蓄电池智能管理系统
摘要
本论文从几种常用电池的化学原理、充放电工作特点以及在使用时会遇到的一些主要问题着手，介绍了电池管理系统几个主要组成部分——充放电管理、容量预测、均衡充电，详细分析了已有的理论和方法，具体分析了相关管理方法的理论依据。同时根据前面的内容提出了两套蓄电池管理系统。
本论文对一种简单实用的恒压恒流充电器进行了改进，在恒压恒流充电的基础上加入了浮充状态，从而保证了蓄电池的满充；同时对充电器的功率电路和控制电路进行了详细的设计，并且给出了实验结果。同时，本论文还提出了一种低成本的数字化方案。
同时本论文还设计了一套功能齐备的蓄电池智能管理系统，针对蓄电池管理中的充电管理和剩余时间预测进行了改进，提出：在恒流充电时，根据麦斯三大定律，改变恒流充电时的恒流值，使恒流充电“不恒流”，而是根据放电的不同情况进行充电，充分提高充电速度，同时又不损伤电池活性物质；不再进行剩余容量预测，而是进行剩余时间预测，提供更加切实可行的信息，并且提出了一种简单易行的剩余时间预测的方法，给出了预测实验的结果。
This paper focuses on the aspects of charge, estimation of residual capacity, equalization of the battery manager system. The chemical truth of battery, such as VRLA, lithium ion battery, NiMH and NiCd battery, are discussed in this paper and some principles of battery management system are analyzed in the paper. Two improved systems of charge have been introduced based on forenamed principles.
A simple constant voltage and constant current charger has been improved, the state of float charger has been added to the charger in order to guarantee the full charge of battery safely, with high charge speed. Experiment results and detailed designs of power circuit and control circuit of the charger are presented.
And a intelligent battery management system with full functions has been designed, which improved the management of charge and the estimation of residual capacity. The paper changed the current value of constant current charge-state, which current seems not constant during the working time, based on the three Mice laws about battery charge. This change would increase the speed of charge, without harm to the battery. The system estimates the residual time instead of the residual AH, that presents useful information for the users. In the paper, a simple and feasible method of residual time estimation was presented, as well as the results of the experiment.
本论文对一种简单实用的恒压恒流充电器进行了改进，在恒压恒流充电的基础上加入了浮充状态，从而保证了蓄电池的满充；同时对充电器的功率电路和控制电路进行了详细的设计，并且给出了实验结果。同时，本论文还提出了一种低成本的数字化方案。
同时本论文还设计了一套功能齐备的蓄电池智能管理系统，针对蓄电池管理中的充电管理和剩余时间预测进行了改进，提出：在恒流充电时，根据麦斯三大定律，改变恒流充电时的恒流值，使恒流充电“不恒流”，而是根据放电的不同情况进行充电，充分提高充电速度，同时又不损伤电池活性物质；不再进行剩余容量预测，而是进行剩余时间预测，提供更加切实可行的信息，并且提出了一种简单易行的剩余时间预测的方法，给出了预测实验的结果。
This paper focuses on the aspects of charge, estimation of residual capacity, equalization of the battery manager system. The chemical truth of battery, such as VRLA, lithium ion battery, NiMH and NiCd battery, are discussed in this paper and some principles of battery management system are analyzed in the paper. Two improved systems of charge have been introduced based on forenamed principles.
A simple constant voltage and constant current charger has been improved, the state of float charger has been added to the charger in order to guarantee the full charge of battery safely, with high charge speed. Experiment results and detailed designs of power circuit and control circuit of the charger are presented.
And a intelligent battery management system with full functions has been designed, which improved the management of charge and the estimation of residual capacity. The paper changed the current value of constant current charge-state, which current seems not constant during the working time, based on the three Mice laws about battery charge. This change would increase the speed of charge, without harm to the battery. The system estimates the residual time instead of the residual AH, that presents useful information for the users. In the paper, a simple and feasible method of residual time estimation was presented, as well as the results of the experiment.
引文
【1】 智能快速充电器设计与制作，王鸿麟等，科学出版社，1998．5
【2】 VRLA蓄电池管理系统，潘尚智硕士论文，2001．4
【3】 铅酸蓄电池充电接受能力及充电方式选择，勾长虹、杜津玲，电源技术，1996．6
【4】 Value-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries Characteristics, Features, Parameters Affecting Service Life, Charge State Algorithms, Bill Hazen,APEC'96 Professional education seminars work book
【5】 A study of charging control of lead-acid battery for electric vehicles, Chih-Chiang Hua, Meng-Yu Lin, Industrial Electronics, 2000. ISIE 2000. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on, Volume: 1,2000, Page(s): 135-140 vol. 1
【6】 Deterioration Estimation and Resdual Capacity Estimation for Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries, Shimomura, Technical Meeting Report(in Japanese), 1995
【7】 Development of Residual Capacity Mater for EV, Kitagawa, Electric Vehicle Forum'95
【8】 Deterioration Estimation Mwthod for 200Ah Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries, Yamamoto Ogata, Ntt R&D
【9】 State of Estimation of Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries used for Electric Vehicles, Atsuo Kawamura, IEEE, 1998
【10】 Charge Equalization for Series Connected Battery Strings, Nasser H. Kutkut, IEEE Transaction of Industry Application, Vol.31, 1995,6
【11】 A modular nondissipative current diverter for EV battery charge equalization, Nasser H. Kutkut, IEEE Interlec'98
【12】 PIC单片机实用教程，李学海，北京航天航空大学出版社，2002．2
【13】 PIC16C73 DATASHEET, Microchip
【14】 DS1820 DATASHEET, Maxim
【15】 陈达明，阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池的应用与维护，《电源应用技术》2000/6 No．6 pp253-256
【16】 张占松 蔡宣三，开关电源的原理与设计，电子工业出版社，1998年7月版，2002年1月第七次印刷，pp368-373
【17】 A method for identifying the full charging point and the degree of deterioration of lead-acid batteries, Taniguchi, S.; Adachi, K.; Tanaka, Y.;Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000. INTELEC. Twenty-second International, 2000, Page(s): 609-614
【18】 A mathematical model for lead-acid batteries, Salameh, Z.M.; Casacca, M.A.; Lynch, WA.; Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, Mar 1992 ,Page(s): 93-98
【19】 Distributed VRLA battery management organisation with provision for embedded Internet interface, Anbuky, A.H.; Ma, Z.; Sanders, D.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000. INTELEC. Twenty-second International, 2000, Page(s): 713-720
【20】 Integrated VRLA-battery management system, Kiyokawa, I.; Niida, K.; Tsujikawa, T.; Motozu, T.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000. INTELEC. Twenty-second International, 2000, Page(s): 703-706
【21】 Battery management considerations for multichemistry systems, Bentley, W.E; Heacock, D.K.; Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 1996., Eleventh Annual, 9-12 Jan 1996, Page(s): 223-228
【22】 Methods of state-of-charge determination and their applications, Sabine Piller; Marion Perrin; Andreas Jossen, Journal of Power Souse 96(2001)
【23】 Deterioration measuring method of VRLA battery used in UPS systems, Takasaki, T.; Takano, K.; Ichimura, M.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1996. INTELEC'96., 18th International, 6-10 Oct 1996, Page(s): 799-804
【24】 VRLA battery failure mechanism in field applications, Ng, PK.;Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1997. INTELEC 97,19th International, 19-23 Oct 1997 ,Page(s): 529-535
【25】 The art of impedance testing, Langan, PE.; Cement Industry Technical Conference, 1999. Conference Record. 1999 IEEE-IAS/PCA, 1999, Page(s): 121-129
【26】 Basics and advances in battery systems, Nelson, J.P.; Bolin, W.D.; Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, Mar/Apr 1995, Page(s): 419-428
【27】 单片机基础，李广第，北京航天航空大学出版社，1994．6
【28】 A novel method to ensure full recharge of a VRLA battery string, Sunito, T.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000. INTELEC. Twenty-second International, 2000, Page(s): 755-760
【29】 Issues and benefits with fast charging industrial batteries, Dickinson, B.; Gill, J.; Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 2000. The Fifteenth Annual, 2000, Page(s): 223-229
【30】 Fast charge of lead acid batteries at the SCE EV Tech Center, Pinsky, N.R.; Argueta, J.C.; Knipe, T.J.; Grosvenor, V.L.; Gaillac, L.A.; Merchant, M.H.; Cabrera, A.;Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 2000. The Fifteenth Annual, 2000, Page(s): 231-236
【31】 Development of predictive techniques for determination of remaining life for lead acid batteries under fast charge, Hobbs, R.; Newnham, R.; Karner, D.; Fleming, E;Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 1999. The Fourteenth Annual, 1999, Page(s): 177-188
【32】 An intelligent instrumentation system for testing fast-charging process in high-capacity batteries, Viera, J.C.; Gonzalez, M; Carballo, C.; Blanco, C.;Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2000. IMTC 2000. Proceedings of the 17th IEEE, Volume: 3,2000, Page(s): 1372-1376 vol.3
【33】 Battery life estimation of mobile embedded systems, Panigrahi T, D.; Panigrahi, D.; Chiasserini, C.; Dey, S.; Rao, R.; Raghunathan, A.; Lahiri, K.; VLSI Design, 2001. Fourteenth International Conference on, 2001, Page(s): 57-63
【34】 Capacity estimating method of lead-acid battery by short-time discharge-introduction of approximate expression of discharge curve obtained by compound expression of straight line and hyperbola, Kurisawa, I.; Iwate, M.;Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1997. INTELEC 97., 19th International, 19-23 Oct 1997, Page(s): 483-490
【35】 GNB阀控式密封铅酸电池ABSOLYTE IIp 系列电池手册
【36】 快速检测阀控型密封电池容量方法的讨论，陈昆，《通信电源技术》1996(1)pp43-48
【37】 现场及实验室评估 VRLA 电池和其它电池工作状况的研究：利用电导测试，Intelec会议论文
【38】 Kwang-Heon Kim,etc, Time-sharing Charge Equalization For Series Connected Battery Strings, Proceedings ICPE'95,Seoul,pp331-336
【39】 对估计 VRLA 电池状况的电导测量值的分析和整理，解析技术，Intelec会议论文
【40】 固定型铅酸蓄电池的运行维护要点，王者恭，《蓄电池》1996(3)pp44-45
【41】 Thomas E. Ruhlmann, Lead Acid Batteries-Their Problems and Solutions, Power Quality Assurance Jan/Feb 1996
【42】 A new estimation method of state of charge using terminal voltage and internal resistance for lead acid battery, Sato, S.; Kawamura, A.; Power Conversion Conference, 2002. PCC Osaka 2002. Proceedings of the, Volume: 2,2002, Page(s): 565-570 vol.2
【43】 Battery state-of-charge estimation, Shuo Pang; Farrell, J.; Jie Du; Barth, M.; American Control Conference, 2001. Proceedings of the 2001, Volume: 2,2001, Page(s): 1644-1649 vol.2
【44】 Charge equalizing and lifetime increasing with a new charging method for VRLA batteries, Lohner, A.; Karden, E.; de Doncker, R.W.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1997. INTELEC 97., 19th International, 19-23 Oct 1997, Page(s): 407-411
【45】 Balance charging circuit for charge equalization, Hsieh, Y.C.; Moo, C.S.; Tsai, I.S.;Power Conversion Conference, 2002. PCC Osaka 2002. Proceedings of the, Volume: 3,2002, Page(s): 1138-1143 vol.3
【46】 Life extension through charge equalization of lead-acid batteries, Krein, P.T.; Balog, R.S.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2002. INTELEC. 24th Annual International, 2002, Page(s): 516-523
【2】 VRLA蓄电池管理系统，潘尚智硕士论文，2001．4
【3】 铅酸蓄电池充电接受能力及充电方式选择，勾长虹、杜津玲，电源技术，1996．6
【4】 Value-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries Characteristics, Features, Parameters Affecting Service Life, Charge State Algorithms, Bill Hazen,APEC'96 Professional education seminars work book
【5】 A study of charging control of lead-acid battery for electric vehicles, Chih-Chiang Hua, Meng-Yu Lin, Industrial Electronics, 2000. ISIE 2000. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on, Volume: 1,2000, Page(s): 135-140 vol. 1
【6】 Deterioration Estimation and Resdual Capacity Estimation for Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries, Shimomura, Technical Meeting Report(in Japanese), 1995
【7】 Development of Residual Capacity Mater for EV, Kitagawa, Electric Vehicle Forum'95
【8】 Deterioration Estimation Mwthod for 200Ah Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries, Yamamoto Ogata, Ntt R&D
【9】 State of Estimation of Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries used for Electric Vehicles, Atsuo Kawamura, IEEE, 1998
【10】 Charge Equalization for Series Connected Battery Strings, Nasser H. Kutkut, IEEE Transaction of Industry Application, Vol.31, 1995,6
【11】 A modular nondissipative current diverter for EV battery charge equalization, Nasser H. Kutkut, IEEE Interlec'98
【12】 PIC单片机实用教程，李学海，北京航天航空大学出版社，2002．2
【13】 PIC16C73 DATASHEET, Microchip
【14】 DS1820 DATASHEET, Maxim
【15】 陈达明，阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池的应用与维护，《电源应用技术》2000/6 No．6 pp253-256
【16】 张占松 蔡宣三，开关电源的原理与设计，电子工业出版社，1998年7月版，2002年1月第七次印刷，pp368-373
【17】 A method for identifying the full charging point and the degree of deterioration of lead-acid batteries, Taniguchi, S.; Adachi, K.; Tanaka, Y.;Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000. INTELEC. Twenty-second International, 2000, Page(s): 609-614
【18】 A mathematical model for lead-acid batteries, Salameh, Z.M.; Casacca, M.A.; Lynch, WA.; Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, Mar 1992 ,Page(s): 93-98
【19】 Distributed VRLA battery management organisation with provision for embedded Internet interface, Anbuky, A.H.; Ma, Z.; Sanders, D.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000. INTELEC. Twenty-second International, 2000, Page(s): 713-720
【20】 Integrated VRLA-battery management system, Kiyokawa, I.; Niida, K.; Tsujikawa, T.; Motozu, T.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000. INTELEC. Twenty-second International, 2000, Page(s): 703-706
【21】 Battery management considerations for multichemistry systems, Bentley, W.E; Heacock, D.K.; Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 1996., Eleventh Annual, 9-12 Jan 1996, Page(s): 223-228
【22】 Methods of state-of-charge determination and their applications, Sabine Piller; Marion Perrin; Andreas Jossen, Journal of Power Souse 96(2001)
【23】 Deterioration measuring method of VRLA battery used in UPS systems, Takasaki, T.; Takano, K.; Ichimura, M.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1996. INTELEC'96., 18th International, 6-10 Oct 1996, Page(s): 799-804
【24】 VRLA battery failure mechanism in field applications, Ng, PK.;Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1997. INTELEC 97,19th International, 19-23 Oct 1997 ,Page(s): 529-535
【25】 The art of impedance testing, Langan, PE.; Cement Industry Technical Conference, 1999. Conference Record. 1999 IEEE-IAS/PCA, 1999, Page(s): 121-129
【26】 Basics and advances in battery systems, Nelson, J.P.; Bolin, W.D.; Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, Mar/Apr 1995, Page(s): 419-428
【27】 单片机基础，李广第，北京航天航空大学出版社，1994．6
【28】 A novel method to ensure full recharge of a VRLA battery string, Sunito, T.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000. INTELEC. Twenty-second International, 2000, Page(s): 755-760
【29】 Issues and benefits with fast charging industrial batteries, Dickinson, B.; Gill, J.; Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 2000. The Fifteenth Annual, 2000, Page(s): 223-229
【30】 Fast charge of lead acid batteries at the SCE EV Tech Center, Pinsky, N.R.; Argueta, J.C.; Knipe, T.J.; Grosvenor, V.L.; Gaillac, L.A.; Merchant, M.H.; Cabrera, A.;Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 2000. The Fifteenth Annual, 2000, Page(s): 231-236
【31】 Development of predictive techniques for determination of remaining life for lead acid batteries under fast charge, Hobbs, R.; Newnham, R.; Karner, D.; Fleming, E;Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 1999. The Fourteenth Annual, 1999, Page(s): 177-188
【32】 An intelligent instrumentation system for testing fast-charging process in high-capacity batteries, Viera, J.C.; Gonzalez, M; Carballo, C.; Blanco, C.;Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2000. IMTC 2000. Proceedings of the 17th IEEE, Volume: 3,2000, Page(s): 1372-1376 vol.3
【33】 Battery life estimation of mobile embedded systems, Panigrahi T, D.; Panigrahi, D.; Chiasserini, C.; Dey, S.; Rao, R.; Raghunathan, A.; Lahiri, K.; VLSI Design, 2001. Fourteenth International Conference on, 2001, Page(s): 57-63
【34】 Capacity estimating method of lead-acid battery by short-time discharge-introduction of approximate expression of discharge curve obtained by compound expression of straight line and hyperbola, Kurisawa, I.; Iwate, M.;Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1997. INTELEC 97., 19th International, 19-23 Oct 1997, Page(s): 483-490
【35】 GNB阀控式密封铅酸电池ABSOLYTE IIp 系列电池手册
【36】 快速检测阀控型密封电池容量方法的讨论，陈昆，《通信电源技术》1996(1)pp43-48
【37】 现场及实验室评估 VRLA 电池和其它电池工作状况的研究：利用电导测试，Intelec会议论文
【38】 Kwang-Heon Kim,etc, Time-sharing Charge Equalization For Series Connected Battery Strings, Proceedings ICPE'95,Seoul,pp331-336
【39】 对估计 VRLA 电池状况的电导测量值的分析和整理，解析技术，Intelec会议论文
【40】 固定型铅酸蓄电池的运行维护要点，王者恭，《蓄电池》1996(3)pp44-45
【41】 Thomas E. Ruhlmann, Lead Acid Batteries-Their Problems and Solutions, Power Quality Assurance Jan/Feb 1996
【42】 A new estimation method of state of charge using terminal voltage and internal resistance for lead acid battery, Sato, S.; Kawamura, A.; Power Conversion Conference, 2002. PCC Osaka 2002. Proceedings of the, Volume: 2,2002, Page(s): 565-570 vol.2
【43】 Battery state-of-charge estimation, Shuo Pang; Farrell, J.; Jie Du; Barth, M.; American Control Conference, 2001. Proceedings of the 2001, Volume: 2,2001, Page(s): 1644-1649 vol.2
【44】 Charge equalizing and lifetime increasing with a new charging method for VRLA batteries, Lohner, A.; Karden, E.; de Doncker, R.W.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1997. INTELEC 97., 19th International, 19-23 Oct 1997, Page(s): 407-411
【45】 Balance charging circuit for charge equalization, Hsieh, Y.C.; Moo, C.S.; Tsai, I.S.;Power Conversion Conference, 2002. PCC Osaka 2002. Proceedings of the, Volume: 3,2002, Page(s): 1138-1143 vol.3
【46】 Life extension through charge equalization of lead-acid batteries, Krein, P.T.; Balog, R.S.; Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2002. INTELEC. 24th Annual International, 2002, Page(s): 516-523
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