科技成果转化视角的高校知识生产力研究
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摘要
随着世界发展从工业经济向知识经济过渡,知识逐渐成为制约经济发展的所有因素中最为重要的一个。它不仅仅是一个制约生产力的新因素,更是一个具有决定性的关键因素。知识已经成为重要的生产力,也就是“知识生产力”。尽管广义的知识来源于生产实践,但先进的科技知识更多的还是来源于高等院校。知识进步体现着教育发展程度的同时,也取决于教育自身的发展水平。高等院校的知识生产能力不仅反映了当前社会的知识水平,也预示着社会未来知识创新的能力,决定着国家未来的科技竞争力。目前,学术界对于高校知识生产力的研究尚不多见。因此,寻找有效提升高等院校知识生产力的方法和策略就显得非常重要。
本文从专利视角对高校知识生产力这一议题进行了深入剖析,从专利管理的角度将知识生产力分为专利产出和专利转化两个动态阶段,并研究两个阶段之间的衔接问题。文章主要围绕三大问题开展研究：(1)影响高等院校知识生产力中科技成果产出的资源投入因素；(2)影响高等院校知识生产力中科技成果转化环节的资源投入因素；(3)综合两个环节对高校科技成果转化效率产生影响的资源投入因素。
本文选取了斯坦福大学、东京大学和清华大学三所高校对其资源投入活动进行了详细分析,并在分析的基础上建立了影响高校知识生产力的资源投入模型。采用《2007年高等学校科技统计资料汇编》中教育部直属64所重点高校的科技活动统计数据作为研究样本对该模型进行分析验证。随后,文中进一步对衔接科技成果产出和转化两个阶段的核心概念——专利转化率进行影响因素分析。
通过研究,本文主要得出了以下结论：
(1)高校成果应用和科技服务存在一定程度的定位偏差。
研究结果显示,研发投入、成果应用投入和科技服务投入对高校专利授权产生显著正向影响,而只有研发投入对高校专利出售产生显著正向影响。这一结果表明,主要以促进研发成果投入生产或在实际中运用,解决所存在的技术问题为主要定位的成果应用活动,并未在以专利出售为代表的成果应用环节产生作用,反而对于专利授权环节产生显著正向作用。同样,应该在成果产出和成果转化两个环节都产生作用的科技服务也偏重于专利授权环节。此结果并不能说明要提升专利出售数量需要大力促进研发投入,而是反映了成果应用投入和科技服务投入并未对成果转化产生作用的事实。
(2)提升应用研究对于基础研究的投入比例,有利于专利转化。
提升应用研究对基础研究的投入比例,有助于提升基础研究成果在实际生产的应用可行性,使基础研究结果以一种更加成熟的技术形式出现,将整个专利应用过程向前推进,有利于专利的最终转化。
(3)提升企业对于科研项目的参与程度,有利于专利转化。
事实上,企业的资金投入是面向市场需求的,从科研项目立项开始就目的明确地针对市场需求。与纯科研目的为目标的科研项目不同,这种与实际应用目的结合紧密的科研活动更容易得到市场认可而获得成功转化。因此,单纯从专利转化应用角度来看,具有市场灵敏嗅觉的企业参与投入和支持有利于专利的转化。
针对以上研究结论,为提升高校的知识生产力,从资源配置方式、评估体制、立项机制、以及成果应用等方面提出了改善的对策和建议。同时,从专利视角对高校知识生产力概念进行了剖析,将其分拆为科技成果产出和转化两个阶段,并从资源投入的角度分析了当前高校资源投入的问题以及提升资源投入效率的手段。为高等教育制度制定以及高校内部专利管理政策的制定提供建议和参考。
With the world's development from industry economy to knowledge economy, knowledge gradually become one of the most important factors, which restrict the economy development. It's not only a new factor to restrict the productive forces, but also a decisive important factor. Knowledge is already the most important productive forces-knowledge productivity. Though the general knowledge come from the production practice, more advanced technology knowledge come from the Universities. Knowledge progress reflects the development of the education, at the mean time, depends on the development of the education itself. Universities' knowledge productivity not only reflects the knowledge level of the society, but also indicates the knowledge innovation capability of the society in the future, determine the technology competitiveness of the country in the future. Nowadays, research on the universities'knowledge productivity is rare around the academia. So, it's important to find out the effective methods to improve the Universities'knowledge productivity.
Paper from the patent perspective to in-depth analysis this issue, from the perspective of patent management; divide the knowledge productivity into two dynamic phases, which is patent production and patent conversion, and the two parts' convergence. In this paper, research on three problems:(1) the factors which effect the resources investment of science and technological achievement production in the Universities'knowledge productivity;(2) the factors which effect the resources investment of science and technological achievement conversion in the Universities' knowledge productivity;(3) composite the two parts'resources investment factors which effect the Universities'science and technological achievement conversion rate.
In this paper, choose the Stanford University, Tokyo University and Tsinghua University to analysis their activities of resources investment, and based on it, establish the resources investment model of Universities'knowledge productivity. Used the64Universities'data of technology activities from, which directly under the Ministry of Education, as the research sample to test and verify the model. Then, analysis the effective factors of patent conversion rate, which is the core concept to convergence, the two stages of science and technology achievement production and conversion. By studying, get the main conclusion below:
(1) Universities'achievements application and technology service are dislocation in some degree.
Results show that, the investment of R&D, achievement application and technology service are notable affected the Universities'patent granted, only the investment of R&D notable affected the Universities'patent sales. These results indicate the achievement application activities are mainly to improve the R&D achievements to product or apply in the practice, solve the technology problems, not effect in the phase of patent sales on which behalf of achievements application, on the contrary, which have the notable effect on the phase of patent granted. At the mean time, technology service should have effect on the two phases of patent production and patent conversion, but only emphasis on the patent granted phase. This result could not indicate that energetically promote the R&D investment to enhance the numbers of patent sales, but reflect the truth that investment of achievements application and technology service are not affect the achievements conversion.
(2) Enhance the investment rate of application research and basic research help the patent conversion.
Enhance the rate of application research to the basic research, which will help the application feasibility of the basic research achievements in the practice, make the basic research achievements appearance as a more mature form of technology, impulse the whole process of patent application, help the patent finally conversed.
(3) Improve the firms participate to the research projects help the patent conversion.
Actually, firms'investment of funds face to the market requirement, from the beginning of the research project is definitely directly to the market requirement. Different from the non-profit research projects, this kind of research activity which is closed to the practice application, easier gets the recognition of the market to conversion. From the prospect of the patent conversion, firms have the sensitive to the market which participate investment and support will help the patent conversion.
Against on these results, in order to improve the Universities'knowledge productivity, propose the countermeasure and advice on which resource allocation, evaluate mechanic, project mechanic, and achievements application. Mean while, from the patent perspective to in-depth analysis the concept of the universities' knowledge productivity, and divided into two phases of science and technology achievements production and conversion, from the resources investment perspective analysis the problems of which universities'resources investment and improve the efficiency of resources investment methods. Supply the suggestions and references to formulate the high level education system and universities'inner management policy of patent.
本文从专利视角对高校知识生产力这一议题进行了深入剖析,从专利管理的角度将知识生产力分为专利产出和专利转化两个动态阶段,并研究两个阶段之间的衔接问题。文章主要围绕三大问题开展研究：(1)影响高等院校知识生产力中科技成果产出的资源投入因素；(2)影响高等院校知识生产力中科技成果转化环节的资源投入因素；(3)综合两个环节对高校科技成果转化效率产生影响的资源投入因素。
本文选取了斯坦福大学、东京大学和清华大学三所高校对其资源投入活动进行了详细分析,并在分析的基础上建立了影响高校知识生产力的资源投入模型。采用《2007年高等学校科技统计资料汇编》中教育部直属64所重点高校的科技活动统计数据作为研究样本对该模型进行分析验证。随后,文中进一步对衔接科技成果产出和转化两个阶段的核心概念——专利转化率进行影响因素分析。
通过研究,本文主要得出了以下结论：
(1)高校成果应用和科技服务存在一定程度的定位偏差。
研究结果显示,研发投入、成果应用投入和科技服务投入对高校专利授权产生显著正向影响,而只有研发投入对高校专利出售产生显著正向影响。这一结果表明,主要以促进研发成果投入生产或在实际中运用,解决所存在的技术问题为主要定位的成果应用活动,并未在以专利出售为代表的成果应用环节产生作用,反而对于专利授权环节产生显著正向作用。同样,应该在成果产出和成果转化两个环节都产生作用的科技服务也偏重于专利授权环节。此结果并不能说明要提升专利出售数量需要大力促进研发投入,而是反映了成果应用投入和科技服务投入并未对成果转化产生作用的事实。
(2)提升应用研究对于基础研究的投入比例,有利于专利转化。
提升应用研究对基础研究的投入比例,有助于提升基础研究成果在实际生产的应用可行性,使基础研究结果以一种更加成熟的技术形式出现,将整个专利应用过程向前推进,有利于专利的最终转化。
(3)提升企业对于科研项目的参与程度,有利于专利转化。
事实上,企业的资金投入是面向市场需求的,从科研项目立项开始就目的明确地针对市场需求。与纯科研目的为目标的科研项目不同,这种与实际应用目的结合紧密的科研活动更容易得到市场认可而获得成功转化。因此,单纯从专利转化应用角度来看,具有市场灵敏嗅觉的企业参与投入和支持有利于专利的转化。
针对以上研究结论,为提升高校的知识生产力,从资源配置方式、评估体制、立项机制、以及成果应用等方面提出了改善的对策和建议。同时,从专利视角对高校知识生产力概念进行了剖析,将其分拆为科技成果产出和转化两个阶段,并从资源投入的角度分析了当前高校资源投入的问题以及提升资源投入效率的手段。为高等教育制度制定以及高校内部专利管理政策的制定提供建议和参考。
With the world's development from industry economy to knowledge economy, knowledge gradually become one of the most important factors, which restrict the economy development. It's not only a new factor to restrict the productive forces, but also a decisive important factor. Knowledge is already the most important productive forces-knowledge productivity. Though the general knowledge come from the production practice, more advanced technology knowledge come from the Universities. Knowledge progress reflects the development of the education, at the mean time, depends on the development of the education itself. Universities' knowledge productivity not only reflects the knowledge level of the society, but also indicates the knowledge innovation capability of the society in the future, determine the technology competitiveness of the country in the future. Nowadays, research on the universities'knowledge productivity is rare around the academia. So, it's important to find out the effective methods to improve the Universities'knowledge productivity.
Paper from the patent perspective to in-depth analysis this issue, from the perspective of patent management; divide the knowledge productivity into two dynamic phases, which is patent production and patent conversion, and the two parts' convergence. In this paper, research on three problems:(1) the factors which effect the resources investment of science and technological achievement production in the Universities'knowledge productivity;(2) the factors which effect the resources investment of science and technological achievement conversion in the Universities' knowledge productivity;(3) composite the two parts'resources investment factors which effect the Universities'science and technological achievement conversion rate.
In this paper, choose the Stanford University, Tokyo University and Tsinghua University to analysis their activities of resources investment, and based on it, establish the resources investment model of Universities'knowledge productivity. Used the64Universities'data of technology activities from
(1) Universities'achievements application and technology service are dislocation in some degree.
Results show that, the investment of R&D, achievement application and technology service are notable affected the Universities'patent granted, only the investment of R&D notable affected the Universities'patent sales. These results indicate the achievement application activities are mainly to improve the R&D achievements to product or apply in the practice, solve the technology problems, not effect in the phase of patent sales on which behalf of achievements application, on the contrary, which have the notable effect on the phase of patent granted. At the mean time, technology service should have effect on the two phases of patent production and patent conversion, but only emphasis on the patent granted phase. This result could not indicate that energetically promote the R&D investment to enhance the numbers of patent sales, but reflect the truth that investment of achievements application and technology service are not affect the achievements conversion.
(2) Enhance the investment rate of application research and basic research help the patent conversion.
Enhance the rate of application research to the basic research, which will help the application feasibility of the basic research achievements in the practice, make the basic research achievements appearance as a more mature form of technology, impulse the whole process of patent application, help the patent finally conversed.
(3) Improve the firms participate to the research projects help the patent conversion.
Actually, firms'investment of funds face to the market requirement, from the beginning of the research project is definitely directly to the market requirement. Different from the non-profit research projects, this kind of research activity which is closed to the practice application, easier gets the recognition of the market to conversion. From the prospect of the patent conversion, firms have the sensitive to the market which participate investment and support will help the patent conversion.
Against on these results, in order to improve the Universities'knowledge productivity, propose the countermeasure and advice on which resource allocation, evaluate mechanic, project mechanic, and achievements application. Mean while, from the patent perspective to in-depth analysis the concept of the universities' knowledge productivity, and divided into two phases of science and technology achievements production and conversion, from the resources investment perspective analysis the problems of which universities'resources investment and improve the efficiency of resources investment methods. Supply the suggestions and references to formulate the high level education system and universities'inner management policy of patent.
引文
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