用VRML建造虚拟燕大校园及实现运动实体仿真的应用研究
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摘要
VRML（Virtual Reality Modeling Language）是一项集虚拟现实
（Virtual Reality）、Internet、多媒体于一身的新技术。本文介绍了
利用VRML构建虚拟燕大校园和实现运动实体仿真的方法和过程，对一些
技术难点，如树的建模、汉字的显示、浏览速度的提高和运动控制的实现
等作了较为详尽的阐述。虚拟燕大校园是用VRML制作的一个网上三维虚
拟场景，通过VRML技术对校园场景的建模以及与图像、声音、文字、视
频等多媒体技术的结合，构建出了一个生动逼真的三维校园，更多的人
可以通过Internet来到燕山大学、浏览燕大、了解燕大。它是VRML在
虚拟旅游方面的一个典型的应用系统。造型实体的运动仿真通过运用
VRML三维的技术展示了造型实体的运动过程。进行仿真的两项运动作为
虚拟校园的一部分，不仅在利用VRML进行工程仿真方面作了有益的尝试，
而且增强了整个场景的生动性和逼真感。
虚拟燕大校园及造型实体的运动仿真的制作，展示了燕山大学的校园风
貌，对VRML在国内工程和教育方面的应用也起到了积极的作用。
Abstract
VRML( Virtual Reality Modeling Language) is a new technology including
Virtual Reality. Internet and Multimedia. This paper introduces the methods and
processes of building virtual campus of Yanshan University and realizing
emulation of sport body by VRML. and specifies in details resolutions of some
technical difficulties such as modeling of tree, display of Chinese font,
improvement of browsing speed and realizing of sport control. The system of
virtual campus of Yanshan University is a virtual 3D-scene in Web. Modeling by
VRML and using multimedia technology such as image, sound. text and video, a
vivid 3D campus has been built. By Web. more people can come to Yanshan
University, visit her and acknowledge her. Virtual campus of Yanshan University is
a typical application system of VRML in the aspect of virtual travel. The system of
emulation of sport body shows the process of two sports by VRML. As a part of
campus. it not only enhances the vitality and fidelity of campus. but also makes a
helpful try in engineering emulation of VRML.
The system of virtual campus of Yanshan University and emulation of sport
body shows the mien of Yanshan University. and improves the application of
VRML in aspects of domestic education and engineering.
（Virtual Reality）、Internet、多媒体于一身的新技术。本文介绍了
利用VRML构建虚拟燕大校园和实现运动实体仿真的方法和过程，对一些
技术难点，如树的建模、汉字的显示、浏览速度的提高和运动控制的实现
等作了较为详尽的阐述。虚拟燕大校园是用VRML制作的一个网上三维虚
拟场景，通过VRML技术对校园场景的建模以及与图像、声音、文字、视
频等多媒体技术的结合，构建出了一个生动逼真的三维校园，更多的人
可以通过Internet来到燕山大学、浏览燕大、了解燕大。它是VRML在
虚拟旅游方面的一个典型的应用系统。造型实体的运动仿真通过运用
VRML三维的技术展示了造型实体的运动过程。进行仿真的两项运动作为
虚拟校园的一部分，不仅在利用VRML进行工程仿真方面作了有益的尝试，
而且增强了整个场景的生动性和逼真感。
虚拟燕大校园及造型实体的运动仿真的制作，展示了燕山大学的校园风
貌，对VRML在国内工程和教育方面的应用也起到了积极的作用。
Abstract
VRML( Virtual Reality Modeling Language) is a new technology including
Virtual Reality. Internet and Multimedia. This paper introduces the methods and
processes of building virtual campus of Yanshan University and realizing
emulation of sport body by VRML. and specifies in details resolutions of some
technical difficulties such as modeling of tree, display of Chinese font,
improvement of browsing speed and realizing of sport control. The system of
virtual campus of Yanshan University is a virtual 3D-scene in Web. Modeling by
VRML and using multimedia technology such as image, sound. text and video, a
vivid 3D campus has been built. By Web. more people can come to Yanshan
University, visit her and acknowledge her. Virtual campus of Yanshan University is
a typical application system of VRML in the aspect of virtual travel. The system of
emulation of sport body shows the process of two sports by VRML. As a part of
campus. it not only enhances the vitality and fidelity of campus. but also makes a
helpful try in engineering emulation of VRML.
The system of virtual campus of Yanshan University and emulation of sport
body shows the mien of Yanshan University. and improves the application of
VRML in aspects of domestic education and engineering.
引文
1 G.Bell,A.Parisi, M.Pesce.The Virtual Reality Modeling Language:Version 1.0 Specification. 1995
2 黄铁军．VRML是什么? 中国图象图形学报．1998，3(3)：165～169
3 何峰，昂海松．VRML—Internet上的虚拟现实标准．计算机仿真．1999，16(3)：19～21
4 朱绍文，项安波．虚拟现实技术及其应用概况．计算机应用与软件．1998，15(6)：59～64
5 蒋遂平，周明天．Internet上分布式虚拟现实系统的研究．计算机科学．1998，25(4)：85～88
6 曾建超，徐光佑．虚拟现实技术的概况．计算机世界月刊．1995，5：9～12
7 曾芬芬．虚拟现实技术．上海交通大学出版社，1997
8 闫宏伟．虚拟演播室—虚拟现实技术的新应用．中国图象图形学报．1998，3(4)：341～345
9 曾建超，俞志和．虚拟现实的技术及其应用．清华大学出版社，1996
10 汪成为，高文，王行仁．灵境(虚拟现实)技术的理论、实现及应用．清华大学出版社，1996
11 张旆，杜可亮，刘见灼，贾占峰．WWW上的虚拟现实技术—VRML语言．电子工业出版社，1998
12 ISO／IEC,The Virtual Reality Modeling Language：Introduction.1996
13 施寅，周葆芳．虚拟现实造型语言及其应用．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报．1998，10(5)：450～456
14 Jerry Isdale. What Is Virtual Reality? [www] http://www.isx.com/～jisdale/WhatIsVR,html.
15 Wolfgang Broll,Tanja Koop.VRML: Today and Tomorrow.Computer & Graphics. 1996,20(3):427～433
16 Lawren,Bill.Virtual Reality on a Thimble.OMNI.17,4(1):31
17 Krueger,W.Myron.Environmental Technology: Making the Real World Virtual. Communications of the ACM 36.1993(7):36-37
18 Krumenaker, Larry. Virtual Reality: Roll-Through Blueprints.Popular Science 244. 1994(5): 48.
19 Sandy Ressler. Using VRML to Access Manufacturing data.[www] http://ovrt, nist. gov/projects/mfg/SIMA/vrm197/vimhtml, fm. html
20 D.W. Fellner, O.Jucknath. MRTSpacing-multi-user 3D Environments Using VRML. Proceedings of WenNet'96, San Francisco, CA, Oct. 1996
21 Swen Campagna. Enhancing Digital Documents by Including 3D-Models.Computer & Graphics. 1998,22(6):655～666
22 Takashi Watanabe, Akiko Tashiro, Seizo Fujii. Estimation of Three Dimensional Objects from Orthographic Views with Inconsistencies.Computer & Graphics. 1995,19(6):815～829
23 D. W. Fellner, S. Havemann, G. Muller. Modeling of and Navigation in Complex 3D Documents. Computer & Graphics. 1998,22(6):647～654
24 A. Gomes de sa. Virtual Reality as a Tool for Verification of Assembly and Maintenance Processes. Computer & Graphics. 1999,23(3):389～403
25 Bob Crispen. VRML FAQ Answers [www] http://tech, webcity. ne. jp/andoh/vrml/faq
26 黄铁军，柳健．VRML国际标准与应用指南．电子工业出版社，1999
27 王海燕，李庆军，曲庆尧，冯瑞萍．21天学通VRML2．人民邮电出版社，1998
28 宗志方，季晖，谭江天．VRML资源手册．电子工业出版社，1998
29 董铭，周玉．VRML程序员实用例库．电子工业出版社，2000
30 Howard Rheingold. Virtual Reality. Summit Books, 1991
31 Rikk Carey, Gavin Bell. The Annotated Vrml 2.0 Reference Manual.Addison-Wesley, 1997
32 Foley, Van Dam, Feiner, Hughes. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice. Addison-Wesley, 1990
33 G.Zachmann. A Language for Describing Behavior of and Interaction with Virtual Worlds. Proceedings of ACM Conference VRST'96, Hong Kong, July 1996.
34 毛选，邓建武．Photoshop 5与Web设计绘图．电子工业出版社，1999
35 白建军，朱亚平．Open GL三维图形设计与制作．人民邮电出版社，1999
36 唐泽圣，周嘉玉，李新友．计算机图形学基础．清华大学出版社，1995
37 彭群生，鲍虎军，金小刚．计算机真实感图形的算法基础．科学出版社，1999
38 孙家广，杨长贯．计算机图形学．清华大学出版社，1995
39 Zhigeng Pan, Xiaohu Ma. Chinese Font Composition Method Based on Algebraic System of Geometric Shapes. Computer & Graphics. 1997,23(3):321～328
40 D. R. Nadeau, J. L. Morel. The Virtual Reality Behavior System(VRBS):a Behavior Language Protocol for VRML. Proceedings of the VRML'95 Symposium, San Diego, CA, Dec. 1995
41 Walter Maurel, Daniel Thalmann. Human Shoulder Modeling Including Scapulo-thoracic Constraint and Joint Sinus Cones. Computer & Graphics. 2000,24(2):203～218
42 Noshir Langrana, Grigore Burdea. Human Performance Using Virtual Reality Tumor Palpation Simulation. Computer & Graphics. 1997,21(4):451～458
43 K.Bennebrock, I. Ernst. Design Principles of Hardware-based Phong Shading and Bump-mapping. Computer & Graphics. 1997,21(2):143～150
44 葛晓程，冯艳，张莉，胡春燕．妙用JAVA及VRML开发三维图形．电子工业出版社，1999
45 雷凌翼，孙学东．JavaScript for Netscape编程指南．清华大学出版社，1996
46 施寅．计算机动画技术．清华大学出版社，1995
47 劳志强，潘云鹤．人体动画综述．计算机科学．1998，25(1)：93～97
48 Lao Zhi_qiang, Pan Yun_he. A Model-Based Approach to Human Animation. Journal of Software. 2000, 11(4):435～440
49 王小同，杜芳，潘永仁，范立础．可视化仿真及其应用综述．计算机工程．1998，24(8)：20～22
50 张珩．人体手部的建模与分析．计算机仿真．1998，15(2)：10～13
51 庄越挺，刘小明，潘云鹤．一种基于视频的人体动画骨架提取技术．计算机研究与发展．2000，37(4)：498～506
52 冯金辉，陈彦云，严涛，吴恩华．树在风中的摇曳-基于动力学的计算机动画．计算机学报．1998，21(9)：769～773
53 Yingqing Xu,Cheng Su.Physically Based Simulation of Water Currents and Waves.Computer & Graphics.1997,21(3):277～280
54 万华根，金小刚，彭群生．基于物理模型的实时喷泉水流运动模拟．计算机学报．1998，21(9)：769～773
55 陈先国，向忠祥，崔承根．面向对象三维动画仿真的实现．计算机仿真．1998，15(2)：66～69
56 王军勇，王意洁，胡守仁．行为建模语言的研究与实现．计算机工程．1999，25(2)：8～10
57 刘小明，庄越挺，潘云鹤．基于模型的人体运动跟踪．计算机研究与发展．1999，36(10)：1268～1273
58 郑援，李思昆，胡成军．合成虚拟实体对象复合行为状态．计算机学报．1999，22(1)：98～102
59 黄燮．大学体育．河北人民出版社，1991
2 黄铁军．VRML是什么? 中国图象图形学报．1998，3(3)：165～169
3 何峰，昂海松．VRML—Internet上的虚拟现实标准．计算机仿真．1999，16(3)：19～21
4 朱绍文，项安波．虚拟现实技术及其应用概况．计算机应用与软件．1998，15(6)：59～64
5 蒋遂平，周明天．Internet上分布式虚拟现实系统的研究．计算机科学．1998，25(4)：85～88
6 曾建超，徐光佑．虚拟现实技术的概况．计算机世界月刊．1995，5：9～12
7 曾芬芬．虚拟现实技术．上海交通大学出版社，1997
8 闫宏伟．虚拟演播室—虚拟现实技术的新应用．中国图象图形学报．1998，3(4)：341～345
9 曾建超，俞志和．虚拟现实的技术及其应用．清华大学出版社，1996
10 汪成为，高文，王行仁．灵境(虚拟现实)技术的理论、实现及应用．清华大学出版社，1996
11 张旆，杜可亮，刘见灼，贾占峰．WWW上的虚拟现实技术—VRML语言．电子工业出版社，1998
12 ISO／IEC,The Virtual Reality Modeling Language：Introduction.1996
13 施寅，周葆芳．虚拟现实造型语言及其应用．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报．1998，10(5)：450～456
14 Jerry Isdale. What Is Virtual Reality? [www] http://www.isx.com/～jisdale/WhatIsVR,html.
15 Wolfgang Broll,Tanja Koop.VRML: Today and Tomorrow.Computer & Graphics. 1996,20(3):427～433
16 Lawren,Bill.Virtual Reality on a Thimble.OMNI.17,4(1):31
17 Krueger,W.Myron.Environmental Technology: Making the Real World Virtual. Communications of the ACM 36.1993(7):36-37
18 Krumenaker, Larry. Virtual Reality: Roll-Through Blueprints.Popular Science 244. 1994(5): 48.
19 Sandy Ressler. Using VRML to Access Manufacturing data.[www] http://ovrt, nist. gov/projects/mfg/SIMA/vrm197/vimhtml, fm. html
20 D.W. Fellner, O.Jucknath. MRTSpacing-multi-user 3D Environments Using VRML. Proceedings of WenNet'96, San Francisco, CA, Oct. 1996
21 Swen Campagna. Enhancing Digital Documents by Including 3D-Models.Computer & Graphics. 1998,22(6):655～666
22 Takashi Watanabe, Akiko Tashiro, Seizo Fujii. Estimation of Three Dimensional Objects from Orthographic Views with Inconsistencies.Computer & Graphics. 1995,19(6):815～829
23 D. W. Fellner, S. Havemann, G. Muller. Modeling of and Navigation in Complex 3D Documents. Computer & Graphics. 1998,22(6):647～654
24 A. Gomes de sa. Virtual Reality as a Tool for Verification of Assembly and Maintenance Processes. Computer & Graphics. 1999,23(3):389～403
25 Bob Crispen. VRML FAQ Answers [www] http://tech, webcity. ne. jp/andoh/vrml/faq
26 黄铁军，柳健．VRML国际标准与应用指南．电子工业出版社，1999
27 王海燕，李庆军，曲庆尧，冯瑞萍．21天学通VRML2．人民邮电出版社，1998
28 宗志方，季晖，谭江天．VRML资源手册．电子工业出版社，1998
29 董铭，周玉．VRML程序员实用例库．电子工业出版社，2000
30 Howard Rheingold. Virtual Reality. Summit Books, 1991
31 Rikk Carey, Gavin Bell. The Annotated Vrml 2.0 Reference Manual.Addison-Wesley, 1997
32 Foley, Van Dam, Feiner, Hughes. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice. Addison-Wesley, 1990
33 G.Zachmann. A Language for Describing Behavior of and Interaction with Virtual Worlds. Proceedings of ACM Conference VRST'96, Hong Kong, July 1996.
34 毛选，邓建武．Photoshop 5与Web设计绘图．电子工业出版社，1999
35 白建军，朱亚平．Open GL三维图形设计与制作．人民邮电出版社，1999
36 唐泽圣，周嘉玉，李新友．计算机图形学基础．清华大学出版社，1995
37 彭群生，鲍虎军，金小刚．计算机真实感图形的算法基础．科学出版社，1999
38 孙家广，杨长贯．计算机图形学．清华大学出版社，1995
39 Zhigeng Pan, Xiaohu Ma. Chinese Font Composition Method Based on Algebraic System of Geometric Shapes. Computer & Graphics. 1997,23(3):321～328
40 D. R. Nadeau, J. L. Morel. The Virtual Reality Behavior System(VRBS):a Behavior Language Protocol for VRML. Proceedings of the VRML'95 Symposium, San Diego, CA, Dec. 1995
41 Walter Maurel, Daniel Thalmann. Human Shoulder Modeling Including Scapulo-thoracic Constraint and Joint Sinus Cones. Computer & Graphics. 2000,24(2):203～218
42 Noshir Langrana, Grigore Burdea. Human Performance Using Virtual Reality Tumor Palpation Simulation. Computer & Graphics. 1997,21(4):451～458
43 K.Bennebrock, I. Ernst. Design Principles of Hardware-based Phong Shading and Bump-mapping. Computer & Graphics. 1997,21(2):143～150
44 葛晓程，冯艳，张莉，胡春燕．妙用JAVA及VRML开发三维图形．电子工业出版社，1999
45 雷凌翼，孙学东．JavaScript for Netscape编程指南．清华大学出版社，1996
46 施寅．计算机动画技术．清华大学出版社，1995
47 劳志强，潘云鹤．人体动画综述．计算机科学．1998，25(1)：93～97
48 Lao Zhi_qiang, Pan Yun_he. A Model-Based Approach to Human Animation. Journal of Software. 2000, 11(4):435～440
49 王小同，杜芳，潘永仁，范立础．可视化仿真及其应用综述．计算机工程．1998，24(8)：20～22
50 张珩．人体手部的建模与分析．计算机仿真．1998，15(2)：10～13
51 庄越挺，刘小明，潘云鹤．一种基于视频的人体动画骨架提取技术．计算机研究与发展．2000，37(4)：498～506
52 冯金辉，陈彦云，严涛，吴恩华．树在风中的摇曳-基于动力学的计算机动画．计算机学报．1998，21(9)：769～773
53 Yingqing Xu,Cheng Su.Physically Based Simulation of Water Currents and Waves.Computer & Graphics.1997,21(3):277～280
54 万华根，金小刚，彭群生．基于物理模型的实时喷泉水流运动模拟．计算机学报．1998，21(9)：769～773
55 陈先国，向忠祥，崔承根．面向对象三维动画仿真的实现．计算机仿真．1998，15(2)：66～69
56 王军勇，王意洁，胡守仁．行为建模语言的研究与实现．计算机工程．1999，25(2)：8～10
57 刘小明，庄越挺，潘云鹤．基于模型的人体运动跟踪．计算机研究与发展．1999，36(10)：1268～1273
58 郑援，李思昆，胡成军．合成虚拟实体对象复合行为状态．计算机学报．1999，22(1)：98～102
59 黄燮．大学体育．河北人民出版社，1991
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