垂直腔面发射激光器的慢光特性研究
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摘要
随着慢光技术在光存储、光通信、信号处理和相控阵天线等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用,控制光波在介质中的传输速度已然具有广阔的应用前景。目前已经证实有多种物理机制可以实现慢光延时,包括电磁感应透明、相干布局数振荡、受激布里渊散射以及光子晶体波导等。其中,垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)因低功率损耗、易于集成、室温工作等和低成本等优点,近年来已成为慢光领域的研究热点。本论文立足于全光存储及全光信息处理领域的重大需要和国际前沿热点,围绕VCSEL的慢光延时特性展开研究,旨在探索利用VCSEL产生慢光延时的机理和方法,及分析信号在延时过程中的影响因素和限制条件,在此基础上设计实用化的级联VCSEL结构或新型的耦合腔VCSEL结构方案,用以优化器件的延时带宽,从而扩展了VCSEL在高速光网络和光缓存领域的潜在应用。
本文以VCSEL的慢光延时特性为对象,主要从以下几个方而展开研究：首先利用F-P腔结构分析法和传输矩阵法分别从不同角度分析了信号在VCSEL中延迟的过程,深入剖析了VCSEL作为放大器工作时产生慢光延时的物理机理；其次,研究了VCSEL的特征参数对延时和带宽特性的影响,并通过理论和实验共同证明了VCSEL的延时-带宽积受器件物理结构的限制；随后,探讨VCSEL的增益饱和特性对慢光延时信号的影响,探讨了慢光信号的延迟时间和误码率随信号功率的变化情况；最后,提出利用级联VCSEL和新型耦合腔VCSEL结构扩展器件带宽的方案。本文创新性工作具体包括：
(1)分别利用法布里-珀罗腔(F-P)结构分析方法和传输矩阵法研究了信号在VCSEL中的慢光延时。首先利用光场传输表达式结合F-P腔边界条件,模拟了信号在VCSEL腔内传输的过程,并推导得到信号延时的解析表达式；随后利用薄膜特征矩阵结合菲涅尔公式,构造VCSEL的整体传输矩阵,在此基础上得到了器件的延时响应曲线。理论和实验结果表明信号延迟时间受VCSEL顶部和底部反射率及注入电流的影响,实验中利用1550nm的VCSEL放大器可对2.5-Gbit/s的二进制伪随机序列(PRBS)产生了98ps的可控慢光延时。
(2)通过理论推导和实验验证,揭示了VCSEL延时-带宽积的影响因素和限制条件。根据慢光模型推导得到延时-带宽积的解析表达式,深入分析了VCSEL延时-带宽积随VCSEL特征函数的变化规律,揭示了最大延时-带宽积仅受顶部DBR反射率和单程增益的影响,而与底部反射率无关；由于实际中VCSEL器件对端面高反射率的要求(>90%),导致最大延时-带宽积基本为定值,约0.64。同时实验结果表明VCSEL的延时-带宽积随注入电流的增加而减小,测量得到最大延时-带宽积约为0.62,与理论结果基本吻合。
(3)通过理论和实验共同分析了VCSEL的饱和效应对慢光延时的影响。首先利用传输矩阵分析法结合速率方程,建立了信号功率与延迟时间之间的联系；随后实验研究了在、VCSEL逐渐达到饱和状态过程中,PRBS信号的延时时间和眼图的变化规律。理论和实验结果表明VCSEL的增益饱和效应会引起信号延迟时间的下降、延时带宽的扩展和VCSEL峰值波长的漂移。通过适当的调节注入电流,并改变信号波长以追踪峰值增益波长的变化,实验中测量得到延时信号的误码率(BER)随信号功率的变化曲线,与背靠背情况相比得到约1dB的低功率罚。
(4)提出利用级联VCSEL结构扩展器件的增益和延时带宽的方案。首先将VCSEL级联,通过适当调节单个器件的峰值增益和波长,能够实现峰值波长之间增益和延时谱分量的匹配叠加,进而得到顶部平坦的宽带增益和延时谱轮廓。随后利用双级联VCSELs结构进行慢光延时实验,测量结果表明级联VCSEL可以有效的将5-Gbit/s的PRBS信号延时135ps,相比于单腔VCSEL结构,其延时量提高了约35%,并且信号质量得到了明显的改善。
(5)通过改变VCSEL中有源区一侧DBR的结构,构造无源腔与有源腔相耦合的耦合腔结构,用于优化VCSEL的增益和延时带宽。首先利用薄膜光学理论结合菲涅尔公式对构成VCSEL的量子阱、势垒、基层和DBR膜层分别建立特征矩阵,得到VCSEL器件的整体传输矩阵。详细分析了无源腔结构扩展器件带宽的原因,以及改变腔结构对器件增益和延时谱的影响；随后建立评价函数,用于比较不同结构耦合腔VCSEL慢光性能的优劣,为耦合腔结构的选择提供了实用的量化标准。数值计算结果表明：与单腔VCSEL相比,在峰值增益和最大延时量相同的情况下,耦合腔VCSEL的增益带宽扩展为单腔结构的3.4倍,同时延时带宽提高为单腔结构的8倍。利用该耦合腔VCSEL进行慢光延时,可以将20-Gbit/s的超高斯脉冲低失真的延迟13ps。
Recently, slow light has attracted lots of interest for its significant applications ranging from optical communication, signal processing, to phase-array antenna systems. Varieties of physical mechanisms for slow light have been demonstrated including electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), coherent population oscillations (CPO), stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), and photonic-crystal waveguide. In particular, tunable slow light using the VCSEL is very attractive since it has the advantages of low power consumption, effective integration, working at room temperature, and low cost in production. We present a detailed analysis for the slow light based on the VCSELs in the thesis. Our caiculations and experimental measurements show that VCSELs are promising to achieve a controllable optical memory that is reasonably useful for future optical buffers and all-optial information processing systems.
The thesis is structured as fllows. Section I discusses the physical mechanisms and appliciations for slow light in different materials, especially in VCSELs, and considers their fundamental physical limitations for group delay. Section II concentrates on the models of slow light in VCSELs which are developed using F-P cavity analytical method and transfer matrix method. Section Ⅲ considers the group delay, bandwidth and delay-bandwidth product of slow light inVCSELs. Section IV is devoted to the analysis of the saturation effect on the slow light using VCSELs. Section V analyses the new schemes of cascaded VCSELs to improve the bandwidth for slow light. Section VI presents a new coupled-cavity structure to realize slow light in VCSELs. Section Ⅶ summarizes the main conlusions of the thesis.
The main contributions of this dissertation are listed as follows:
(1) The models for slow light in VCSEL are developed by F-P cavity method and transfer matrix method. Based on the F-P cavity analysis, by combining the boundary conditions and the optical field distribution in VCSELs, the delay expression is derived. Then on the basis of the multilayer dielectric films theory, a model of VCSEL using transfer matrix equation is established. The response function of the VCSEL is obtained. The theoretical results show that the group delay is dependent on the DBR reflectivities and single-pass gain. To verify our calculations, a tunable slow light of2.5-Gbit/s Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) signal is demonstrated using a1550nm VCSEL. By tuning the bias current to the threshold, a tunable delay as large as98ps has been experimentally achieved.
(2) It is theoretically and experimentally investigated the capability and limitations for slow light in VCSELs. An analytical expression for the delay-bandwidth product of slow light is derived, which reflects the dependence of the delay-bandwidth product on the DBR reflectivities and single-pass gain. The theoretical calculations show that the delay-bandwidth product has a maximum, which is only dependent on the front facet reflectivity. For a practical VCSEL with required front facet reflectivity exceeding90%, the resulting maximum DBP is close to a fixed value of0.64. This result has also been verified in the experiment. With increased biased current, the delay-bandwidth product rolls down quickly. The maximum delay-bandwidth product of0.62is obtained, which agrees well with the theoretical results.
(3) The dependence of slow light on the saturation effect of VCSELs is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated. Conbining the transfer matrix method with the rate equation, the relationship between the signal power and the group delay is developed. After that, we experimentally show the variations of group delay and the eye diagrams of slow light with the increased signal power. The results indicate that the gain saturation leads to the decreased group delay, enhanced bandwidth, and the peak gain wavelength variation. By tuning the input signal to track the peak gain wavelength of the VCSEL, slow light of a power penalty as low as1dB is achieved.
(4) A novel scheme of bandwidth improvement for slow light using cascade VCSELs is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In such scheme, a proper adjustment to the gain peaks of VCSELs enables the generation of the desired composite gain spectrum which has flat-top gain and delay profiles with enhanced peak values. By using double cascade VCSELs in the experiment, a tunable group delay up to135ps for5-Gbit/s PRBS signal is demonstrated. Compared with the single VCSEL, the time delay is enlarged by35%, and the signal distortion is relatively lower.
(5) A new structure of coupled-cavity VCSEL is proposed to broaden the bandwidths of gain and delay spectra. In this structure, the couple cavity is formed by constructing a passive cavity coupled with the active cavity of VCSEL. By rendering the strength of these two resonant cavities, the gain and delay bandwidth are largly increased by340%and by800%as compared with the signal-cavity VCSEL case. Measnwhile, the achieved spectra present more square-like profiles which are highly expected in slow light system. Utilizing this configurtation for slow light performance, a tuable delay about13ps for20-Gbit/s super Gaussian signal is achieved with very desirable signal quality. After that, the dependence of gain and delay on the coupled-cavity structures is further investigated. A new expression is proposed to evaluate the performances of slow light in different structures of coupled-cavity VCSELs.
本文以VCSEL的慢光延时特性为对象,主要从以下几个方而展开研究：首先利用F-P腔结构分析法和传输矩阵法分别从不同角度分析了信号在VCSEL中延迟的过程,深入剖析了VCSEL作为放大器工作时产生慢光延时的物理机理；其次,研究了VCSEL的特征参数对延时和带宽特性的影响,并通过理论和实验共同证明了VCSEL的延时-带宽积受器件物理结构的限制；随后,探讨VCSEL的增益饱和特性对慢光延时信号的影响,探讨了慢光信号的延迟时间和误码率随信号功率的变化情况；最后,提出利用级联VCSEL和新型耦合腔VCSEL结构扩展器件带宽的方案。本文创新性工作具体包括：
(1)分别利用法布里-珀罗腔(F-P)结构分析方法和传输矩阵法研究了信号在VCSEL中的慢光延时。首先利用光场传输表达式结合F-P腔边界条件,模拟了信号在VCSEL腔内传输的过程,并推导得到信号延时的解析表达式；随后利用薄膜特征矩阵结合菲涅尔公式,构造VCSEL的整体传输矩阵,在此基础上得到了器件的延时响应曲线。理论和实验结果表明信号延迟时间受VCSEL顶部和底部反射率及注入电流的影响,实验中利用1550nm的VCSEL放大器可对2.5-Gbit/s的二进制伪随机序列(PRBS)产生了98ps的可控慢光延时。
(2)通过理论推导和实验验证,揭示了VCSEL延时-带宽积的影响因素和限制条件。根据慢光模型推导得到延时-带宽积的解析表达式,深入分析了VCSEL延时-带宽积随VCSEL特征函数的变化规律,揭示了最大延时-带宽积仅受顶部DBR反射率和单程增益的影响,而与底部反射率无关；由于实际中VCSEL器件对端面高反射率的要求(>90%),导致最大延时-带宽积基本为定值,约0.64。同时实验结果表明VCSEL的延时-带宽积随注入电流的增加而减小,测量得到最大延时-带宽积约为0.62,与理论结果基本吻合。
(3)通过理论和实验共同分析了VCSEL的饱和效应对慢光延时的影响。首先利用传输矩阵分析法结合速率方程,建立了信号功率与延迟时间之间的联系；随后实验研究了在、VCSEL逐渐达到饱和状态过程中,PRBS信号的延时时间和眼图的变化规律。理论和实验结果表明VCSEL的增益饱和效应会引起信号延迟时间的下降、延时带宽的扩展和VCSEL峰值波长的漂移。通过适当的调节注入电流,并改变信号波长以追踪峰值增益波长的变化,实验中测量得到延时信号的误码率(BER)随信号功率的变化曲线,与背靠背情况相比得到约1dB的低功率罚。
(4)提出利用级联VCSEL结构扩展器件的增益和延时带宽的方案。首先将VCSEL级联,通过适当调节单个器件的峰值增益和波长,能够实现峰值波长之间增益和延时谱分量的匹配叠加,进而得到顶部平坦的宽带增益和延时谱轮廓。随后利用双级联VCSELs结构进行慢光延时实验,测量结果表明级联VCSEL可以有效的将5-Gbit/s的PRBS信号延时135ps,相比于单腔VCSEL结构,其延时量提高了约35%,并且信号质量得到了明显的改善。
(5)通过改变VCSEL中有源区一侧DBR的结构,构造无源腔与有源腔相耦合的耦合腔结构,用于优化VCSEL的增益和延时带宽。首先利用薄膜光学理论结合菲涅尔公式对构成VCSEL的量子阱、势垒、基层和DBR膜层分别建立特征矩阵,得到VCSEL器件的整体传输矩阵。详细分析了无源腔结构扩展器件带宽的原因,以及改变腔结构对器件增益和延时谱的影响；随后建立评价函数,用于比较不同结构耦合腔VCSEL慢光性能的优劣,为耦合腔结构的选择提供了实用的量化标准。数值计算结果表明：与单腔VCSEL相比,在峰值增益和最大延时量相同的情况下,耦合腔VCSEL的增益带宽扩展为单腔结构的3.4倍,同时延时带宽提高为单腔结构的8倍。利用该耦合腔VCSEL进行慢光延时,可以将20-Gbit/s的超高斯脉冲低失真的延迟13ps。
Recently, slow light has attracted lots of interest for its significant applications ranging from optical communication, signal processing, to phase-array antenna systems. Varieties of physical mechanisms for slow light have been demonstrated including electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), coherent population oscillations (CPO), stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), and photonic-crystal waveguide. In particular, tunable slow light using the VCSEL is very attractive since it has the advantages of low power consumption, effective integration, working at room temperature, and low cost in production. We present a detailed analysis for the slow light based on the VCSELs in the thesis. Our caiculations and experimental measurements show that VCSELs are promising to achieve a controllable optical memory that is reasonably useful for future optical buffers and all-optial information processing systems.
The thesis is structured as fllows. Section I discusses the physical mechanisms and appliciations for slow light in different materials, especially in VCSELs, and considers their fundamental physical limitations for group delay. Section II concentrates on the models of slow light in VCSELs which are developed using F-P cavity analytical method and transfer matrix method. Section Ⅲ considers the group delay, bandwidth and delay-bandwidth product of slow light inVCSELs. Section IV is devoted to the analysis of the saturation effect on the slow light using VCSELs. Section V analyses the new schemes of cascaded VCSELs to improve the bandwidth for slow light. Section VI presents a new coupled-cavity structure to realize slow light in VCSELs. Section Ⅶ summarizes the main conlusions of the thesis.
The main contributions of this dissertation are listed as follows:
(1) The models for slow light in VCSEL are developed by F-P cavity method and transfer matrix method. Based on the F-P cavity analysis, by combining the boundary conditions and the optical field distribution in VCSELs, the delay expression is derived. Then on the basis of the multilayer dielectric films theory, a model of VCSEL using transfer matrix equation is established. The response function of the VCSEL is obtained. The theoretical results show that the group delay is dependent on the DBR reflectivities and single-pass gain. To verify our calculations, a tunable slow light of2.5-Gbit/s Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) signal is demonstrated using a1550nm VCSEL. By tuning the bias current to the threshold, a tunable delay as large as98ps has been experimentally achieved.
(2) It is theoretically and experimentally investigated the capability and limitations for slow light in VCSELs. An analytical expression for the delay-bandwidth product of slow light is derived, which reflects the dependence of the delay-bandwidth product on the DBR reflectivities and single-pass gain. The theoretical calculations show that the delay-bandwidth product has a maximum, which is only dependent on the front facet reflectivity. For a practical VCSEL with required front facet reflectivity exceeding90%, the resulting maximum DBP is close to a fixed value of0.64. This result has also been verified in the experiment. With increased biased current, the delay-bandwidth product rolls down quickly. The maximum delay-bandwidth product of0.62is obtained, which agrees well with the theoretical results.
(3) The dependence of slow light on the saturation effect of VCSELs is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated. Conbining the transfer matrix method with the rate equation, the relationship between the signal power and the group delay is developed. After that, we experimentally show the variations of group delay and the eye diagrams of slow light with the increased signal power. The results indicate that the gain saturation leads to the decreased group delay, enhanced bandwidth, and the peak gain wavelength variation. By tuning the input signal to track the peak gain wavelength of the VCSEL, slow light of a power penalty as low as1dB is achieved.
(4) A novel scheme of bandwidth improvement for slow light using cascade VCSELs is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In such scheme, a proper adjustment to the gain peaks of VCSELs enables the generation of the desired composite gain spectrum which has flat-top gain and delay profiles with enhanced peak values. By using double cascade VCSELs in the experiment, a tunable group delay up to135ps for5-Gbit/s PRBS signal is demonstrated. Compared with the single VCSEL, the time delay is enlarged by35%, and the signal distortion is relatively lower.
(5) A new structure of coupled-cavity VCSEL is proposed to broaden the bandwidths of gain and delay spectra. In this structure, the couple cavity is formed by constructing a passive cavity coupled with the active cavity of VCSEL. By rendering the strength of these two resonant cavities, the gain and delay bandwidth are largly increased by340%and by800%as compared with the signal-cavity VCSEL case. Measnwhile, the achieved spectra present more square-like profiles which are highly expected in slow light system. Utilizing this configurtation for slow light performance, a tuable delay about13ps for20-Gbit/s super Gaussian signal is achieved with very desirable signal quality. After that, the dependence of gain and delay on the coupled-cavity structures is further investigated. A new expression is proposed to evaluate the performances of slow light in different structures of coupled-cavity VCSELs.
引文
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