卫生与植物卫生措施对中国蜂产品出口影响研究
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摘要
作为我国传统的优势出口农产品，蜂产品虽然在产量和价格上与其他生产国相比具有一定优势，但在产品质量和安全水平方面仍与国际市场的需求存在差距。近年来，卫生与植物卫生（SPS）措施在国际农产品贸易中使用日益增多，要求日趋严格，我国蜂产品出口形势严峻。
入世后，我国蜂产品在产量增加的同时，出口并未如预期大幅增长，反而在国际贸易中屡屡受挫的深层次原因究竟何在？国外SPS措施对我国蜂产品出口产生了哪些影响？程度如何？如何从科技支撑角度提升蜂产品出口应因国外SPS措施的能力？这是本研究力求探讨的问题。
研究遵循理论分析与实证研究、定性研究与定量分析相结合的原则，运用经济学理论分析了实施SPS措施的动因和可能效应；通过文献研究等手段，分析了SPS国际规则的实施现状；利用清单法和实地走访主要蜂产品产区等方法，研究中国蜂业生产贸易状况和蜂业发展的特点与问题，确定影响蜂产品出口的主要SPS措施类型；在大量搜集相关数据、信息资料的基础上，对我国蜂蜜生产和贸易比较优势和竞争力变化进行了计算分析；运用引力模型综合分析了多种因素特别是不同SPS措施对于我国蜂蜜出口的影响差异进行实证研究。在此基础上，提出了我国应对国外SPS挑战的对策。研究的主要发现和结论包括：
1.作为实现公共政策目标的重要手段，SPS措施不会像传统的关税措施那样逐年下降。由于SPS措施可用于实现多重政策目标，其存在将是长期的，重要性将随时间的推进而进一步增强。
2.随着近年来主要进口市场对于产品质量和安全卫生要求的逐步提高，以质量安全标准为代表的SPS措施对我国蜂产品出口形成了重大挑战，蜂产品国际市场份额和产品竞争力不断下降，SPS措施已成为我国蜂产品出口的重要障碍和影响因素。
3.不同SPS措施对蜂产品出口影响存在差异，以氯霉素为代表的常用抗生素最大残留限量标准的变化是当前影响蜂产品出口最为显著的措施类型。
4.由于我国与各进口市场在药物残留限量管理方面存在诸多不协调之处，各进口市场之间农兽药残留限量数量多少也各有不同，即使是对同一种药物的残留限量要求其宽严程度也存在区别，这造成了蜂产品药残控制方面的不确定性风险，也使我国蜂产品出口在药物残留控制方面存在较大难度。药残限量管理是蜂产品SPS管理的重点和难点。
5.我国蜂产品出口应对SPS挑战的根本出路在于提高产品的质量与安全水平。在完善SPS信息的收集、传递、分析和运用体系的同时，应对的重点和突破口是以科技为核心，建设从生产源头到市场的全程质量控制体系，改进生产技术，提高产品水平。
As Chinese traditional export agro-product, bee products have the advantages in the output and pricecompared to other producers. However, there is a wedge between China’s bee products quality and therequirements of international market. In recent years, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures aremore frequently used, and the requirements are increasing stringent. China’s bee product export isfacing an even more severe export situation, and the international market share and tradecompetitiveness are declining affected by SPS measures.Although China experienced rapid growth in honey production after the accession to the WTO, theexport has decreased significantly. Why did China’s bee products export suffer deadlock repeatedly?What’s the impact and how did the SPS measures influence China’s bee products export? And how doesChina improve the technical support to address SPS measures? The study tries to explore theseproblems.
Based on the inventory-based approach, theoretical analysis and field work, the study combines thequalitative research with the quantitative analysis. The study uses economic theories to analyze thedifferent motivations of SPS measures and their impacts. Through the literature research, theimplementation of international rules is discussed. The study discusses apiculture’s current situation andcharacteristics based on an investigation on the main producing areas, and the major SPS measuresimpacted bee product export are verified. According to the data of apicultural production and trade, thestudy analyzes the changes of China’s comparative advantage and trade competitiveness. And the studyalso applies a gravity model to estimate the diverse impacts of different SPS measures. Based on theseanalyses, the study proposes the countermeasures to address SPS challenges effectively. The followingare the findings of the study:
1. As one of important tools to pursue public policy objectives, SPS measures will not follow a path ofdiminishing relevance like tariffs have done. Since SPS measures can be used to pursue multiple policyobjectives, they will not shrink in importance.
2. Since the importing countries have more and more requirements on the quality and safety ofimporting goods, the SPS measures represented by quality and safety standards is posing a grandchallenge for China’s bee products export. The international market share and trade competitiveness aredeclining constantly. SPS measures, which are more than tariff, exchange rate ect., have become thebiggest obstacle and most important factor to China’s bee products export.
3. Different SPS measures have different impacts on bee products export. The change of maximumresidue limits of common antibiotics such as chloramphenicol is the most important factor for beeproducts export at the present.
4. The following cases, such as disharmonization of safety standards between China and importingcountries, differences of pesticides or veterinary drugs management and the different residue limits forthe same drug, raise the risk of uncertainty and monitoring difficulty. Drug residue managementbecomes the focus and difficulties for apiculture management.
5. The fundamental way out for China’s bee products export addressing SPS challenges lies inimproving products quality and safety. While strengthening SPS information system for collection,communication, analysis and application, the focus and breakthrough is to set up the quality and safetyprocess control system from the production start to market with science and technology as the core, andimprove the production technologies and product quality.
入世后，我国蜂产品在产量增加的同时，出口并未如预期大幅增长，反而在国际贸易中屡屡受挫的深层次原因究竟何在？国外SPS措施对我国蜂产品出口产生了哪些影响？程度如何？如何从科技支撑角度提升蜂产品出口应因国外SPS措施的能力？这是本研究力求探讨的问题。
研究遵循理论分析与实证研究、定性研究与定量分析相结合的原则，运用经济学理论分析了实施SPS措施的动因和可能效应；通过文献研究等手段，分析了SPS国际规则的实施现状；利用清单法和实地走访主要蜂产品产区等方法，研究中国蜂业生产贸易状况和蜂业发展的特点与问题，确定影响蜂产品出口的主要SPS措施类型；在大量搜集相关数据、信息资料的基础上，对我国蜂蜜生产和贸易比较优势和竞争力变化进行了计算分析；运用引力模型综合分析了多种因素特别是不同SPS措施对于我国蜂蜜出口的影响差异进行实证研究。在此基础上，提出了我国应对国外SPS挑战的对策。研究的主要发现和结论包括：
1.作为实现公共政策目标的重要手段，SPS措施不会像传统的关税措施那样逐年下降。由于SPS措施可用于实现多重政策目标，其存在将是长期的，重要性将随时间的推进而进一步增强。
2.随着近年来主要进口市场对于产品质量和安全卫生要求的逐步提高，以质量安全标准为代表的SPS措施对我国蜂产品出口形成了重大挑战，蜂产品国际市场份额和产品竞争力不断下降，SPS措施已成为我国蜂产品出口的重要障碍和影响因素。
3.不同SPS措施对蜂产品出口影响存在差异，以氯霉素为代表的常用抗生素最大残留限量标准的变化是当前影响蜂产品出口最为显著的措施类型。
4.由于我国与各进口市场在药物残留限量管理方面存在诸多不协调之处，各进口市场之间农兽药残留限量数量多少也各有不同，即使是对同一种药物的残留限量要求其宽严程度也存在区别，这造成了蜂产品药残控制方面的不确定性风险，也使我国蜂产品出口在药物残留控制方面存在较大难度。药残限量管理是蜂产品SPS管理的重点和难点。
5.我国蜂产品出口应对SPS挑战的根本出路在于提高产品的质量与安全水平。在完善SPS信息的收集、传递、分析和运用体系的同时，应对的重点和突破口是以科技为核心，建设从生产源头到市场的全程质量控制体系，改进生产技术，提高产品水平。
As Chinese traditional export agro-product, bee products have the advantages in the output and pricecompared to other producers. However, there is a wedge between China’s bee products quality and therequirements of international market. In recent years, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures aremore frequently used, and the requirements are increasing stringent. China’s bee product export isfacing an even more severe export situation, and the international market share and tradecompetitiveness are declining affected by SPS measures.Although China experienced rapid growth in honey production after the accession to the WTO, theexport has decreased significantly. Why did China’s bee products export suffer deadlock repeatedly?What’s the impact and how did the SPS measures influence China’s bee products export? And how doesChina improve the technical support to address SPS measures? The study tries to explore theseproblems.
Based on the inventory-based approach, theoretical analysis and field work, the study combines thequalitative research with the quantitative analysis. The study uses economic theories to analyze thedifferent motivations of SPS measures and their impacts. Through the literature research, theimplementation of international rules is discussed. The study discusses apiculture’s current situation andcharacteristics based on an investigation on the main producing areas, and the major SPS measuresimpacted bee product export are verified. According to the data of apicultural production and trade, thestudy analyzes the changes of China’s comparative advantage and trade competitiveness. And the studyalso applies a gravity model to estimate the diverse impacts of different SPS measures. Based on theseanalyses, the study proposes the countermeasures to address SPS challenges effectively. The followingare the findings of the study:
1. As one of important tools to pursue public policy objectives, SPS measures will not follow a path ofdiminishing relevance like tariffs have done. Since SPS measures can be used to pursue multiple policyobjectives, they will not shrink in importance.
2. Since the importing countries have more and more requirements on the quality and safety ofimporting goods, the SPS measures represented by quality and safety standards is posing a grandchallenge for China’s bee products export. The international market share and trade competitiveness aredeclining constantly. SPS measures, which are more than tariff, exchange rate ect., have become thebiggest obstacle and most important factor to China’s bee products export.
3. Different SPS measures have different impacts on bee products export. The change of maximumresidue limits of common antibiotics such as chloramphenicol is the most important factor for beeproducts export at the present.
4. The following cases, such as disharmonization of safety standards between China and importingcountries, differences of pesticides or veterinary drugs management and the different residue limits forthe same drug, raise the risk of uncertainty and monitoring difficulty. Drug residue managementbecomes the focus and difficulties for apiculture management.
5. The fundamental way out for China’s bee products export addressing SPS challenges lies inimproving products quality and safety. While strengthening SPS information system for collection,communication, analysis and application, the focus and breakthrough is to set up the quality and safetyprocess control system from the production start to market with science and technology as the core, andimprove the production technologies and product quality.
引文
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