阿里山潜蝇茧蜂大量饲养及对橘小实蝇的控制研究
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摘要
阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus (Sonan)隶属于膜翅目Hymenoptera,茧蜂科Braconidae,潜蝇茧蜂亚科Opiinae,是实蝇的一种卵-蛹跨期寄生蜂,主要寄生实蝇的卵和初孵1龄幼虫。本文在研究阿里山潜蝇茧接蜂产卵盘填充物及其生物学特性的基础上,研究阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的大量繁蜂技术,建立了室内大量繁蜂的工艺技术流程。并研究了室内繁殖的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂在田间的扩散行为、田间寄生率及其影响因子,结果表明阿里山潜蝇茧蜂能够有效降低下一代橘小实蝇的种群数量。
1.不同琼脂配比对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寄生效果的影响实验研究表明:阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寄生率随产卵盘中琼脂比例的增加而增加,当琼脂与水的比例增至1:50,其寄生率趋于稳定。并对2007年4月至2008年9月产卵盘改进前后阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的出蜂率进行了比较,平均出蜂率由改进前的37.5%提高至改进后的61.0%。
2.阿里山潜蝇茧蜂成虫饲养密度及益害比对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂子代影响的实验结果表明:(1)当成蜂饲养密度为300对/笼时,子代雌蜂数量占总出蜂量的60.34%。随着成虫饲养密度的增加,子代雌蜂比例逐渐降低;当成蜂饲养密度达700对/笼时,子代雌蜂所占比例降至38.30%,子代雌性比例(Y)与成蜂饲养密度(x)关系的回归方程为Y=-0.0501x+74.176,其中R2=0.9456。(2)当寄主橘小实蝇卵量与雌蜂数量比例为5:1时,寄主平均发育至蛹期和羽化的寄生蜂的数量分别为10.25粒和8.88只。随着寄主橘小实蝇卵的比例增加,子代寄生蜂数量也随之增多,当寄主卵与雌蜂比例增至25:1后,子代寄生蜂数量趋于稳定。
3.室内条件下研究了营养和寄主对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寿命和繁殖力的影响。结果表明,食物和寄主对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寿命均有显著影响。在无寄主存在的情况下,取食蜂蜜+水的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂雌蜂的平均寿命为37.8±1.1d,而提供寄主橘小实蝇卵时雌蜂平均寿命为19.2±3.8d。寄主存在与否,不饲喂的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂雌蜂的最长寿命都不超过1周。饲喂蜂蜜+水能够显著提高阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的繁殖产卵能力,使后代雌蜂比例增高。
4.阿里山潜蝇茧蜂成蜂寿命和繁殖受温度的影响,室内研究表明,在19℃-31℃范围内,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的成虫寿命随着温度的升高而缩短。阿里山潜蝇茧蜂繁殖的后代数量随温度的升高而增多,25℃时繁殖的后代数量最多,之后随着温度的升高而降低。阿里山潜蝇茧蜂后代雌性比例也受温度的影响,温度过高和过低时都出现偏雄现象,后代雌性比例与温度的关系为Y=-0.681T2+34.128T-361.22 (R2=0.9433)。
5.室内研究了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寄生对寄主橘小实蝇卵的致死作用,用去卵膜的方法对其进行了研究,去卵膜对寄主无损害,在解剖镜下无需解剖就可观察到寄主是否被寄生。研究结果表明卵期的寄生率比羽化时寄生率明显高。被寄生的寄主死亡率明显高于未寄生的寄主,过寄生时寄主在卵期的死亡率比未过寄生时的明显高,极个别寄生蜂在存活的寄主体内不能发育至成虫。研究并分析了被寄生寄主在卵期的死亡因素,寄主卵的质量和寄生蜂寄生和过寄生产卵导致的伤孔等是寄主死亡的主要因素。
6.利用橘小实蝇卵作为寄主,在室内条件下对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂进行了人工大量繁蜂技术的研究,系统介绍了大量繁蜂的饲养设备、饲养方法和步骤以及饲养过程中的注意事项。为利用该蜂对橘小实蝇进行田间防治奠定了良好的基础。
7.在实验室条件下研究了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂与本地优势种切割潜蝇茧蜂的种间竞争,结果表明本地优势种切割潜蝇茧蜂不能识别阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寄生过的橘小实蝇幼虫。阿里山潜蝇茧蜂所寄生过的橘小实蝇卵孵化后再被切割潜蝇茧蜂寄生,造成寄主在幼期大量死亡,其存活寄主中所羽化出的均为阿里山潜蝇茧蜂。
8.室内繁殖的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂在田间的扩散距离与扩散方向研究结果表明,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂逐步自放蜂点向外缘扩散,即在释放点附近的寄主上搜索寄生后离开,再逐步向外扩散寻找寄主。阿里山潜蝇茧蜂主要在距离放蜂点50m的范围内扩散搜寻,个别个体能扩散到100m以外。在30m内的寄生率高于60%。方位对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的扩散寄生影响不大。
9. 2008年在福州市郊的芭乐和杨桃果园内释放人工大量繁殖的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂,并对该蜂对橘小实蝇的田间寄生率及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,橘小实蝇爆发情况下,释放的寄生蜂对芭乐果园中隐藏于树上果实内的实蝇平均寄生率为45.8%,树下的平均寄生率为30.1%;杨桃园内树上的平均寄生率为33.3%,树下的平均寄生率为22.1%。而本地优势种寄生蜂切割潜蝇茧蜂在该园内的平均寄生率远低于释放的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寄生率。笼罩实验结果表明,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂偏好搜寻并寄生树上果实内的橘小实蝇,很少于地面果实上搜寻寄生;在笼罩条件下,当该寄生蜂雌蜂与橘小实蝇雌成虫数量比例为1:1时,该蜂对寄主卵的寄生率达61.1±2.7%,寄生率随寄生蜂所占比例增加而增加,而且单个实蝇产卵孔内橘小实蝇卵量也影响阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寄生率。
Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) belong to the Opiinae subfamily. It is an egg-pupal parasitoid of Tephritid fruit flies which primarily parasitize the eggs and young first instars of the fruit flies. The mass-rearing of this parasitoids was studied based on the study of artifical oviposition dish and some biology and ecology of F. arisanus. The Mass-rearing technics process was built. The dispersal behavior of room-rearing F. arisanus and its parasite rate in the fields were studied, the results showed that this parasitoid can suppress the next generation population of oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).
1. Effects of agar to water ratio on the parasite efficiency of F. arisanus was studied. The result showed that the parasite rate of F. arisanus increased with the increasing of agar ratio and reached a plateau at 1 part strip agar to 50 part tap water. Room rearing of F. arisanus from April 2007 to September 2008 was recorded. The percentage of parasitoids recovery was 37.5% before oviposition dish bettered and after that was 61.0%.
2. Effects of the adults rearing density and host egg to female F. arisanus ratio on the offspring of F. arisanus were studied in laboratory condition. The results showed that the adults rearing density of F. arisanus is one of important factors to influence the female ratio of the offspring. When the adults rearing density were 300 pairs (♀:♂=1:1) per cage, the percentage of female offspring was 60.34%. The female offspring decreased with the adult rearing density increasing. When the adults rearing density increased to 700 pairs per cage, the percentage of female offspring was only 38.30%. The correlation between female offspring rate and adult rearing density assumed Y=-0.0501x+74.176, (R2=0.9456). When host egg to female parasitoid ratios was 5:1, the mean number of host pupae and parasitoids offspring recovery were 10.25 and 8.88. The yield of parasitoid offspring increased with host egg to female parasitoid ratios increasing and reached a plateau at 25:1.
3. The effects of diet (sugar feeding), host provision on the longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of F. arisanus were investigated. The results showed that diets and host provision can significantly influence the adult longevity of F. arisanus. The mean longevity of adult female parasitoids was 37.8±1.1d when deprived of host eggs, which was only 19.2±3.8d when host eggs were provided. The adult longevity of female was no longer than one week whether host eggs were provided or not when honey was deprived. Honey + water Feeding can significantly enhanced the fecundity, and the female ratio of offspring was also significantly increased when fed with honey + water.
4. Temperature also influenced the longevity and fecundity of F. arisanus. The adult longevity of the parasitoids shortened when the temperature increased within 19℃-31℃, and fecundity of female F. arisanus was enhanced with the temperature increased from 19℃to 25℃, and which depressed when temperature increased from 25℃to 31℃. The offspring of F. arisanus was male bias when the temperature was too higher or lower. The correlation between female offspring rate and temperature was Y=-0.681T2+34.128T-361.22 , (R2=0.9433).
5. The impact of F. arisanus parasite on the survival of oriental fruit fly B. dorsalis was studied. Research was carried out applying dechorionation treatment, a non-destructive procedure that makes host eggshells transparent to microscopic observation without interfering with development. The results showed that parasitized host eggs were subject to a higher mortality than non-parasitized ones. Moreover, super-parasitized host eggs were subject to a higher mortality than normal parasitized ones during the egg stage. Few parasitoid eggs did not development to the adult stage. The death factors of host eggs were analyzed, the quality of the host egg and the wounds that the parasitoids parasitized and super-parasitized were the main factors result in the death of host eggs.
6. The room mass-rearing of F. arisanus was carried out using the oriental fruit fly B. dorsalis eggs as the host. The equipment, the technic processes and the instructions of room mass-rearing which were the bases of biocontrol on oriental fruit fly B. dorsalis in the fields were described.
7. Interspecific competition between F. arisanus and local dominant species Psyttalia incise (Silvestri) was investigated at 25℃in the laboratory. The P. incise can not discriminate the hosts which had previously been parasitized at egg stage by F. arisanus. Most of the hosts died which parasitized by F. arisanus at egg stage first and parasitized by P. incise at larva stage second, and the eclosion of adult parasitoids from the host pupal finally were only F. arisanus.
8. The distance and dispersal behavior of adult F. arisanus in the fruit orchards were studied. The results showed that F. arisanus advanced gradually from the released point. The parasitoid arrived on the fruit nearby the release point to detect and locate host, and then flew away to forage others. F. arisanus flew and dispersed mainly within a distance of 50m from the released point and only a few of individuals dispersed over 100 m. The parasite rate was more than 60% within 30m. The dispersal and parasitized behaviors of room reared F. arisanus were no difference in different space position.
9. The parasitoids of room reared were released in the guava and star-fruit orchards at Fuzhou suburb in 2008. The parasite rate and the factors which influence the parasite rate were studied. The results showed that the mean parasite rate to the oriental fruit fly in guava orchard was 45.8% on trees and was 30.1% on the ground, and which in star-fruit orchards was 33.3% on trees and was 22.1%on the ground when the population of fruit fly were high in the fields. The parasite rate of the local dominant species P. incise was significantly lower than that of F. arisanus. The cage experiments showed that F. arisanus more like to forge and parasitize the eggs of the host which were concealed in the fruit on the tree than that on the ground. The parasitized rate was 61.1±2.7 when the female parasitoid to female fruit fly was 1:1, and which was increased with the increasing of parasitoid to fruit fly ratios.
1.不同琼脂配比对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寄生效果的影响实验研究表明:阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寄生率随产卵盘中琼脂比例的增加而增加,当琼脂与水的比例增至1:50,其寄生率趋于稳定。并对2007年4月至2008年9月产卵盘改进前后阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的出蜂率进行了比较,平均出蜂率由改进前的37.5%提高至改进后的61.0%。
2.阿里山潜蝇茧蜂成虫饲养密度及益害比对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂子代影响的实验结果表明:(1)当成蜂饲养密度为300对/笼时,子代雌蜂数量占总出蜂量的60.34%。随着成虫饲养密度的增加,子代雌蜂比例逐渐降低;当成蜂饲养密度达700对/笼时,子代雌蜂所占比例降至38.30%,子代雌性比例(Y)与成蜂饲养密度(x)关系的回归方程为Y=-0.0501x+74.176,其中R2=0.9456。(2)当寄主橘小实蝇卵量与雌蜂数量比例为5:1时,寄主平均发育至蛹期和羽化的寄生蜂的数量分别为10.25粒和8.88只。随着寄主橘小实蝇卵的比例增加,子代寄生蜂数量也随之增多,当寄主卵与雌蜂比例增至25:1后,子代寄生蜂数量趋于稳定。
3.室内条件下研究了营养和寄主对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寿命和繁殖力的影响。结果表明,食物和寄主对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寿命均有显著影响。在无寄主存在的情况下,取食蜂蜜+水的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂雌蜂的平均寿命为37.8±1.1d,而提供寄主橘小实蝇卵时雌蜂平均寿命为19.2±3.8d。寄主存在与否,不饲喂的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂雌蜂的最长寿命都不超过1周。饲喂蜂蜜+水能够显著提高阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的繁殖产卵能力,使后代雌蜂比例增高。
4.阿里山潜蝇茧蜂成蜂寿命和繁殖受温度的影响,室内研究表明,在19℃-31℃范围内,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的成虫寿命随着温度的升高而缩短。阿里山潜蝇茧蜂繁殖的后代数量随温度的升高而增多,25℃时繁殖的后代数量最多,之后随着温度的升高而降低。阿里山潜蝇茧蜂后代雌性比例也受温度的影响,温度过高和过低时都出现偏雄现象,后代雌性比例与温度的关系为Y=-0.681T2+34.128T-361.22 (R2=0.9433)。
5.室内研究了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寄生对寄主橘小实蝇卵的致死作用,用去卵膜的方法对其进行了研究,去卵膜对寄主无损害,在解剖镜下无需解剖就可观察到寄主是否被寄生。研究结果表明卵期的寄生率比羽化时寄生率明显高。被寄生的寄主死亡率明显高于未寄生的寄主,过寄生时寄主在卵期的死亡率比未过寄生时的明显高,极个别寄生蜂在存活的寄主体内不能发育至成虫。研究并分析了被寄生寄主在卵期的死亡因素,寄主卵的质量和寄生蜂寄生和过寄生产卵导致的伤孔等是寄主死亡的主要因素。
6.利用橘小实蝇卵作为寄主,在室内条件下对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂进行了人工大量繁蜂技术的研究,系统介绍了大量繁蜂的饲养设备、饲养方法和步骤以及饲养过程中的注意事项。为利用该蜂对橘小实蝇进行田间防治奠定了良好的基础。
7.在实验室条件下研究了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂与本地优势种切割潜蝇茧蜂的种间竞争,结果表明本地优势种切割潜蝇茧蜂不能识别阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寄生过的橘小实蝇幼虫。阿里山潜蝇茧蜂所寄生过的橘小实蝇卵孵化后再被切割潜蝇茧蜂寄生,造成寄主在幼期大量死亡,其存活寄主中所羽化出的均为阿里山潜蝇茧蜂。
8.室内繁殖的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂在田间的扩散距离与扩散方向研究结果表明,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂逐步自放蜂点向外缘扩散,即在释放点附近的寄主上搜索寄生后离开,再逐步向外扩散寻找寄主。阿里山潜蝇茧蜂主要在距离放蜂点50m的范围内扩散搜寻,个别个体能扩散到100m以外。在30m内的寄生率高于60%。方位对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的扩散寄生影响不大。
9. 2008年在福州市郊的芭乐和杨桃果园内释放人工大量繁殖的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂,并对该蜂对橘小实蝇的田间寄生率及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,橘小实蝇爆发情况下,释放的寄生蜂对芭乐果园中隐藏于树上果实内的实蝇平均寄生率为45.8%,树下的平均寄生率为30.1%;杨桃园内树上的平均寄生率为33.3%,树下的平均寄生率为22.1%。而本地优势种寄生蜂切割潜蝇茧蜂在该园内的平均寄生率远低于释放的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寄生率。笼罩实验结果表明,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂偏好搜寻并寄生树上果实内的橘小实蝇,很少于地面果实上搜寻寄生;在笼罩条件下,当该寄生蜂雌蜂与橘小实蝇雌成虫数量比例为1:1时,该蜂对寄主卵的寄生率达61.1±2.7%,寄生率随寄生蜂所占比例增加而增加,而且单个实蝇产卵孔内橘小实蝇卵量也影响阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寄生率。
Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) belong to the Opiinae subfamily. It is an egg-pupal parasitoid of Tephritid fruit flies which primarily parasitize the eggs and young first instars of the fruit flies. The mass-rearing of this parasitoids was studied based on the study of artifical oviposition dish and some biology and ecology of F. arisanus. The Mass-rearing technics process was built. The dispersal behavior of room-rearing F. arisanus and its parasite rate in the fields were studied, the results showed that this parasitoid can suppress the next generation population of oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).
1. Effects of agar to water ratio on the parasite efficiency of F. arisanus was studied. The result showed that the parasite rate of F. arisanus increased with the increasing of agar ratio and reached a plateau at 1 part strip agar to 50 part tap water. Room rearing of F. arisanus from April 2007 to September 2008 was recorded. The percentage of parasitoids recovery was 37.5% before oviposition dish bettered and after that was 61.0%.
2. Effects of the adults rearing density and host egg to female F. arisanus ratio on the offspring of F. arisanus were studied in laboratory condition. The results showed that the adults rearing density of F. arisanus is one of important factors to influence the female ratio of the offspring. When the adults rearing density were 300 pairs (♀:♂=1:1) per cage, the percentage of female offspring was 60.34%. The female offspring decreased with the adult rearing density increasing. When the adults rearing density increased to 700 pairs per cage, the percentage of female offspring was only 38.30%. The correlation between female offspring rate and adult rearing density assumed Y=-0.0501x+74.176, (R2=0.9456). When host egg to female parasitoid ratios was 5:1, the mean number of host pupae and parasitoids offspring recovery were 10.25 and 8.88. The yield of parasitoid offspring increased with host egg to female parasitoid ratios increasing and reached a plateau at 25:1.
3. The effects of diet (sugar feeding), host provision on the longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of F. arisanus were investigated. The results showed that diets and host provision can significantly influence the adult longevity of F. arisanus. The mean longevity of adult female parasitoids was 37.8±1.1d when deprived of host eggs, which was only 19.2±3.8d when host eggs were provided. The adult longevity of female was no longer than one week whether host eggs were provided or not when honey was deprived. Honey + water Feeding can significantly enhanced the fecundity, and the female ratio of offspring was also significantly increased when fed with honey + water.
4. Temperature also influenced the longevity and fecundity of F. arisanus. The adult longevity of the parasitoids shortened when the temperature increased within 19℃-31℃, and fecundity of female F. arisanus was enhanced with the temperature increased from 19℃to 25℃, and which depressed when temperature increased from 25℃to 31℃. The offspring of F. arisanus was male bias when the temperature was too higher or lower. The correlation between female offspring rate and temperature was Y=-0.681T2+34.128T-361.22 , (R2=0.9433).
5. The impact of F. arisanus parasite on the survival of oriental fruit fly B. dorsalis was studied. Research was carried out applying dechorionation treatment, a non-destructive procedure that makes host eggshells transparent to microscopic observation without interfering with development. The results showed that parasitized host eggs were subject to a higher mortality than non-parasitized ones. Moreover, super-parasitized host eggs were subject to a higher mortality than normal parasitized ones during the egg stage. Few parasitoid eggs did not development to the adult stage. The death factors of host eggs were analyzed, the quality of the host egg and the wounds that the parasitoids parasitized and super-parasitized were the main factors result in the death of host eggs.
6. The room mass-rearing of F. arisanus was carried out using the oriental fruit fly B. dorsalis eggs as the host. The equipment, the technic processes and the instructions of room mass-rearing which were the bases of biocontrol on oriental fruit fly B. dorsalis in the fields were described.
7. Interspecific competition between F. arisanus and local dominant species Psyttalia incise (Silvestri) was investigated at 25℃in the laboratory. The P. incise can not discriminate the hosts which had previously been parasitized at egg stage by F. arisanus. Most of the hosts died which parasitized by F. arisanus at egg stage first and parasitized by P. incise at larva stage second, and the eclosion of adult parasitoids from the host pupal finally were only F. arisanus.
8. The distance and dispersal behavior of adult F. arisanus in the fruit orchards were studied. The results showed that F. arisanus advanced gradually from the released point. The parasitoid arrived on the fruit nearby the release point to detect and locate host, and then flew away to forage others. F. arisanus flew and dispersed mainly within a distance of 50m from the released point and only a few of individuals dispersed over 100 m. The parasite rate was more than 60% within 30m. The dispersal and parasitized behaviors of room reared F. arisanus were no difference in different space position.
9. The parasitoids of room reared were released in the guava and star-fruit orchards at Fuzhou suburb in 2008. The parasite rate and the factors which influence the parasite rate were studied. The results showed that the mean parasite rate to the oriental fruit fly in guava orchard was 45.8% on trees and was 30.1% on the ground, and which in star-fruit orchards was 33.3% on trees and was 22.1%on the ground when the population of fruit fly were high in the fields. The parasite rate of the local dominant species P. incise was significantly lower than that of F. arisanus. The cage experiments showed that F. arisanus more like to forge and parasitize the eggs of the host which were concealed in the fruit on the tree than that on the ground. The parasitized rate was 61.1±2.7 when the female parasitoid to female fruit fly was 1:1, and which was increased with the increasing of parasitoid to fruit fly ratios.
引文
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