河北塞罕坝华落叶松人工林生长及生境因子关系研究
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摘要
本研究在搜集既有材料及补充调查的基础上,对塞罕坝森林类型,群落结构规律、分布规律进行了分析;分别探讨了塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林林木生长与地形因子、气象因子间的量化关系;探讨了塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林林分密度、林分类型、海拔、坡位等对森林生物多样性的影响以及各因子间的相互作用关系;调查分析了塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松人工林天然更新的格局规律和影响因素。结果表明:
塞罕坝是河北省植物种类比较丰富的区域之一。本区系具有典型的北温带属性,具有森林草原过渡性质,中生植物虽然较多,但也具备相当数量的草原耐旱植物。
塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林生长与地形因子关系研究表明:坡向对华北落叶松人工林的胸径、树高和单株材积总生长有不同程度的影响,坡向对低海拔华北落叶松人工林的胸径和单株材积影响较明显,但对树高的总生长影响作用不显著,阴坡华北落叶松人工林生长要比阳坡好。坡向对高海拔华北落叶松人工林的胸径和单株材积影响不明显,对树高总生长几乎没有影响。密度对胸径、树高和单株材积生长有不同程度影响。对胸径总生长影响较显著,对单株材积的影响主要体现在生长后期。林分越密,林木平均胸径越小,单株材积越小。海拔对落叶松林分的胸径总生长有较大的影响作用,对树高总生长的影响作用相对较小。高海拔林分的胸径总生长量较大。不同海拔对树高总生长量的影响作用不够明显。海拔对单株材积总生长的影响作用较为显著,尤其是阳坡的林分受海拔因子的影响较大。
塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林生长与气象因子关系研究表明:塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林立木生长与气象因子间有极显著相关关系。对林木树高、直径、材积生长量三方面影响都较大的气象因子是年降水量和年平均气温。对树木树高、直径生长量影响较大的气象因子是当年日照时数和上年11月-当年1月平均地温。关于气象因子对塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林生长量的影响。说明温度和降水是制约塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林林木生长的最关键因素。
塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林生物多样性研究结果表明:在密度为600～900株/hm~2时,其分分布比较均匀,多样性指数达到最大值。此时林分的郁闭度较小,林下光照条件好,给林下草本提供了适宜的生长环境。这说明密度对华北落叶松林的物种丰富度有一定的影响。对于林分类型而言,在不同林分类型的林分内,混交林中基于多样性指数H的灌木植物的均匀度指数Jsw和基于多样性指数D的均匀度指数Jsi都比纯林的要高,说明混交林中的灌木种分布要比纯林中的灌木的分布均匀。就林分密度而言,当海拔到达1600m时,各指标均达到最大值,当海拔高度继续增加时,各指标又随着海拔高度的增加而呈现减小的趋势。结果还表明,坡位对植物多样性也是有一定的影响,沟谷或下坡位生物多样性指数较坡上位要高。数据分析表明,不同多样性指数间相关性很高,随着多样性指数H的增大,各多样性指数均呈现有极显著相关关系。草本物种均匀度指数Jsw与多样性指数D和基于多样性指数D的均匀度指数Jsi呈现极显著的正相关关系。多样性指数D与基于多样性指数D的均匀度Jsi也呈极显著的正相关关系。
塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林天然更新研究表明:塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林天然更新较困难,密度是影响天然更新的重要因素。中密度400-550株/hm~2天然更新无论从更新数量还是更新结构都较好,密度越高,天然更新越差,当林分密度达到1100株/hm~2以上时,林内几乎无更新苗木。
Based on the collection of existing materials and the complementary investigations, this research analyzes the forest types, the structural law of the forest community and the distribution law on Saihanba, explors the influence of the stand densities, the stand types, the altitudes and the slope positions of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba on the forest biodiversity, and their interaction relationship between each factor, studies the quantitative relationship between the tree growth and the geographical factors and the meteorological factors for the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba, and investigates and analyses their pattern rules and influencing factors during their natural regeneration. The result shows:
Saihanba is one of the areas in which there are relatively rich plant species in Hebei province. This area has the typical attribute of north temperate zone and the properties of transition between forest and grassland. Although it has many mesophytes, it also has considerable amount of drought-resistance grasses.
The result of research on the biodiversity of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba shows: at the density of 600～900 trees/hm~2, the stand distribution is relatively uniform. The diversity index reache maximum. In this case the canopy density of the larix stand is relatively small. The light condition of forest understory is good, which provides the undergrowth herbage layer with suitable growing environment. This shows density has a ceitain influece on species richness in the forest of the North China larix. In the case of stand types, in the stands of different stand types, in the mixed forest the evenness index (Jsw) of bush plants based on the diversity index (H) and the evenness index (Jsi) based on the diversity index (D) are both higher than the index in the pure forest, which indicates that the distribution of shrub species in the mixed forest is more even than that in the pure forest. In the case of stand density, when altitude reaches 1600m, all the index reache maximum. When the altitude continues to increase, the index tend to decrease with the increase of altitude. The result also shows that slope position also has a certain influece on plant diversity. The index of plant diversity in gullies or in lower slope positions are higher than that in upper positions. The data analysis shows that the correlation between these different diversity index are very close. With the increase of diversity index (H), the correlation of all the other diversity index is very significant. The relationship between the evenness index of herb species (Jsw) and the diversity index (D) and the evenness index (Jsi) based on the diversity index (D) all present clearly positive correlation. The diversity index (D) and the evenness index (Jsi) based on the diversity index (D) also present clearly positive correlation.
The research on the relation between the growth of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba and the geographical factors shows: slope direction has some influece of different degrees on breast diameter, tree height and volume growth per stem of the plantation of the North China larix. The influece of slope direction on breast diameter and volume growth per stem of the plantation of the North China larix at lower altitude is obvious, but the influece on the growth of tree height is not obvious. The growth of the plantation of the North China larix in shady slope is better than that in sunny slope. The influece of slope direction on breast diameter and volume growth per stem of the plantation of the North China larix at high altitude is not obvious. Slope direction has no influece on the growth of tree height. Density has some influece of different degrees on breast diameter, tree height and volume growth per stem. The influece on the growth of breast diameter is great. The influece on the volume growth per stem mainly appears in the late growth stage. The greater the stand density is, the smaller the average breast diameter of trees are, and the smaller the volume per stem is. Altitude has great influence on the growth of breast diameter of larix stand. The influence on the growth of tree hight is relatively small. The amount of growth of breast diameter is relatively great at high altitude. The influence of different altitude on the growth of tree hight is not obvious. Altitude has obvious influence on the volume growth per stem. Especially sunny slope forests are greatly influenced by altitude factors.
The research on the relation between the growth of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba and the meteorological factors shows: the growth of standing trees of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba is closely related with meteorological factors. The relatively important influence of meteorological factors on tree hight, breast diameter and volume increment is annual precipitation and annual mean temperature. Another relatively important influence of meteorological factors on tree high and diameter increment is annual sunshine hours of the current year and mean ground temperature between November of previous year and January of current year. These influences show that annual temperature and precipitation are the most important key factors which restrict the tree growth of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba.
The research on natural regeneration of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba shows: it is difficult for these plantation to regenerate naturally. Density is the key factor which influences the natural regeneration. Middle density (400-550 trees/hm~2) natural regeneration is better both for the regeneration quantity and for the structural regeneration. The greater the density is, the slower the natural regeneration is. When the stand density is above 1100 trees/hm~2, there is hardly any seedling of natural regeneration in the forest.
塞罕坝是河北省植物种类比较丰富的区域之一。本区系具有典型的北温带属性,具有森林草原过渡性质,中生植物虽然较多,但也具备相当数量的草原耐旱植物。
塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林生长与地形因子关系研究表明:坡向对华北落叶松人工林的胸径、树高和单株材积总生长有不同程度的影响,坡向对低海拔华北落叶松人工林的胸径和单株材积影响较明显,但对树高的总生长影响作用不显著,阴坡华北落叶松人工林生长要比阳坡好。坡向对高海拔华北落叶松人工林的胸径和单株材积影响不明显,对树高总生长几乎没有影响。密度对胸径、树高和单株材积生长有不同程度影响。对胸径总生长影响较显著,对单株材积的影响主要体现在生长后期。林分越密,林木平均胸径越小,单株材积越小。海拔对落叶松林分的胸径总生长有较大的影响作用,对树高总生长的影响作用相对较小。高海拔林分的胸径总生长量较大。不同海拔对树高总生长量的影响作用不够明显。海拔对单株材积总生长的影响作用较为显著,尤其是阳坡的林分受海拔因子的影响较大。
塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林生长与气象因子关系研究表明:塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林立木生长与气象因子间有极显著相关关系。对林木树高、直径、材积生长量三方面影响都较大的气象因子是年降水量和年平均气温。对树木树高、直径生长量影响较大的气象因子是当年日照时数和上年11月-当年1月平均地温。关于气象因子对塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林生长量的影响。说明温度和降水是制约塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林林木生长的最关键因素。
塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林生物多样性研究结果表明:在密度为600～900株/hm~2时,其分分布比较均匀,多样性指数达到最大值。此时林分的郁闭度较小,林下光照条件好,给林下草本提供了适宜的生长环境。这说明密度对华北落叶松林的物种丰富度有一定的影响。对于林分类型而言,在不同林分类型的林分内,混交林中基于多样性指数H的灌木植物的均匀度指数Jsw和基于多样性指数D的均匀度指数Jsi都比纯林的要高,说明混交林中的灌木种分布要比纯林中的灌木的分布均匀。就林分密度而言,当海拔到达1600m时,各指标均达到最大值,当海拔高度继续增加时,各指标又随着海拔高度的增加而呈现减小的趋势。结果还表明,坡位对植物多样性也是有一定的影响,沟谷或下坡位生物多样性指数较坡上位要高。数据分析表明,不同多样性指数间相关性很高,随着多样性指数H的增大,各多样性指数均呈现有极显著相关关系。草本物种均匀度指数Jsw与多样性指数D和基于多样性指数D的均匀度指数Jsi呈现极显著的正相关关系。多样性指数D与基于多样性指数D的均匀度Jsi也呈极显著的正相关关系。
塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林天然更新研究表明:塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林天然更新较困难,密度是影响天然更新的重要因素。中密度400-550株/hm~2天然更新无论从更新数量还是更新结构都较好,密度越高,天然更新越差,当林分密度达到1100株/hm~2以上时,林内几乎无更新苗木。
Based on the collection of existing materials and the complementary investigations, this research analyzes the forest types, the structural law of the forest community and the distribution law on Saihanba, explors the influence of the stand densities, the stand types, the altitudes and the slope positions of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba on the forest biodiversity, and their interaction relationship between each factor, studies the quantitative relationship between the tree growth and the geographical factors and the meteorological factors for the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba, and investigates and analyses their pattern rules and influencing factors during their natural regeneration. The result shows:
Saihanba is one of the areas in which there are relatively rich plant species in Hebei province. This area has the typical attribute of north temperate zone and the properties of transition between forest and grassland. Although it has many mesophytes, it also has considerable amount of drought-resistance grasses.
The result of research on the biodiversity of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba shows: at the density of 600～900 trees/hm~2, the stand distribution is relatively uniform. The diversity index reache maximum. In this case the canopy density of the larix stand is relatively small. The light condition of forest understory is good, which provides the undergrowth herbage layer with suitable growing environment. This shows density has a ceitain influece on species richness in the forest of the North China larix. In the case of stand types, in the stands of different stand types, in the mixed forest the evenness index (Jsw) of bush plants based on the diversity index (H) and the evenness index (Jsi) based on the diversity index (D) are both higher than the index in the pure forest, which indicates that the distribution of shrub species in the mixed forest is more even than that in the pure forest. In the case of stand density, when altitude reaches 1600m, all the index reache maximum. When the altitude continues to increase, the index tend to decrease with the increase of altitude. The result also shows that slope position also has a certain influece on plant diversity. The index of plant diversity in gullies or in lower slope positions are higher than that in upper positions. The data analysis shows that the correlation between these different diversity index are very close. With the increase of diversity index (H), the correlation of all the other diversity index is very significant. The relationship between the evenness index of herb species (Jsw) and the diversity index (D) and the evenness index (Jsi) based on the diversity index (D) all present clearly positive correlation. The diversity index (D) and the evenness index (Jsi) based on the diversity index (D) also present clearly positive correlation.
The research on the relation between the growth of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba and the geographical factors shows: slope direction has some influece of different degrees on breast diameter, tree height and volume growth per stem of the plantation of the North China larix. The influece of slope direction on breast diameter and volume growth per stem of the plantation of the North China larix at lower altitude is obvious, but the influece on the growth of tree height is not obvious. The growth of the plantation of the North China larix in shady slope is better than that in sunny slope. The influece of slope direction on breast diameter and volume growth per stem of the plantation of the North China larix at high altitude is not obvious. Slope direction has no influece on the growth of tree height. Density has some influece of different degrees on breast diameter, tree height and volume growth per stem. The influece on the growth of breast diameter is great. The influece on the volume growth per stem mainly appears in the late growth stage. The greater the stand density is, the smaller the average breast diameter of trees are, and the smaller the volume per stem is. Altitude has great influence on the growth of breast diameter of larix stand. The influence on the growth of tree hight is relatively small. The amount of growth of breast diameter is relatively great at high altitude. The influence of different altitude on the growth of tree hight is not obvious. Altitude has obvious influence on the volume growth per stem. Especially sunny slope forests are greatly influenced by altitude factors.
The research on the relation between the growth of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba and the meteorological factors shows: the growth of standing trees of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba is closely related with meteorological factors. The relatively important influence of meteorological factors on tree hight, breast diameter and volume increment is annual precipitation and annual mean temperature. Another relatively important influence of meteorological factors on tree high and diameter increment is annual sunshine hours of the current year and mean ground temperature between November of previous year and January of current year. These influences show that annual temperature and precipitation are the most important key factors which restrict the tree growth of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba.
The research on natural regeneration of the plantation of the North China larix on Saihanba shows: it is difficult for these plantation to regenerate naturally. Density is the key factor which influences the natural regeneration. Middle density (400-550 trees/hm~2) natural regeneration is better both for the regeneration quantity and for the structural regeneration. The greater the density is, the slower the natural regeneration is. When the stand density is above 1100 trees/hm~2, there is hardly any seedling of natural regeneration in the forest.
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