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寒区流域水文模拟研究
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摘要
冰雪和冻土的水文物理特性,及其对径流形成过程的作用,是寒区流域产汇流的主
    要矛盾或矛盾的主要方面。论文针对北方寒冷地区,寒季水循环的大气水、土壤水及地面
    地下径流的动力和热力过程,在水文物理及冰雪水文的有关理论基础上,充分利用我国东
    北地区现有的寒区观测资料,对寒区产汇流的下列各个主要环节,分别进行了模拟研究,
    并取得一批成果。
     1.根据气温特征要素模拟融雪期的日气温过程;
     2.对雨夹雪的降水中雨量与雪量的分配模拟;
     3.融雪径流量的估算;
     4.季节性冻土带形成与融解的模拟;
     5.冻土冻结期间土壤水分的运动;
     6.冻土融解期产流损失的计算;
     7.流域蒸散发的时变性。
     在上述研究的基础上,经过必要的概括、抽象和集成,参照国内外非寒区流域模型(新
    安江模型、水箱模型、萨克拉门托模型)的结构,研建成寒区的流域水文模型。该模型是
    一个具有物理基础的概念性流域模型,可以成功地模拟产汇流各个环节的动力和热力过
    程。考虑到我国东北寒区气候和自然条件的复杂性,模型能够适应年内不同季节水分和温
    度条件的变化,如雪盖和冻土的形成和融化,也能够适应不同流域的气候差异,如东部湿
    润和中西部半湿润地区的特性。在人类活动相对较少的黑龙江省牡丹江上游,依据敦化、
    长汀、横道河子三站水文气象资料,对模型进行了检验,取得令人满意的成果。
     为使模型能够得到推广应用,使研究成果变为生产力,还建成了寒区水文预报软件
    系统,在系统的研建过程中,经过反复修改和完善,在界面设计、预报方法选择、预报方
    案生成和串接、系统的维护扩展、水库防洪调度、报汛测站的设置和变动等六个方面具有
    鲜明特色,使建成的系统具有实用性、通用性、友好性、可扩展性等优点,受到用户的一
    致好评。
Based on the thoroughly analysis of the runoff formation characteristics in the cold zone and the roles of snow and frozen earth especially, the following phenomenon and processes are successful simulated, and a series results are obtained.
    1. Simulation of the variation of daily temperature based on some temperature index.
    2. Simulation of the water proportion for the precipitation composed by rain and snow;
    3. Evaluation of the water equivalent of snow;
    4. Simulation of the process of the freezing and melting ground;
    5. Simulation of the water movement in the earth during freezing season;
    6. Calculation of the loss of runoff for the frozen ground during melting period;
    7. Simulation of the variation of the evapotranspiration in a year. Therefore a physics-based conceptual model for forecasting in the cold zone of
    China is established, and the effectiveness of the model has been proved by practical operation in three basins of Dunhua, Changding and Hengdaohezi.
    Finally, for the purpose to popularize the presented model, a software system is completed and some new ideas are created in the system such as the interface design, selection of methods, option and integration of the procedures and so on. The system has been working very well in several basins in the North-east of China.
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