detailed planning, ESI regulatory detailed planning research of a typical area is studied. Different LID-ESI approaches are compared and suitability evaluation is carried out to determine the most appropriate types of LID-ESI considering local guidelines, stakeholders'concerns, and other related environmental and economical factors, and low elevation greenbelt is considered to be the most appropriate approach. Five scenario simulation planings are setted, based on the concepts of EPA and USCSWEM, including rainwater collection, green roof, pervious surface, depth of low elevation greenbelt. In scenario2, the area of EPA and EGA are2.38hm2and2.02hm2, the area proportion of EGA is77.69%, moreover, in scenario3, the area of EPA and EGA are1.66hm2and1.30hm2, the area proportion of EGA is50.16%. The results are verifid by SWMM, the EPA and EGA indexs of two scenarios should be listed as SWEM planning index for urban regulatory detailed planning.
(3) Two stromwater eco-management demonstration projects which located by Hucheng Ring Road in SHLNC were established based on the construction planning and design, including sand eco-filter tank, multi-stage eco-wetponds, upflow-catch basin, eco-infiltration ditch, surface flow wetland, compound ecological pond, and subsurface flow constructed wetland. The two projects run normally and effectively in any condition, even if in harsh climates. In the eleven rianfall events, the demonstration projects could purify the rainfall runoff pollution with their concentration remarkably decreasing. It is proposed that multiple ecological, economic and social benefits will be greatly realized.
理论与方法研究：
(1)生态基础设施(Ecoligical Stormwater Infrastructure, ESI)是雨洪生态管理的核心理论,强调生态系统有关雨洪调蓄、径流削减、水质保护、清洁水源提供等方面的生态系统服务价值,注重自然水处理与人工设施之间的协调互动。生态雨水基础设施规划包括集中式、终端控制的BMPs-ESI和就地／分散式、源头与过程控制的LID-ESI以及传输型ESI三个组分。
(2)生态雨水基础设施规划具有多目标性以及多领域性,其核心是在“近自然软排水”雨洪生态管理理念的指导下,从水循环、水安全、水环境、水资源等角度,在不同尺度、规划编制阶段,对生态雨水基础设施的类型、规模、布局、结构等进行系统性的保护和规划,形成完整的生态雨水基础设施的网络体系,进而实现城市的可持续雨洪管理和精明增长。
(3)结合城市规划编制体系,提出了城市新区生态雨水基础设施规划的体系、理论、方法与技术流程,包括三个层面：生态雨水基础设施总体规划、生态雨水基础设施控制性规划以及生态雨水基础设施修建性规划。总体规划侧重考虑雨洪生态管理重点区域的BMPs-ESI的规划,雨洪管理景观安全格局(SWMSP)是生态雨水基础设施总体规划的规划成果；控制性规划侧重考虑LID-ESI的规划,有效透水面指标EPA(尤其是有效绿地EGA)是生态雨水基础设施控制性规划的规划成果；修建性规划则是对总体规划和控制性规划确定的ESI提出具体的安排和详细规划设计,指导工程设计与建设。
应用研究：
结合研究区实际情况,确立了上海临港新城生态雨水基础设施规划的总体目标,建设了生态雨水基础设施规划数据库,并从区域生态雨水基础设施总体规划、典型地块生态雨水基础设施控制性规划、生态雨水基础设施示范工程修建性规划等三个层面展开了实证研究。
(1)区域生态雨水基础设施总体规划实证研究
在城市总体规划的规划愿景下,对临港新城主城区的雨洪生态过程进行空间模拟分析,确定了生态雨水基础设施总体规划的重点区域。结合BMPs-ESI适宜性评价,判别出BMPs-ESI的空间位置、组分及其关系,构建区域雨洪管理景观安全格局。研究区基于洪涝控制、径流削减、水质保护等单个雨洪生态管理目标的BMPs-ESI分别为5.71km2、1.81km2以及4.49km2。将单个雨洪生态管理目标的BMPs-ESI格局进行空间叠加、综合分析,形成了连续而完整的、系列化的区域雨洪管理景观安全格局SWMSP,SWMSP的用地面积为8.75km2,占研究区总面积的12.97%,它是研究区城市发展建设中不可逾越的生态底线,应重点保护和严格限制开发建设。
(2)典型地块生态雨水基础设施控制性规划实证研究
结合生态雨水基础设施总体规划成果,基于城市控制性规划的规划愿景,运用有效(不)透水面理论和USCSWEM下垫面分类方法,在利益相关方调查分析的基础上,确定了五个规划情景方案,通过水量平衡分析,得出不同情景方案对应的EPA(EGA)的面积指标,并通过SWMM模型对情景规划结果进行验证,最终选定了两个情景规划方案(方案二S2和方案三S3),分别对应绿色建筑评价标准中的基本项和优选项标准。S2对应的EPA、EGA面积分别为2.38hm2、2.02hm2,EGA占绿地面积、地块总面积的比例分别为77.69%、7.52%；S3对应的EPA、EGA面积为1.66hm2、1.30hm2,EGA占绿地面积、总面积的比例为50.16%、4.86%。
(3)生态雨水基础设施示范工程修建性规划与设计实证研究
对临港新城护城环路附近的两处生态雨水基础设施示范工程进行了修建性规划与设计,包括砂石生态过滤池、“阶梯式”多级梯度生态净化塘系统(挺水植物塘、沉水植物塘)、生态渗滤沟、表流湿地、复合生态塘系统、潜流湿地等组分。两处示范工程建成后,即使在暴雨、冬季等恶劣气候条件下,也可正常地运行,保持稳定的水质净化效果,具有一定的耐冲击负荷能力,生态、社会、经济效益良好。
The rapid urbanization has greatly changed the surface of the Earth. Numerous research studies have documented that Land Use/Land Cover Change (LUCC) caused by urban expansion, i.e., the increase of impervious surface, and conventional Stormwater Management (SWM) methods, which remove runoff with piped conveyance systems and route runoff directly to stream to prevent ponding, are considered as the main cause for the destruction of urban natural water cycles. It will lead to a series of stormwater problems, such as an increase in flash floods, increased pollution generated by urban nonpoint sources, shortage of water resource, degradation of ecological value of rivers, to name but a few.
Being one of the most rapidly urbanizing countries in the world, China is suffering a lot from the environmental and ecological problems induced by urban stormwater. As the major part of China's urbanization process, new urban districts are the key areas of SWM in the future. Conventional SWM system, i.e., gray stormwater management is no longer adequate to deal with larger and more intense storm events and the associated pollution, and there has been a shift from gray stormwater management to Stormwater Ecological Management (SWEM), i.e., Ecological Stormwater Infrastructure (ESI).
In this paper, an systematic innovative theory, method and technical architecture of ESI planning for new urban district is given in multi-scale, that combined with the current situation of new urban district and China's urban planning system, and aimed at natural hydro logical process protection and urban sustainable development. A case study of Shanghai Lingang New City (SHLNC),which is one of the major satellite towns of Shanghai and an important sector of the world's shipping center, is demonstrated with a multi-objective comprehensive ESI planning target for flood control, runoff reduction, water quality and rainwater resource utilization. The main research results and conclusions are as follows:
Theory and Method
(1) The core concept of ESI planning is to form an interconnected network of ESI which consisted of ESI's type, size, layout and structure. A combination of proposed ESI system ranging from on site LID-ESI features at the property or neighborhood level, to BMPs-ESI features at the regional scale, and transfer ESI.
(2) The innovative theory, method, andframework for ESI planning on different scales was proposed based on China's urban planning system. It consists of three parts:On the regional scale, it concerned with Stormwater Management Landscape Security Pattern (SWMSP) base on urban master plan; on the mesoscale and microscale, it concerned LID-ESI and effective pervious areas (EPA) based on the regulatory planning; the site construction detailed planning concerned with with the planning, design and construction of ESI.
(3) According to the concept of Effective Pervious Areas (EPA), that compared to Effective Impervious Area (EIA), an innovation classification system, which called as USCSWEM (Urban Underlying Surface Classification for Stormwater Eco-management) is put forward. EPA indicates the pervious area that receives and stores runoff from other underlying surface, and EPA (espically Effective Green Area, EGA) should be listed as planning index for urban regulatory detailed planning.
Case Study of SHLNC
Under the multi-objective comprehensive ESI planning target, a space-based database system for ESI planning was constructed in GIS platform.
(1) Based on the vision of SHLNC's master plan, and through the analysis and simulation of hydrological processes, strategic BMPs-ESI nodes which have critical significance in safeguarding and controlling hydrological processes are identified to form an integrated SWMSP. The areas of BMPs-ESI for flood control, stormwater control, runoff reduction, water quality are3.94sq km,1.77sq km,1.81sq km, and4.49sq km respectively. The comprehensive BMPs-ESI network of SHLNC, also called SWMSP compose about12.97%of the total area, with the size of8.75sq km. SWMSP should not be used as construction land.
(2) Under the vision of regulatory detailed planning, ESI regulatory detailed planning research of a typical area is studied. Different LID-ESI approaches are compared and suitability evaluation is carried out to determine the most appropriate types of LID-ESI considering local guidelines, stakeholders'concerns, and other related environmental and economical factors, and low elevation greenbelt is considered to be the most appropriate approach. Five scenario simulation planings are setted, based on the concepts of EPA and USCSWEM, including rainwater collection, green roof, pervious surface, depth of low elevation greenbelt. In scenario2, the area of EPA and EGA are2.38hm2and2.02hm2, the area proportion of EGA is77.69%, moreover, in scenario3, the area of EPA and EGA are1.66hm2and1.30hm2, the area proportion of EGA is50.16%. The results are verifid by SWMM, the EPA and EGA indexs of two scenarios should be listed as SWEM planning index for urban regulatory detailed planning.
(3) Two stromwater eco-management demonstration projects which located by Hucheng Ring Road in SHLNC were established based on the construction planning and design, including sand eco-filter tank, multi-stage eco-wetponds, upflow-catch basin, eco-infiltration ditch, surface flow wetland, compound ecological pond, and subsurface flow constructed wetland. The two projects run normally and effectively in any condition, even if in harsh climates. In the eleven rianfall events, the demonstration projects could purify the rainfall runoff pollution with their concentration remarkably decreasing. It is proposed that multiple ecological, economic and social benefits will be greatly realized.
引文
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