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论行政诉讼举证责任的分配与转移
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摘要
举证责任是一项源于古罗马法的诉讼制度。在行政诉讼中举证责任制度有着自身的复杂性,它直接关系到行政诉讼目标价值的顺利实现,因而对举证责任的含义及性质,行政诉讼中举证责任的分配,举证责任的转移等问题应作有益的探讨,以期在社会主义市场经济条件下,随着司法实践的不断发展和立法经验的不断积累,使行政诉讼得到进一步的完善和发展。
    出于以上考虑,本文首先研究行政诉讼的举证责任,重点分析了行政诉讼举证责任的含义和性质。举证责任是指当事人对其主张不能提供证据或者所提供的证据不能证明其主张的真实性时,则要承担败诉的风险。借鉴国内外的立法及司法实践,对于行政诉讼举证责任的性质,作者则采用权利义务说,被告的举证责任不仅是一般的诉讼义务,而且是其法定职责。关于行政诉讼举证责任的分配与转移的问题则是本文的核心。法律规定某一事实由哪一方当事人承担举证责任为举证责任的分配,最理想的举证责任分配法则,就是能最大限度地实现公正、效益与效率三大价值比例及价值整合。实现三大价值和程序法与实体法内在精神的契合。行政诉讼由被告对被诉具体行政行为承担举证责任,体现了民事诉讼“谁主张,准举证”的分配规则。但由于行政案件的复杂性和多样性,决定了不能机械地适用举证责任的一般规则去处理一切案件中的举证责任,在一定条件下,举证责任也会发生转移。但无论如何,被告承担举证责任永远是行政诉讼的特有原则,原告承担举证责任则是一种特殊形式,在适用举证责任转移时要注意保护原告的合法权利,达到促使行政机关依法行政的目的。
Onus probandi is a litigation system that originated from ancient Roman law. It has its own complexity in administrative lawsuit and concerns directly the accomplishment of the objective values in the suit. So there should be some beneficial discussions about problems concerning the meanings and natures of onus probandi, the distribution of onus probandi during administrative suit and the transfer of onus probandi. Under the circumstances of socialist market economy, and with the developing judicial practices as well as the accumulated lawmaking experiences, our discussions could be helpful to further improvement and development of the administrative litigation.
    Considering the above objectives, the first part of this article is about the researches on the onus probandi in administrative suits, emphasizing the analysis about meanings and natures of onus probandi. Onus probandi means that should the party fail to provide any or enough evidence for supporting his allegation or proving the reality of his case, he may risk losing his suit. Using domestic and overseas lawmaking and judicial practices for reference, the writer adopts a theory of droit and obligation to reveal the nature of onus probandi, in which onus probandi lying on the defendant is not only a general lawsuit obligation but also a legal responsibility. Distribution and transfer of onus probandi in administrative suit is the core of this article. The distribution of onus probandi is a rule that law determines which party has the burden of proof. The most perfect rule of distribution is a combination of the values of justice, benefit and efficiency, which can be realized the farthest, the rule also lies on the agreement between the accomplishment of those values and the immanent spirits of proceeding law and substantial law. In administrative litigation, it is the defendant that undertakes the burden of proof for his concrete prosecuted administration behavior, embodying the distribution principles of civil action, which says, "Someone advocates, someone puts to the proof". But because of the complexity and variety of the administrative case, it is impossible to apply automatically the general rules of onus probandi to all cases. Under certain conditions, onus probandi may transfer. However, it is always a unique principle in administrative suit that onus probandi lies on the defendant, and that the plaintiff undertakes the burden of proof is only a special case. When onus probandi transfers, attentions should be paid to protecting the plaintiff's lawful rights, so as to achieve the purpose of impelling the administrative organ to execute its duty according to law.
引文
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