雅鲁藏布江四种特有裂腹鱼类早期发育的研究
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摘要
裂腹鱼类是西藏及其毗邻地区特有鱼类,是我国宝贵的鱼类资源。分布在雅鲁藏布江流域的尖裸鲤、拉萨裸裂尻鱼、拉萨裂腹鱼、异齿裂腹鱼等4种裂腹鱼类,近年来因环境恶化和过度捕捞,其资源量急剧下降。本文研究尖裸鲤、拉萨裸裂尻鱼、拉萨裂腹鱼、异齿裂腹鱼早期发育的生物学特性与环境的适应性,为雅鲁藏布江特有鱼类种质资源的保护和合理利用提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：
1.尖裸鲤成熟卵呈圆形,黄色,沉性,卵径2.57±0.07 mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径3.22±0.07mm。水温9.5-11.8℃时,尖裸鲤胚胎发育历时265 h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化8个阶段,共32个时期。出膜仔鱼全长10.27±0.15 mm,出膜20天后卵黄耗尽,全长15.22±0.27 mm。出膜后80天,鱼苗全长23.65±0.59mm,臀鳞出现,各鳍均已出现,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。
2.拉萨裸裂尻鱼成熟卵呈圆形,金黄色,沉性,卵径2.50±0.08 mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径3.54±0.07 mm。水温9.5-11.1℃时,拉萨裸裂尻鱼胚胎发育历时295 h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化8个阶段,共31个时期。出膜仔鱼全长10.86±0.33 mm,心率80-89/min,出膜18天后卵黄耗尽,全长15.58±0.44 mm。出膜后77天,鱼苗全长26.34±0.69 mm,整体呈土黄色,侧面观银白色,腹部白色,各鳍均已出现；臀鳞出现,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。
3.拉萨裂腹鱼成熟卵呈圆形,棕色,沉性,卵径2.95±0.09 mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径4.03±0.06 mm。水温10.0～12.0℃时,拉萨裂腹鱼胚胎发育历时264 h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化8个阶段,共33个时期。出膜仔鱼全长10.67±0.17 mm,眼囊黑色素较稀疏均匀地布满眼囊,出膜23天后卵黄耗尽,全长15.27±0.26 mm,肠道清晰,含有食物团。出膜后69天,鱼苗全长20.92±0.44 mm,各鳍均已出现,尾鳍叉形,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。
4.异齿裂腹鱼成熟卵呈圆形,黄色,沉性,卵径2.40±0.12 mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径3.67±0.10 mm。水温12.1-13.8℃时,异齿裂腹鱼胚胎发育历时190 h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化8个阶段,共32个时期。出膜仔鱼全长9.84±0.28 mm,多静息于水底,能靠尾部摆动正卧或原地转圈。出膜22天后卵黄耗尽,背鳍前下方腹部腹鳍出现,呈小半圆状,全长14.15±0.23 mm。出膜后65天,鱼苗全长17.65±0.45mm,鱼苗体修长,头大,吻钝圆,各鳍均已出现,尾鳍叉形,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。
尖裸鲤、拉萨裸裂尻鱼、拉萨裂腹鱼、异齿裂腹鱼的早期发育独特性反映了其与高原环境的适应性进化。
All the four Schizothoraeinae fishes (Oxygymnocypris stewartii, Schizopygopsis younghusbandi, Schizothorax waltoni, Schizothorax o'connori), only distributed in the Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries, are endemic fishes of Tibet and have an importantly economic value. Recently, due to their limited natural distribution and over-exploitation for its remarkable economic-important value, they have declined dramatically. Therefore, the study on their early development from the perspective of ecology and adaptation to its environment could contribute to better understanding of the species and the efficient conservation. The key points of the present study are as follows:
1. The unfertilized mature eggs of O. stewartii, were spherical, yellowish, demersal and 2.57±0.07 mm in diameter. After fertilization and hydration, the fully swollen eggs were translucent,3.22±0.07 mm in diameter. After 265 h, O. stewartii larvae were hatched with a total length of 10.27±0.15 mm at the water temperature of 9.5～11.8℃. Around 20 day after hatching, the yolk sac of larva was absorbed completely with a total length of 15.22±0.27 mm, and 80 day after hatching, hip scales appeared with a total length of 23.65±0.59 mm.
2. The unfertilized mature eggs of S. younghusbandi, were spherical, golden yellowish, demersal and 2.50±0.08 mm in diameter. After fertilization and hydration, the fully swollen eggs were translucent,3.54±0.07 mm in diameter. After 295 h, S. younghusbandi larvae were hatched with a total length of 10.86±0.33 mm at the water temperature of 9.5～11.1℃. Around 18 day after hatching, the yolk sac of larva was absorbed completely with a total length of 15.58±0.44 mm, and 77 day after hatching, hip scales appeared with a total length of 23.65±0.59 mm, lateral line completely appeared, the body type and color are Similar to adult fish.
3. The unfertilized mature eggs of S. waltoni, were spherical, brown, demersal and 2.95±0.09 mm in diameter. After fertilization and hydration, the fully swollen eggs were translucent,4.03±0.06 mm in diameter. After 264 h, S. waltoni larvae were hatched with a total length of 10.67±0.17 mm at the water temperature of 10.0～12.0℃. Around 23 day after hatching, the yolk sac of larva was absorbed completely with a total length of 15.27±0.26 mm.69 day after hatching, lateral line completely appeared with a total length of 20.92±0.44 mm, the body type and color are Similar to adult fish.
4. The unfertilized mature eggs of S. o'connori, were spherical, yellowish, demersal and 2.40±0.12 mm in diameter. After fertilization and hydration, the fully swollen eggs were translucent,3.67±0.10 mm in diameter. After 190 h, S. o'connori larvae were hatched with a total length of 9.84±0.28 mm at the water temperature of 12.1～13.8℃. Around 22 day after hatching, the yolk sac of larva was absorbed completely with a total length of 14.15±0.23 mm.65 day after hatching, lateral line completely appeared with a total length of 27.65±0.45 mm, the body type and color are Similar to adult fish.
These early life-history traits reflect the coevolution of the four Schizothoraeinae fishes with its habitat.
1.尖裸鲤成熟卵呈圆形,黄色,沉性,卵径2.57±0.07 mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径3.22±0.07mm。水温9.5-11.8℃时,尖裸鲤胚胎发育历时265 h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化8个阶段,共32个时期。出膜仔鱼全长10.27±0.15 mm,出膜20天后卵黄耗尽,全长15.22±0.27 mm。出膜后80天,鱼苗全长23.65±0.59mm,臀鳞出现,各鳍均已出现,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。
2.拉萨裸裂尻鱼成熟卵呈圆形,金黄色,沉性,卵径2.50±0.08 mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径3.54±0.07 mm。水温9.5-11.1℃时,拉萨裸裂尻鱼胚胎发育历时295 h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化8个阶段,共31个时期。出膜仔鱼全长10.86±0.33 mm,心率80-89/min,出膜18天后卵黄耗尽,全长15.58±0.44 mm。出膜后77天,鱼苗全长26.34±0.69 mm,整体呈土黄色,侧面观银白色,腹部白色,各鳍均已出现；臀鳞出现,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。
3.拉萨裂腹鱼成熟卵呈圆形,棕色,沉性,卵径2.95±0.09 mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径4.03±0.06 mm。水温10.0～12.0℃时,拉萨裂腹鱼胚胎发育历时264 h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化8个阶段,共33个时期。出膜仔鱼全长10.67±0.17 mm,眼囊黑色素较稀疏均匀地布满眼囊,出膜23天后卵黄耗尽,全长15.27±0.26 mm,肠道清晰,含有食物团。出膜后69天,鱼苗全长20.92±0.44 mm,各鳍均已出现,尾鳍叉形,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。
4.异齿裂腹鱼成熟卵呈圆形,黄色,沉性,卵径2.40±0.12 mm,受精卵吸水充分膨胀后卵径3.67±0.10 mm。水温12.1-13.8℃时,异齿裂腹鱼胚胎发育历时190 h,根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将其分为受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官分化和孵化8个阶段,共32个时期。出膜仔鱼全长9.84±0.28 mm,多静息于水底,能靠尾部摆动正卧或原地转圈。出膜22天后卵黄耗尽,背鳍前下方腹部腹鳍出现,呈小半圆状,全长14.15±0.23 mm。出膜后65天,鱼苗全长17.65±0.45mm,鱼苗体修长,头大,吻钝圆,各鳍均已出现,尾鳍叉形,鱼苗侧线全部形成且清晰,体色和体型接近成鱼。
尖裸鲤、拉萨裸裂尻鱼、拉萨裂腹鱼、异齿裂腹鱼的早期发育独特性反映了其与高原环境的适应性进化。
All the four Schizothoraeinae fishes (Oxygymnocypris stewartii, Schizopygopsis younghusbandi, Schizothorax waltoni, Schizothorax o'connori), only distributed in the Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries, are endemic fishes of Tibet and have an importantly economic value. Recently, due to their limited natural distribution and over-exploitation for its remarkable economic-important value, they have declined dramatically. Therefore, the study on their early development from the perspective of ecology and adaptation to its environment could contribute to better understanding of the species and the efficient conservation. The key points of the present study are as follows:
1. The unfertilized mature eggs of O. stewartii, were spherical, yellowish, demersal and 2.57±0.07 mm in diameter. After fertilization and hydration, the fully swollen eggs were translucent,3.22±0.07 mm in diameter. After 265 h, O. stewartii larvae were hatched with a total length of 10.27±0.15 mm at the water temperature of 9.5～11.8℃. Around 20 day after hatching, the yolk sac of larva was absorbed completely with a total length of 15.22±0.27 mm, and 80 day after hatching, hip scales appeared with a total length of 23.65±0.59 mm.
2. The unfertilized mature eggs of S. younghusbandi, were spherical, golden yellowish, demersal and 2.50±0.08 mm in diameter. After fertilization and hydration, the fully swollen eggs were translucent,3.54±0.07 mm in diameter. After 295 h, S. younghusbandi larvae were hatched with a total length of 10.86±0.33 mm at the water temperature of 9.5～11.1℃. Around 18 day after hatching, the yolk sac of larva was absorbed completely with a total length of 15.58±0.44 mm, and 77 day after hatching, hip scales appeared with a total length of 23.65±0.59 mm, lateral line completely appeared, the body type and color are Similar to adult fish.
3. The unfertilized mature eggs of S. waltoni, were spherical, brown, demersal and 2.95±0.09 mm in diameter. After fertilization and hydration, the fully swollen eggs were translucent,4.03±0.06 mm in diameter. After 264 h, S. waltoni larvae were hatched with a total length of 10.67±0.17 mm at the water temperature of 10.0～12.0℃. Around 23 day after hatching, the yolk sac of larva was absorbed completely with a total length of 15.27±0.26 mm.69 day after hatching, lateral line completely appeared with a total length of 20.92±0.44 mm, the body type and color are Similar to adult fish.
4. The unfertilized mature eggs of S. o'connori, were spherical, yellowish, demersal and 2.40±0.12 mm in diameter. After fertilization and hydration, the fully swollen eggs were translucent,3.67±0.10 mm in diameter. After 190 h, S. o'connori larvae were hatched with a total length of 9.84±0.28 mm at the water temperature of 12.1～13.8℃. Around 22 day after hatching, the yolk sac of larva was absorbed completely with a total length of 14.15±0.23 mm.65 day after hatching, lateral line completely appeared with a total length of 27.65±0.45 mm, the body type and color are Similar to adult fish.
These early life-history traits reflect the coevolution of the four Schizothoraeinae fishes with its habitat.
引文
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