跳跃类动作技能表象训练的实效性及其机制研究
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摘要
表象训练是在暗示语的指导下,在头脑中反复想象某种运动动作或运动情境,从而提高运动技能和情绪控制能力的方法。运动表象的形成,贯穿于运动技能学习的全过程,是动作的心理结构逐步发展、完善的过程。本研究从跳跃类动作技能的形成与发展阶段,及各个技术动作组成来研究运动表象训练对动作技能学习的效果,行为实验和ERP技术运用相结合来探讨运动表象的认知加工过程及促进动作技能学习的机理。全文共由三部分实证研究组成：
研究一：运动表象训练效应的机理研究。运用ERP事件相关电位技术从脑活动机制层面验证运动表象功能等价理论。实验一采用经典心理旋转实验范式,通过身体部位(手掌)与物体(字母)的心理旋转实验,探讨心理旋转与真实物体旋转的功能等价。实验二从运动准备与表象准备、运动表象与运动执行的过程进行对比研究,探讨运动一表象与运动知觉功能等价的脑机制。
研究二：运动表象训练应用于跳跃类动作技能学习的实效性研究。将同质被试分为身体组、表象组、表象+身体组以及对照组。对被试施加90min/次,2次/周,共8周的训练实验干预。从运动能力(相关身体素质前后对照)、运动成绩高度(远度)变化、动作技术评分及动作技术解析三个方面,研究表象训练对动作技能学习的效果。
研究三：运动表象训练的脑机制。实验四采用选择区分范式,采用文字诱导表象,研究运动表象过程的脑机制。实验五采用Oddball范式,研究图片诱导表象的脑机制。
研究结果：(1)反应时材料形式主效应显著(F(1,20)=13.14,p<0.01)。各组P300波幅,材料形式主效应显著(F(1.20)=49.68,p<0.001)材料形式与图片形式交互作用显著(F(2.40)=3.54,p<0.05),简单效应分析手掌旋转情况下,图片形式主效应显著(F(1,20)=5.16,p<0.05)。运动类型的主效应显著(F(1,13)=25.13,P=0.00),P300波幅准备类型主效应显著(F(1,13)=4.01,P=0.041)。
(2)表象+身体组视、动觉表象能力显著提高(P<0.0J),纵跳高度主效应显著(F(3,68)=3.96,P<0.05),跳远远度主效应不显著(F(3,68)=1.14,P>0.05)。水平速度效应显著(F(3,68)=8.87,P=0.004),踏板瞬间水平速度(F(3,68)2.54,P=0.36),起跳离地时垂直速度效应显著(F(3,68)=3.35,P<0.05),A3左髋角效应显著(F(3,68)=3.58,P<0.05),摆动腿最大摆动速度效应显著(F(3,68)=3.53,P<0.05),摆动腿离地瞬间两大腿夹角效应显著(F(3,68)=6.94,P<0.05),起跳腿着地瞬间上体内倾角效应显著(F(3,68)=4.26,P<0.05)。摆动腿蹬离地面瞬间上体内倾角效应显著(F(3,68)=13.77,P<0.05),H3效应显著(F(3,68)=3.37,P<0.05)。
(3)练习方式的P200波幅主效应显著(F(3.46)=1.49,P=0.048),各组波幅变化趋势为IP>I>P>C。练习方式的P200潜伏期主效应不显著(F(3.46)=1.04,P=0.056)。脑半球主效应显著(F(3.46)=64.34,P=0.000)。练习方式的LPP波幅主效应显著(F(3.46)=3.24,P=0.016),各组之间变化情况为IP>I>P>C。练习方式的LPP潜伏期主效应显著(F(3.46)=3.24,P=0.016),各组潜伏期排序依次为C>P>I>IP。练习方式的P300波幅主效应不显著(F(3.46)=0.161,P=0.922),图片类型主效应不显著(F(3.46)=1.987,P=0.155),练习方式的P300潜伏期主效应显著(F(3.46)=3.014,P=0.047),图片类型潜伏期的主效应显著(F(3.46)=7.99,P=0.013)。
研究结论：
(1)心理旋转是真实物体旋转的类似物,主体运动表象还包括对身体信息加工的认知过程。运动与表象、准备与执行两两任务之间不存在脑电活动的差异。运动准备与表象准备呈现相似的脑电活动特征,运动执行与运动表象呈现相似的脑电活动特征。
(2)表象训练有利于跳跃类动作成绩的提高,表象+身体综合练习效果最好。在运动成绩的提高上身体训练效果好于表象训练,但在动作技能的掌握上表象训练的效果好于身体训练。
(3)不同训练方式的被试对跳跃类动作的表象能力,及动作技术图片辨析的正确率与反应时有显著性差异。对于运动表象的建构与保持,表象+身体练习的综合练习方法效果是最好的,最有利于动作技能的学习。
(4)表象干预的有效性与表象过程中这些脑结构被激活的程度有关,激活程度越高干预效果越好,干预效果越好激活程度越高。
(5)行为学变化与脑电活动证实背越式跳高与挺身式跳远表象训练的机制具有一致性。
Motor imagery traing is a method that repeated the sports action or situations in the minds under the guidance of imagination, to improve motor skills and emotional control ability. In this study, we resrached the motor imagery training'effectiveness to motor skill learning from the form of technical ability and stage of development, and various techniques to study the movements and motor skills. From the brain electrical activity and psychological mechanism to explore the mechanism of motor skill learning. Combination the behavioral experiments and ERP techniques to investigate the motor imagery' cognitive processes. The full text is composed of three empirical research:
Study I:Effects of exercise training in the mechanism of Motor image. The use of event-related potential ERP technology from the level of brain activity mechanism of functional equivalence. Experimental test of a classic mental rotation paradigm, through the body part (palm) and objects (letters) on the mental rotation experiment of mental rotation and the rotation of the functional equivalence of real objects. The second experiment preparation and representation from the movement preparation, movement imagery and movement execution process of comparative study of movement imagery and motion perception Brain Mechanism of functional equivalence.
StudyⅡ:The effectiveness of Motor image Training used in jump class motor skills learning. Homogeneity test will be divided into physical practice group、Motor image group, Motor image+Physcial practice group, and control group. Imposed on subjects 90min/time,2 times/ week for 8 weeks of training experimental intervention. From the exercise capacity (related to physical fitness before and after comparison), a high degree of athletic performance (far degrees) changes in technical score and the action moves three technical analysis, the study of imagery training on motor skills learning.
StudyⅢ:The brain mechanisms of motor image Training. Distinguish between four selected experimental paradigm used, the use of words induced representation, the process of movement imagery of the brain mechanisms. Five experiments using Oddball paradigm of image representation induced brain mechanisms.
Results:(1) The reaction of material in the form a significant main effect (F (1,20)=13.14, p<0.01). Each group P300 amplitude, material forms a significant main effect (F (1.20)=49.68, p<0.001) materials, form and image form of a significant interaction (F (2.40)=3.54, p<0.05), simple effect of hand rotation case, pictures, forms a significant main effect (F (1,20)=5.16, p<0.05). The main effect of movement type was significantly (F (1,13)=25,13, P=0.00), P300 amplitude significant main effect for type (F (1,13)=4.01, P=0.041).
(2) Group as the physical appearance of+kinesthetic representation capacity significantly increased (P<0.01), vertical jump height of a significant main effect (F (3,68)=3.96, P<0.05), jumping far from the main effect of the degree was not significant (F (3,68)=1.14, P> 0.05). Significant effect of the horizontal velocity (F (3,68)=8.87, P=0.004), instantaneous horizontal speed pedal (F (3,68)=2.54, P=0.36), vertical velocity from the ground off a significant effect (F (3,68)=3.35, P <0.05), A3 left hip angle effect was significantly (F (3,68)=3.58, P <0.05), the maximum swing speed of the swing leg a significant effect (F (3,68)=3.53, P<0.05), swing leg angle between the two legs off the ground an instant significant effect (F (3,68)=6.94, P<0.05), take-off leg in an instant effect on the body angle was significantly (F (3,68)=4.26, P <0.05). Swinging leg push off the ground an instant effect on the body angle was significantly (F (3,68)=13.77, P<0.05), H3 significant effect (F (3,68)=3.37, P<0.05).
(3) P200 amplitude to practice the way a significant main effect (F (3.46)=1.49, P=0.048), amplitude of each group the trend of change IP> I> P> C. Way to practice the main effect of P200 latency was not significant (F (3.46)=1.04, P=0.056). Significant main effect of brain hemisphere (F (3.46)=64.34, P=0.000). LPP volatility of the way to practice a significant main effect (F (3.46)=3.24, P=0.016), the change between the groups for the IP> I> P> C. LPP latency way to practice a significant main effect (F (3.46)=3.24, P=0.016), latency in the order of each group C>P>I>IP. Practice methods of P300 amplitude of the main effect was not significant (F (3.46)=0.161, P=0.922), image type main effect was not significant (F (3.46)=1.987, P=0.155), practice methods of P300 latency main effect was significant (F (3.46)=3.014, P=0.047), the main effect of picture type of incubation was significantly (F (3.46)= 7.99, P=0.013).
Conclusions:
(1) Mental rotation is the rotation of real objects analogues, the main body movement representation also includes the cognitive processes of information processing. Sports and appearance, preparation and implementation of the task does not exist between any two differences in brain electrical activity. Motor preparation and representation for showing similar characteristics of brain electrical activity, exercise execution and movement imagery EEG showed similar characteristics.
(2) The appearance of jump training in favor of action to improve performance, Motor image+physical group best. Improvement in athletic performance is better than physical training on the imagery training, but in the mastery of motor skills training on the motor image better than physical training.
(3) Different training methods were tested on the ability to jump Imagery, Image Analysis Technology and the movement the accuracy and reaction time were significantly different. For the construction and maintain the appearance of movement, motor image+physical practice is an integrated practice approach works best, most conducive to learning motor skills.
(4) Representation and the representation of the effectiveness of interventions during the activation of these brain structures are related to the degree, the higher the activation level of intervention the better, higher level of intervention the better activation.
(5) Behavioral changes and EEG confirmed High Jump Long Jump STRAIGHTENING imagery training with a mechanism consistent.
研究一：运动表象训练效应的机理研究。运用ERP事件相关电位技术从脑活动机制层面验证运动表象功能等价理论。实验一采用经典心理旋转实验范式,通过身体部位(手掌)与物体(字母)的心理旋转实验,探讨心理旋转与真实物体旋转的功能等价。实验二从运动准备与表象准备、运动表象与运动执行的过程进行对比研究,探讨运动一表象与运动知觉功能等价的脑机制。
研究二：运动表象训练应用于跳跃类动作技能学习的实效性研究。将同质被试分为身体组、表象组、表象+身体组以及对照组。对被试施加90min/次,2次/周,共8周的训练实验干预。从运动能力(相关身体素质前后对照)、运动成绩高度(远度)变化、动作技术评分及动作技术解析三个方面,研究表象训练对动作技能学习的效果。
研究三：运动表象训练的脑机制。实验四采用选择区分范式,采用文字诱导表象,研究运动表象过程的脑机制。实验五采用Oddball范式,研究图片诱导表象的脑机制。
研究结果：(1)反应时材料形式主效应显著(F(1,20)=13.14,p<0.01)。各组P300波幅,材料形式主效应显著(F(1.20)=49.68,p<0.001)材料形式与图片形式交互作用显著(F(2.40)=3.54,p<0.05),简单效应分析手掌旋转情况下,图片形式主效应显著(F(1,20)=5.16,p<0.05)。运动类型的主效应显著(F(1,13)=25.13,P=0.00),P300波幅准备类型主效应显著(F(1,13)=4.01,P=0.041)。
(2)表象+身体组视、动觉表象能力显著提高(P<0.0J),纵跳高度主效应显著(F(3,68)=3.96,P<0.05),跳远远度主效应不显著(F(3,68)=1.14,P>0.05)。水平速度效应显著(F(3,68)=8.87,P=0.004),踏板瞬间水平速度(F(3,68)2.54,P=0.36),起跳离地时垂直速度效应显著(F(3,68)=3.35,P<0.05),A3左髋角效应显著(F(3,68)=3.58,P<0.05),摆动腿最大摆动速度效应显著(F(3,68)=3.53,P<0.05),摆动腿离地瞬间两大腿夹角效应显著(F(3,68)=6.94,P<0.05),起跳腿着地瞬间上体内倾角效应显著(F(3,68)=4.26,P<0.05)。摆动腿蹬离地面瞬间上体内倾角效应显著(F(3,68)=13.77,P<0.05),H3效应显著(F(3,68)=3.37,P<0.05)。
(3)练习方式的P200波幅主效应显著(F(3.46)=1.49,P=0.048),各组波幅变化趋势为IP>I>P>C。练习方式的P200潜伏期主效应不显著(F(3.46)=1.04,P=0.056)。脑半球主效应显著(F(3.46)=64.34,P=0.000)。练习方式的LPP波幅主效应显著(F(3.46)=3.24,P=0.016),各组之间变化情况为IP>I>P>C。练习方式的LPP潜伏期主效应显著(F(3.46)=3.24,P=0.016),各组潜伏期排序依次为C>P>I>IP。练习方式的P300波幅主效应不显著(F(3.46)=0.161,P=0.922),图片类型主效应不显著(F(3.46)=1.987,P=0.155),练习方式的P300潜伏期主效应显著(F(3.46)=3.014,P=0.047),图片类型潜伏期的主效应显著(F(3.46)=7.99,P=0.013)。
研究结论：
(1)心理旋转是真实物体旋转的类似物,主体运动表象还包括对身体信息加工的认知过程。运动与表象、准备与执行两两任务之间不存在脑电活动的差异。运动准备与表象准备呈现相似的脑电活动特征,运动执行与运动表象呈现相似的脑电活动特征。
(2)表象训练有利于跳跃类动作成绩的提高,表象+身体综合练习效果最好。在运动成绩的提高上身体训练效果好于表象训练,但在动作技能的掌握上表象训练的效果好于身体训练。
(3)不同训练方式的被试对跳跃类动作的表象能力,及动作技术图片辨析的正确率与反应时有显著性差异。对于运动表象的建构与保持,表象+身体练习的综合练习方法效果是最好的,最有利于动作技能的学习。
(4)表象干预的有效性与表象过程中这些脑结构被激活的程度有关,激活程度越高干预效果越好,干预效果越好激活程度越高。
(5)行为学变化与脑电活动证实背越式跳高与挺身式跳远表象训练的机制具有一致性。
Motor imagery traing is a method that repeated the sports action or situations in the minds under the guidance of imagination, to improve motor skills and emotional control ability. In this study, we resrached the motor imagery training'effectiveness to motor skill learning from the form of technical ability and stage of development, and various techniques to study the movements and motor skills. From the brain electrical activity and psychological mechanism to explore the mechanism of motor skill learning. Combination the behavioral experiments and ERP techniques to investigate the motor imagery' cognitive processes. The full text is composed of three empirical research:
Study I:Effects of exercise training in the mechanism of Motor image. The use of event-related potential ERP technology from the level of brain activity mechanism of functional equivalence. Experimental test of a classic mental rotation paradigm, through the body part (palm) and objects (letters) on the mental rotation experiment of mental rotation and the rotation of the functional equivalence of real objects. The second experiment preparation and representation from the movement preparation, movement imagery and movement execution process of comparative study of movement imagery and motion perception Brain Mechanism of functional equivalence.
StudyⅡ:The effectiveness of Motor image Training used in jump class motor skills learning. Homogeneity test will be divided into physical practice group、Motor image group, Motor image+Physcial practice group, and control group. Imposed on subjects 90min/time,2 times/ week for 8 weeks of training experimental intervention. From the exercise capacity (related to physical fitness before and after comparison), a high degree of athletic performance (far degrees) changes in technical score and the action moves three technical analysis, the study of imagery training on motor skills learning.
StudyⅢ:The brain mechanisms of motor image Training. Distinguish between four selected experimental paradigm used, the use of words induced representation, the process of movement imagery of the brain mechanisms. Five experiments using Oddball paradigm of image representation induced brain mechanisms.
Results:(1) The reaction of material in the form a significant main effect (F (1,20)=13.14, p<0.01). Each group P300 amplitude, material forms a significant main effect (F (1.20)=49.68, p<0.001) materials, form and image form of a significant interaction (F (2.40)=3.54, p<0.05), simple effect of hand rotation case, pictures, forms a significant main effect (F (1,20)=5.16, p<0.05). The main effect of movement type was significantly (F (1,13)=25,13, P=0.00), P300 amplitude significant main effect for type (F (1,13)=4.01, P=0.041).
(2) Group as the physical appearance of+kinesthetic representation capacity significantly increased (P<0.01), vertical jump height of a significant main effect (F (3,68)=3.96, P<0.05), jumping far from the main effect of the degree was not significant (F (3,68)=1.14, P> 0.05). Significant effect of the horizontal velocity (F (3,68)=8.87, P=0.004), instantaneous horizontal speed pedal (F (3,68)=2.54, P=0.36), vertical velocity from the ground off a significant effect (F (3,68)=3.35, P <0.05), A3 left hip angle effect was significantly (F (3,68)=3.58, P <0.05), the maximum swing speed of the swing leg a significant effect (F (3,68)=3.53, P<0.05), swing leg angle between the two legs off the ground an instant significant effect (F (3,68)=6.94, P<0.05), take-off leg in an instant effect on the body angle was significantly (F (3,68)=4.26, P <0.05). Swinging leg push off the ground an instant effect on the body angle was significantly (F (3,68)=13.77, P<0.05), H3 significant effect (F (3,68)=3.37, P<0.05).
(3) P200 amplitude to practice the way a significant main effect (F (3.46)=1.49, P=0.048), amplitude of each group the trend of change IP> I> P> C. Way to practice the main effect of P200 latency was not significant (F (3.46)=1.04, P=0.056). Significant main effect of brain hemisphere (F (3.46)=64.34, P=0.000). LPP volatility of the way to practice a significant main effect (F (3.46)=3.24, P=0.016), the change between the groups for the IP> I> P> C. LPP latency way to practice a significant main effect (F (3.46)=3.24, P=0.016), latency in the order of each group C>P>I>IP. Practice methods of P300 amplitude of the main effect was not significant (F (3.46)=0.161, P=0.922), image type main effect was not significant (F (3.46)=1.987, P=0.155), practice methods of P300 latency main effect was significant (F (3.46)=3.014, P=0.047), the main effect of picture type of incubation was significantly (F (3.46)= 7.99, P=0.013).
Conclusions:
(1) Mental rotation is the rotation of real objects analogues, the main body movement representation also includes the cognitive processes of information processing. Sports and appearance, preparation and implementation of the task does not exist between any two differences in brain electrical activity. Motor preparation and representation for showing similar characteristics of brain electrical activity, exercise execution and movement imagery EEG showed similar characteristics.
(2) The appearance of jump training in favor of action to improve performance, Motor image+physical group best. Improvement in athletic performance is better than physical training on the imagery training, but in the mastery of motor skills training on the motor image better than physical training.
(3) Different training methods were tested on the ability to jump Imagery, Image Analysis Technology and the movement the accuracy and reaction time were significantly different. For the construction and maintain the appearance of movement, motor image+physical practice is an integrated practice approach works best, most conducive to learning motor skills.
(4) Representation and the representation of the effectiveness of interventions during the activation of these brain structures are related to the degree, the higher the activation level of intervention the better, higher level of intervention the better activation.
(5) Behavioral changes and EEG confirmed High Jump Long Jump STRAIGHTENING imagery training with a mechanism consistent.
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