山东沙质海岸防护林体系建设关键技术研究
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摘要
沿海防护林是我国沿海地区的重要生态屏障。近年来,沿海防护林体系建设已取得了很大的成就,但仍存在造林树种单一,结构模式简单,林种布局不合理,更新改造困难等一系列问题,严重制约沿海防护林体系建设和发展。为此,本研究采取定位试验与调查研究结合,科研与生产结合方法,重点开展了基干林带防护林体系结构优化、造林树种选择、困难立地造林、瘠薄沙地土壤改良、低效林更新改造等关键技术的研究,综合、系统地提出了沙质海岸防护林体系建设配套技术,为我国沿海防护林体系工程建设提供配套技术和理论依据。主要研究结果:
应用层次分析方法对胶南市沿海防护林体系结构进行了优化,并提出其林种、树种优化配置方案。其中,林种结构优化决策结果是明显增加了防护林种比重,降低了经济林和用材林比重,使防护林种面积由原来的37.28%增加到51.93%。树种结构优化决策结果是扩大了阔叶树种比重,由原来的27%左右上升到50%左右;降低了针叶树种比重,黑松树种占的面积由原来的62.85%下降到33.10%,使针叶树种和阔叶树种整体比例基本达到平衡。该优化结果符合发展沿海生态型防护林体系的主导思想,为该市沿海防护林体系建设规划和决策提供科学依据。
筛选出火炬松、刺槐无性系、刚火松、刚松、绒毛白蜡、侧柏、紫穗槐、山合欢、单叶蔓荆9种树种,其生长快,抗风沙能力强,适宜于山东沙质海岸基干林带造林;采用容器苗、高分子吸水剂(10～20g/株)、深栽客土(深为苗高1/2～1/3,黄泥客土为10～15kg/株)、根基覆盖(覆草+膜、覆草)等抗旱造林新技术,在“风口处、风蚀地”等干旱沙地造林,能提高造林成活率10%～30%,林木保存率达85%以上,且幼林生长快,林分郁闭早;提出的黑松×麻栎、黑松×刺槐、黑松×紫穗槐混交林群落模式在改良土壤、涵养水源和调节小气候等方面具有较强生态功能,是滨海沙地营造防护林的理想结构模式和混交类型;采用绿肥压青(紫穗槐鲜枝叶2.5kg/株)、施用有机肥(厩肥2～3kg/株)等瘠薄沙地土壤改良技术,改善了土壤养分转化效率,显著提高了林地土壤肥力;研制出沙质海岸黑松人工林经营株数密度表、生物量控制表、立木材积表、立地因子数量化表和立地类型表,为沿海黑松人工防护林立地评价和经营管理提供科学依据。
提出了林冠下更新造林、留伐桩萌芽更新、隔行更新造林、人工促进天然更新,
Coast shelter forest is the important ecological barrier. We have acquired great achievement in recent years, but single forestation tree species, simple structure pattern, unreason forest category position, difficulty renovate still exist. These problems restricted the building and development of coast shelter forest. Therefore, backbone shelter structure regulation, choice of forestation tree, forestation in difficulty soil, soil improvement, regeneration etc. are carried out, which combined orientation experimentation with investigation, scientific research with field surveys in this paper. In this research, the integral techniques for constructing sandy coast shelter forest system are put forward, offers the relative technique and theory for upgrading the coast shelter forest system of our country. Main research results include:
The optimal decision-makings are carried out, together with forest category and tree species configure schemes by AHP method for coastal shelterbelt system structure in Jiaonan city. The tree species optimizing result: shelterbelt area increase from 37.28% to 51.93%, increase the protective species proportion and decrease that of the economic tree species. The tree species structure optimizing result: broadleaved species ascend from 27% to about 50%, needle species decreased, P. Thunbergii area lowed from 62.85% to 33.10%, the integrate proportion of needle and broadleaved species is closed to balance. The optimizing result is accordant to the main stream of developing coastal ecological shelterbelt system, the research also provide scientific base and reference for the conduction development and programming decision-making in Jiaonan city coastal shelterbelt system.
Through the further study of indexes such as tree species bio-character, growth character and anti-drought ability, the study screened out plantation species like Loblolly Pine ( P.taeda ), Robinia L.( Lu.10, Lu13 ), P. rigida×P. taeda Hybrid, Velvet ash, P. rigida, Platycladus orientalis, Gypenosides, Amorpha fruticosa, Vitex trifolia var, etc. These species are fit for the Shandong province sandy coast because of quick growth and high ability to withstand sand blown by wind. The measures like container
应用层次分析方法对胶南市沿海防护林体系结构进行了优化,并提出其林种、树种优化配置方案。其中,林种结构优化决策结果是明显增加了防护林种比重,降低了经济林和用材林比重,使防护林种面积由原来的37.28%增加到51.93%。树种结构优化决策结果是扩大了阔叶树种比重,由原来的27%左右上升到50%左右;降低了针叶树种比重,黑松树种占的面积由原来的62.85%下降到33.10%,使针叶树种和阔叶树种整体比例基本达到平衡。该优化结果符合发展沿海生态型防护林体系的主导思想,为该市沿海防护林体系建设规划和决策提供科学依据。
筛选出火炬松、刺槐无性系、刚火松、刚松、绒毛白蜡、侧柏、紫穗槐、山合欢、单叶蔓荆9种树种,其生长快,抗风沙能力强,适宜于山东沙质海岸基干林带造林;采用容器苗、高分子吸水剂(10～20g/株)、深栽客土(深为苗高1/2～1/3,黄泥客土为10～15kg/株)、根基覆盖(覆草+膜、覆草)等抗旱造林新技术,在“风口处、风蚀地”等干旱沙地造林,能提高造林成活率10%～30%,林木保存率达85%以上,且幼林生长快,林分郁闭早;提出的黑松×麻栎、黑松×刺槐、黑松×紫穗槐混交林群落模式在改良土壤、涵养水源和调节小气候等方面具有较强生态功能,是滨海沙地营造防护林的理想结构模式和混交类型;采用绿肥压青(紫穗槐鲜枝叶2.5kg/株)、施用有机肥(厩肥2～3kg/株)等瘠薄沙地土壤改良技术,改善了土壤养分转化效率,显著提高了林地土壤肥力;研制出沙质海岸黑松人工林经营株数密度表、生物量控制表、立木材积表、立地因子数量化表和立地类型表,为沿海黑松人工防护林立地评价和经营管理提供科学依据。
提出了林冠下更新造林、留伐桩萌芽更新、隔行更新造林、人工促进天然更新,
Coast shelter forest is the important ecological barrier. We have acquired great achievement in recent years, but single forestation tree species, simple structure pattern, unreason forest category position, difficulty renovate still exist. These problems restricted the building and development of coast shelter forest. Therefore, backbone shelter structure regulation, choice of forestation tree, forestation in difficulty soil, soil improvement, regeneration etc. are carried out, which combined orientation experimentation with investigation, scientific research with field surveys in this paper. In this research, the integral techniques for constructing sandy coast shelter forest system are put forward, offers the relative technique and theory for upgrading the coast shelter forest system of our country. Main research results include:
The optimal decision-makings are carried out, together with forest category and tree species configure schemes by AHP method for coastal shelterbelt system structure in Jiaonan city. The tree species optimizing result: shelterbelt area increase from 37.28% to 51.93%, increase the protective species proportion and decrease that of the economic tree species. The tree species structure optimizing result: broadleaved species ascend from 27% to about 50%, needle species decreased, P. Thunbergii area lowed from 62.85% to 33.10%, the integrate proportion of needle and broadleaved species is closed to balance. The optimizing result is accordant to the main stream of developing coastal ecological shelterbelt system, the research also provide scientific base and reference for the conduction development and programming decision-making in Jiaonan city coastal shelterbelt system.
Through the further study of indexes such as tree species bio-character, growth character and anti-drought ability, the study screened out plantation species like Loblolly Pine ( P.taeda ), Robinia L.( Lu.10, Lu13 ), P. rigida×P. taeda Hybrid, Velvet ash, P. rigida, Platycladus orientalis, Gypenosides, Amorpha fruticosa, Vitex trifolia var, etc. These species are fit for the Shandong province sandy coast because of quick growth and high ability to withstand sand blown by wind. The measures like container
引文
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