城乡统筹背景下成都市地震应急避难场所规划研究
摘要
由于目前人类尚无法准确预测地震灾害的的发生,因此,应对城市灾害,保护人民生命财产安全的关键是构建科学、有效、完善的地震应急避难场所体系。2008年“5.12”汶川特大地震成都市的受灾情况一方面说明我国大城市中心区风险高度集中、灾害隐患极大,另一方面也暴露出广大的乡镇和农村地区抗击地震等灾害的能力较低的问题。目前国内外相关规划实践主要集中在大城市城市建设区,对城市规划区及市域范围内统筹城乡的综合研究尚比较缺乏,且没有形成较成熟的理论框架和技术方法。本论文将城市灾害学、行为学、系统论、地理信息系统方法综合应用于研究城市地震应急避难场所规划中,以经历“5.12”汶川地震的成都市为例,将研究重点放在如何构建城乡统筹的应急避难场所体系的关键问题上,完成的主要工作和取得的主要结论如下：
(1)结合我国城乡统筹发展背景,提出成都市城乡统筹应急避难场所分类体系,扩大了我国大城市应急避难场所的规划范围,拓展了现有的规划范畴。
(2)论文以成都市中心城为例,充分考虑应急避难场所容纳能力、空间可达性及与人口分布的关系,提出基于L-A(location-allocation)模型的避难场所能力评估方法,改进了传统规划中的常规评估方法,对反映紧急避难阶段场所容纳能力与应急需求之间的关系更加真实客观。
(3)结合“安全城市”理念,以成都市中心城为实例,提出了以社区为基本单元的有组织的动态安全疏散规划思路,研究认为城市地震应急疏散规划应在城市应急避难场所规划中作为一个重要内容进行体现,并加强与城市应急预案相衔接,不仅可以影响规划中对城市中心区中长期应急避难场所的需求预测,也需要考虑城市中心区与近郊地区进行协调统一,统筹布置应急避难场所,共同承担避险功能。
(4)非城市建设用地是城市开敞空间的一个重要组成部分,非城市建设用地不仅有生态、文化、经济内涵,也可以适度引入一些类似城市安全的功能。论文以成都市非城市建设用地为例,对特大城市非城市建设地区的应急避难功能进行研究。结合郊野公园的建设,平灾结合,形成中长期应急避难场所,纳入整个城市防灾体系,进一步丰富其发展功能。
(5)论文以成都市“5.12”汶川大地震重灾区大邑县灾后重建应急避难场所为例,结合灾区震后经验,提出了城区、乡镇以及农村地区的不同地区应急避难场所规划和布局的要点,为开展城乡统筹背景下的区域应急避难场所规划提供了参考。
(6)结合提出的城乡统筹的应急避难场所体系,论文加强了场所的配套设施规划量化方面的研究,为完善相关规划建设标准提供了一定参考。
As people cannot predicate an earthquake precisely at present, the key to respond to city disasters and protect lives and properties of people is to build a scientific, efficient and perfect earthquake emergency shelters system.
The disaster situation of "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake in Chengdu on the one hand shows the high concentration of risk in the central area of big cities which has significant potentials of disaster, on the other hand exposes the problem of the weak capability to resist earthquake disaster of lots of towns and rural areas. At present, related planning practices at home and abroad are mostly focused on the urban construction area in the big cities, while the research on the coordination of the urban and rural areas in the urban planning areas and city areas is still relatively scarce. Furthermore, there are more qualitative researches than quantitative researches without relatively mature theory framework and technical method. This research applies methods in city disaster study, ethology, systematology, and Geographic Information System to the research on the programming of city emergency shelter. Taking Chengdu city which has gone through the5.12Whenchuan earthquake as an example, this research focuses on some key problems of building emergency shelters in the coordination of urban and rural areas, the main work and obtained conclusions in this paper are as follows:
(1) Combing the backdrop of coordinating the development between urban and rural areas, this paper broadens the scope of the programming of emergency shelter, puts forward the classification of the emergency shelters in the coordination of the development between urban and rural areas in Chengdu and broadens the existing scope of programming.
(2) Determining whether the city earthquake emergency shelters resources meet the needs of citizens for post-disaster shelter is the priority of the programming of city earthquake emergency shelters. This paper which takes Chengdu city as an example and takes carrying capacity of emergency shelters, space accessibility and distribution of population into account, puts forward assessment method of earthquake emergency shelters capacity based on L-A(location-allocation) model. It is more objective and efficient to reflect the relationship between carrying capacity of emergency shelters and needs for post-disaster shelters.
(3) This paper which combines the idea of "safe city" and takes Chengdu city as an example, puts forward an idea of an organized, dynamic and safe evacuation programming and an model of taking shelters of combining "taking on-the-spot shelters" and "taking long-distance shelters". This research believes that the programming of the earthquake emergency evacuation of cities should be presented in the programming of the emergency shelters of cities as an important content and it should strengthen its ties with city emergency plan. It will not only influence the prediction of the medium and long-term needs for emergency shelters of urban centers in the programming which will alleviate contradictions of resources of megalopolitan centers, but also takes into account of the coordination between urban centers and urban fringe areas to arrange emergency shelters and to provide shelters jointly.
(4) Non-urban construction land is an important part of open areas in cities. While the non-urban construction land has ecological, cultural and economical meanings, it can introduce some other functions like city safety moderately. This paper takes non-urban construction land in Chengdu as an example to study the function of non-urban construction land of emergency shelters in megalopolis. This paper combines the construction of non-urban construction land with the construction of country parks which have functions of being both normal parks and emergency shelters to build non-urban construction land into medium and long-term emergency shelters and bring them into the whole urban disaster prevention system to further enrich and develop their functions.
(5) Taking the emergency shelters in Dayi county of Chengdu city which was hard-hit by5.12Wenchuan earthquake as an example and combining the post-disaster experience in the disaster areas, this paper puts forwards key points of the programming and distribution of emergency shelters in different regions of urban areas, towns and rural areas. This research provides a reference for the programming of the regional emergency shelters in the background of balancing urban and rural development for other similar regions.
(6) This paper combines the emergency shelters system in the backdrop of balancing urban and rural development and strengthens the research on the quantization of the programming of amenities. It provides a reference for improving related programming and construction standards.
(1)结合我国城乡统筹发展背景,提出成都市城乡统筹应急避难场所分类体系,扩大了我国大城市应急避难场所的规划范围,拓展了现有的规划范畴。
(2)论文以成都市中心城为例,充分考虑应急避难场所容纳能力、空间可达性及与人口分布的关系,提出基于L-A(location-allocation)模型的避难场所能力评估方法,改进了传统规划中的常规评估方法,对反映紧急避难阶段场所容纳能力与应急需求之间的关系更加真实客观。
(3)结合“安全城市”理念,以成都市中心城为实例,提出了以社区为基本单元的有组织的动态安全疏散规划思路,研究认为城市地震应急疏散规划应在城市应急避难场所规划中作为一个重要内容进行体现,并加强与城市应急预案相衔接,不仅可以影响规划中对城市中心区中长期应急避难场所的需求预测,也需要考虑城市中心区与近郊地区进行协调统一,统筹布置应急避难场所,共同承担避险功能。
(4)非城市建设用地是城市开敞空间的一个重要组成部分,非城市建设用地不仅有生态、文化、经济内涵,也可以适度引入一些类似城市安全的功能。论文以成都市非城市建设用地为例,对特大城市非城市建设地区的应急避难功能进行研究。结合郊野公园的建设,平灾结合,形成中长期应急避难场所,纳入整个城市防灾体系,进一步丰富其发展功能。
(5)论文以成都市“5.12”汶川大地震重灾区大邑县灾后重建应急避难场所为例,结合灾区震后经验,提出了城区、乡镇以及农村地区的不同地区应急避难场所规划和布局的要点,为开展城乡统筹背景下的区域应急避难场所规划提供了参考。
(6)结合提出的城乡统筹的应急避难场所体系,论文加强了场所的配套设施规划量化方面的研究,为完善相关规划建设标准提供了一定参考。
As people cannot predicate an earthquake precisely at present, the key to respond to city disasters and protect lives and properties of people is to build a scientific, efficient and perfect earthquake emergency shelters system.
The disaster situation of "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake in Chengdu on the one hand shows the high concentration of risk in the central area of big cities which has significant potentials of disaster, on the other hand exposes the problem of the weak capability to resist earthquake disaster of lots of towns and rural areas. At present, related planning practices at home and abroad are mostly focused on the urban construction area in the big cities, while the research on the coordination of the urban and rural areas in the urban planning areas and city areas is still relatively scarce. Furthermore, there are more qualitative researches than quantitative researches without relatively mature theory framework and technical method. This research applies methods in city disaster study, ethology, systematology, and Geographic Information System to the research on the programming of city emergency shelter. Taking Chengdu city which has gone through the5.12Whenchuan earthquake as an example, this research focuses on some key problems of building emergency shelters in the coordination of urban and rural areas, the main work and obtained conclusions in this paper are as follows:
(1) Combing the backdrop of coordinating the development between urban and rural areas, this paper broadens the scope of the programming of emergency shelter, puts forward the classification of the emergency shelters in the coordination of the development between urban and rural areas in Chengdu and broadens the existing scope of programming.
(2) Determining whether the city earthquake emergency shelters resources meet the needs of citizens for post-disaster shelter is the priority of the programming of city earthquake emergency shelters. This paper which takes Chengdu city as an example and takes carrying capacity of emergency shelters, space accessibility and distribution of population into account, puts forward assessment method of earthquake emergency shelters capacity based on L-A(location-allocation) model. It is more objective and efficient to reflect the relationship between carrying capacity of emergency shelters and needs for post-disaster shelters.
(3) This paper which combines the idea of "safe city" and takes Chengdu city as an example, puts forward an idea of an organized, dynamic and safe evacuation programming and an model of taking shelters of combining "taking on-the-spot shelters" and "taking long-distance shelters". This research believes that the programming of the earthquake emergency evacuation of cities should be presented in the programming of the emergency shelters of cities as an important content and it should strengthen its ties with city emergency plan. It will not only influence the prediction of the medium and long-term needs for emergency shelters of urban centers in the programming which will alleviate contradictions of resources of megalopolitan centers, but also takes into account of the coordination between urban centers and urban fringe areas to arrange emergency shelters and to provide shelters jointly.
(4) Non-urban construction land is an important part of open areas in cities. While the non-urban construction land has ecological, cultural and economical meanings, it can introduce some other functions like city safety moderately. This paper takes non-urban construction land in Chengdu as an example to study the function of non-urban construction land of emergency shelters in megalopolis. This paper combines the construction of non-urban construction land with the construction of country parks which have functions of being both normal parks and emergency shelters to build non-urban construction land into medium and long-term emergency shelters and bring them into the whole urban disaster prevention system to further enrich and develop their functions.
(5) Taking the emergency shelters in Dayi county of Chengdu city which was hard-hit by5.12Wenchuan earthquake as an example and combining the post-disaster experience in the disaster areas, this paper puts forwards key points of the programming and distribution of emergency shelters in different regions of urban areas, towns and rural areas. This research provides a reference for the programming of the regional emergency shelters in the background of balancing urban and rural development for other similar regions.
(6) This paper combines the emergency shelters system in the backdrop of balancing urban and rural development and strengthens the research on the quantization of the programming of amenities. It provides a reference for improving related programming and construction standards.
引文
①我国城市规划分类标准中根据城市非农业人口的多少,把城市规模划分为大城市、中等城市和小城市。特大城市是指市区和近郊区非农业人口超过100万的城市。
②根据统计,以上四个市(县)受灾人口达到166.5万人。
③备注：按照住建部的要求,新的城乡用地分类标准将在2012年开始执行。该标准城市建设用地细分为8大类、35中类、44小类。
④参见70页定位与配置模型介绍。
⑤本部分研究主要分析成都市震前的场所资源的能力是否满足需求,因此采用了成都市地震前相关人口及用地数据作为研究数据。
⑥根据资料显示,2009年成都市私人汽车保有量已经超过200万辆,是全国“私家车第三城”.
⑦备注：本研究采用了中心城形态分区规划以及控规居住用地测算2020年成都市中心城实际居住人口。
⑧备注：场地有效避难面积指场地内扣除水域占地面积,大于7°的陡坡占地面积,文物古迹保护占地面积,以及建(构)筑物倒塌影响面积。
⑨根据资料显示,都江堰老城区(一环路以内的旧城区)在5.12汶川特大地震中50%以上建筑严重损毁
⑩大邑县是成都市西部一个重要旅游县,2009年全县旅游人口约300万人次,在西部龙门山西岭雪山、花水湾温泉等风景旅游区有一定数量的旅游人口。
11成都市农村新型社区按规模可分为大、中、小三类：小型：小于50户：中型：50-150户;大型：大十150户
12本部分内容部分参考了.江苏省工程建设地方标准—城市应急避难场所建设技术标准(征求意见稿)
13成都市相关规划要求：居住区居民出行500米能进入大于2000平方米的公园绿地
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②根据统计,以上四个市(县)受灾人口达到166.5万人。
③备注：按照住建部的要求,新的城乡用地分类标准将在2012年开始执行。该标准城市建设用地细分为8大类、35中类、44小类。
④参见70页定位与配置模型介绍。
⑤本部分研究主要分析成都市震前的场所资源的能力是否满足需求,因此采用了成都市地震前相关人口及用地数据作为研究数据。
⑥根据资料显示,2009年成都市私人汽车保有量已经超过200万辆,是全国“私家车第三城”.
⑦备注：本研究采用了中心城形态分区规划以及控规居住用地测算2020年成都市中心城实际居住人口。
⑧备注：场地有效避难面积指场地内扣除水域占地面积,大于7°的陡坡占地面积,文物古迹保护占地面积,以及建(构)筑物倒塌影响面积。
⑨根据资料显示,都江堰老城区(一环路以内的旧城区)在5.12汶川特大地震中50%以上建筑严重损毁
⑩大邑县是成都市西部一个重要旅游县,2009年全县旅游人口约300万人次,在西部龙门山西岭雪山、花水湾温泉等风景旅游区有一定数量的旅游人口。
11成都市农村新型社区按规模可分为大、中、小三类：小型：小于50户：中型：50-150户;大型：大十150户
12本部分内容部分参考了.江苏省工程建设地方标准—城市应急避难场所建设技术标准(征求意见稿)
13成都市相关规划要求：居住区居民出行500米能进入大于2000平方米的公园绿地
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