英汉习语及其互译研究
摘要
翻译是将一种语言转换成另一种语言，其目的在于把原语的全部信息输入目标语，同时取得最大限度的意义和形象功能的等值效果。习语是民族语言的精华，它们一般都具有生动活泼的形象和浓厚的民族文化特征。就英汉习语文化特征(形象、比喻语义)而言，存在三种对应情况：英汉无差异现象(形象相同或相似，比喻意义相同)，部分差异现象(形象相同或相似，比喻意义不同；形象不同，比喻意义相同或相似)，空缺现象(形象不同，比喻意义不同)。本文首先就英语和汉语习语进行比较，充分理解英语习语的文化语用特征，并着重论述习语语用效果对等的实质，认为保留形象和功能对等是习语翻译的重要原则；并根据英汉习语比较的三种情况，探讨在英汉习语翻译实践中实现功能效果对等行之有效的变通手段：保留形象，进行直译、增译、注释和加注；转换形象，进行归化；舍弃形象进行释义。要求在翻译过程中对习语在特定语境中的应用、特殊风格及其语用效果保持高度的意识，尽可能全面地捕捉原习语所发出的真实信息，以求在忠实传达英汉语用功能对等的同时，努力再现原习语的形象、风格和语言形式。本文共为四部分。第一部分阐述文化、语言、习语和习语形象四者的密切关系，以说明习语的翻译不仅要理解原语和目的语的习语，还必须了解中西的文化，否则译好习语是不可能的。第二部分讨论英汉习语形象的类型以及习语的特征。第三部分论述功能对等是习语翻译的重要准则，心理功能和社会功能是习语翻译的重要依据。第四部分探讨达到习语功能对等翻译的几种策略，以说明英汉习语互译应根据目标语的文化及语言习惯进行归化，在再现形象、增添形象、转换形象与舍弃形象之间做出选择，并根据具体语境正确地译出原习语的褒贬意义。通过上述四部分的阐述和例证，强调习语翻译要达到功能对等必须深入了解双方的文化、习语的特征和习语的形象性；并强调只要切实把握双语文化差异、习语形象特征及其语用效果，采取相应的策略，就一定能不断提高习语翻译质量。
Translation is an activity in which one language is translated into another. It aims at putting all information of the source language into the target language and at the same time achieving the greatest equivalent effects of meaning and image functions. Idioms are the essence of the language. They have vivid images, concise expressions and strong cultural characteristics. As far as the cultural characteristics of idioms (image and metaphorical meaning) are concerned, there exist three corresponding cases between Chinese and English idioms in expressing semantic meaning and cultural characteristics: complete equivalence (the same or similar images and the same metaphorical meanings), partial equivalence (different images but the same metaphorical meanings or the same images but different metaphorical meanings) and vacancy (no equivalent images or meanings). By comparison between English and Chinese idioms, this thesis discusses the essence of equivalence between English and Chinese idioms in semantic effects
and puts forward that image preservation and functional equivalence are a primary principle of idiom translation. Based on the above three cases, the thesis explores some effective techniques to realize functional effects in translation of English idioms and Chinese idioms: to preserve the images of the idioms and use literal translation; to preserve the images of the idioms and adopt amplification, annotation and notes; to transfer the images and use some replacements and to give up the images and paraphrase the idioms. All of these techniques strive to reproduce the style and form of idioms in an attempt to achieve equivalence of functional effects between Chinese and English idioms. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter stresses on close relations between cultures, languages, idioms and idiom images. In idiom translation, a translator should understand not only the literal meanings of the English and Chinese idioms respectively but also their cultural implications, otherwise it is i
mpossible for him to do a good
job in idiom translation. The second chapter deals with categories and features of the English and Chinese idioms, including their image categories and features. The third chapter expounds mainly that image preservation and functional equivalent translation are a significant principle of idiom translation, and that psychological and social functions are the vital basis of idiom translation. The last chapter discusses several techniques for idiom translation with the purpose of reaching functional equivalence. It explains that the translation of English and Chinese idioms should be adapted to the culture and linguistic habits by making choices among image recurrence, addition, transfer and abandon. Meanwhile we should pay more attention to commendatory and derogatory meanings of idioms according to the concrete context. The demonstrations and examples in the above four chapters suggest that translators must have a deep understanding of the two cultures, features and images of idioms so as to realize pragmatic
functional equivalence in idiom translation by proper employment of the techniques.
Translation is an activity in which one language is translated into another. It aims at putting all information of the source language into the target language and at the same time achieving the greatest equivalent effects of meaning and image functions. Idioms are the essence of the language. They have vivid images, concise expressions and strong cultural characteristics. As far as the cultural characteristics of idioms (image and metaphorical meaning) are concerned, there exist three corresponding cases between Chinese and English idioms in expressing semantic meaning and cultural characteristics: complete equivalence (the same or similar images and the same metaphorical meanings), partial equivalence (different images but the same metaphorical meanings or the same images but different metaphorical meanings) and vacancy (no equivalent images or meanings). By comparison between English and Chinese idioms, this thesis discusses the essence of equivalence between English and Chinese idioms in semantic effects
and puts forward that image preservation and functional equivalence are a primary principle of idiom translation. Based on the above three cases, the thesis explores some effective techniques to realize functional effects in translation of English idioms and Chinese idioms: to preserve the images of the idioms and use literal translation; to preserve the images of the idioms and adopt amplification, annotation and notes; to transfer the images and use some replacements and to give up the images and paraphrase the idioms. All of these techniques strive to reproduce the style and form of idioms in an attempt to achieve equivalence of functional effects between Chinese and English idioms. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter stresses on close relations between cultures, languages, idioms and idiom images. In idiom translation, a translator should understand not only the literal meanings of the English and Chinese idioms respectively but also their cultural implications, otherwise it is i
mpossible for him to do a good
job in idiom translation. The second chapter deals with categories and features of the English and Chinese idioms, including their image categories and features. The third chapter expounds mainly that image preservation and functional equivalent translation are a significant principle of idiom translation, and that psychological and social functions are the vital basis of idiom translation. The last chapter discusses several techniques for idiom translation with the purpose of reaching functional equivalence. It explains that the translation of English and Chinese idioms should be adapted to the culture and linguistic habits by making choices among image recurrence, addition, transfer and abandon. Meanwhile we should pay more attention to commendatory and derogatory meanings of idioms according to the concrete context. The demonstrations and examples in the above four chapters suggest that translators must have a deep understanding of the two cultures, features and images of idioms so as to realize pragmatic
functional equivalence in idiom translation by proper employment of the techniques.
引文
[1] Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation.[M] Beijing: Commercial Press, 1987
[2] B.Hatin and I. Mason. Discourse and Translator. Longman. 1991.85
[3] Chirta Fernando. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.6. 43
[4] E. A. Nida. Language ,Culture and Translating. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999.9. 12-40
[5] Petter Newmark. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergaman Press. 1981.39
[6] J.Biguenet and R. Schulte. The Craft of Translation. The university of Chicago Press. 1989. 120
[7] J.Munday. Introducing Translation Studies.Routledge. 2001.99
[8] M.A.K.Halliday and R.Hasan.Language, Contex ,and text ;Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Geelong: Deakin University Press. 1985.76
[9] R. Schulte and J.Biguenet, Theories of Translation .The University of Chicago Press. 1992. 126
[10] 林承璋．英语词汇学引论[M]．武汉：武汉大学出版社，1997．48
[11] 陈东成．文化差异与翻译[M]．长沙：中南大学出版社，2000，9．58
[12] 郭建忠．文化与翻译[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000，1．79
[13] 何自然．语用学与英语学习[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社。1997，9．124-127
[14] 何兆熊．新编语用学概要[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000．47
[15] 束定芳．中国语用学研究论文精选[C]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001，10．215
[16] 黄振定．语言、思维和翻译：矛盾与统一[J]．外语与外语教学，2001(8)30
[17] 蔡平． 翻译方法应以归化为主[J]．中国翻译，2002(5)．39-41
[18] 吴友富．国俗语义研究[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社1998．75
[19] 杨德峰．汉语与文化交际[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1998．182
[20] 郭宏安．二十世纪西方文论研究[C]．北京：中国社会科学出版社1997．360
[21] 蓝红军．英汉形象习语的文化对比与翻译转换[J]，华东船舶工业学院学报2003，(2)．52
[22] 方梦之．翻译新论与实践[M]．青岛：青岛出版社，1999，7．76
[23] 许渊冲．翻译的艺术[M]．中国对外翻译出版公司。1984
[24] 韩沪麟．翻译首先得实事求是[A]．许均．翻译思考录[C]．武汉：湖北教育出版社，1998．64
[25] 刘英凯．归化——翻译的歧路[A]．杨自俭．翻译新论[C]．武汉：湖北教育出版社，1994．269
[26] 孙致礼，文化与翻译[A]．杨自俭，英汉比较与翻译[C]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000．356
[27] AF 泰特勒．翻译原理简论[M]．伦敦，1979，7．43
[28] Nida E.A. & Taber.C.R. The Theory and Practice of Translation.[M].E.J. Leiden: Brill,1969.12
[29] 郁福敏，郭珊连．英汉习语对比[M]．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1999，6．87
[30] 张今．文学翻译理论[M]．河南大学出版社，1987，7．124
[31] 张宁．英汉习语的文化差异及翻译[J]．中国翻译，1999(3)23-25
[32] 徐丹．文化融合中的语言翻译问题[J]．中国翻译，1998(3)2-5
[33] 孙海运．方如玉．英语成语来龙去脉[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998，3．146
[34] 王东风．评奈达的读者同等反应论[C]．中国对外翻译出版公司，2000．98
[35] 王东风．翻译文学文化地位与译者的文化态度[J]．中国翻译，2002，(4)
[36] 蒋磊．英汉习语翻译的形象转换[J]．河南教育学院学报，2001(1)．38
[37] 郭建中．当代美国翻译理论[M]．武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000，9．86
[38] 陈福康．中国译学理论史稿[M]。上海外语教育出版社，1992．78
[39] 张柏然 许均．面向21世纪的译学研究[M]北京：商务印书馆，2002，2．210
[40] 姚斯，拉勃著．周宁．金元浦译：接受美学与接受理论[M]．沈阳：辽宁人民出版社，1987．年版．98-120
[41] 邓炎昌．刘润清．语言与文化[M]．北京：外语教育与研究出版社，1989，3．79
[42] 申小龙．文化语言学[M]．南昌：江西教育出版社，1993，4，64
[43] 潘耀泉．英语习语大词典[M]．北京：商务印书馆，1999．86
[44] 李佐文．论元话语对语境的构建和体现[J]．外国语，2001(3)44
[45] 陈文伯．英语成语与汉语成语[M]．外语教育与研究出版社1982
[46] 孙会军，郑庆珠翻译研究中的文化转向[J] 中国翻译， 2000(5)11-14
[47] 孙致礼．中国的文学翻译：从归化趋向异化[J]．中国翻译， 2003 (1)，40-44
[48] 石延芳 功能对等理论与汉语习语的英译[J]．国际关系学院学报，2003，(3)44-47
[2] B.Hatin and I. Mason. Discourse and Translator. Longman. 1991.85
[3] Chirta Fernando. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.6. 43
[4] E. A. Nida. Language ,Culture and Translating. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999.9. 12-40
[5] Petter Newmark. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergaman Press. 1981.39
[6] J.Biguenet and R. Schulte. The Craft of Translation. The university of Chicago Press. 1989. 120
[7] J.Munday. Introducing Translation Studies.Routledge. 2001.99
[8] M.A.K.Halliday and R.Hasan.Language, Contex ,and text ;Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Geelong: Deakin University Press. 1985.76
[9] R. Schulte and J.Biguenet, Theories of Translation .The University of Chicago Press. 1992. 126
[10] 林承璋．英语词汇学引论[M]．武汉：武汉大学出版社，1997．48
[11] 陈东成．文化差异与翻译[M]．长沙：中南大学出版社，2000，9．58
[12] 郭建忠．文化与翻译[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000，1．79
[13] 何自然．语用学与英语学习[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社。1997，9．124-127
[14] 何兆熊．新编语用学概要[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000．47
[15] 束定芳．中国语用学研究论文精选[C]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001，10．215
[16] 黄振定．语言、思维和翻译：矛盾与统一[J]．外语与外语教学，2001(8)30
[17] 蔡平． 翻译方法应以归化为主[J]．中国翻译，2002(5)．39-41
[18] 吴友富．国俗语义研究[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社1998．75
[19] 杨德峰．汉语与文化交际[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1998．182
[20] 郭宏安．二十世纪西方文论研究[C]．北京：中国社会科学出版社1997．360
[21] 蓝红军．英汉形象习语的文化对比与翻译转换[J]，华东船舶工业学院学报2003，(2)．52
[22] 方梦之．翻译新论与实践[M]．青岛：青岛出版社，1999，7．76
[23] 许渊冲．翻译的艺术[M]．中国对外翻译出版公司。1984
[24] 韩沪麟．翻译首先得实事求是[A]．许均．翻译思考录[C]．武汉：湖北教育出版社，1998．64
[25] 刘英凯．归化——翻译的歧路[A]．杨自俭．翻译新论[C]．武汉：湖北教育出版社，1994．269
[26] 孙致礼，文化与翻译[A]．杨自俭，英汉比较与翻译[C]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000．356
[27] AF 泰特勒．翻译原理简论[M]．伦敦，1979，7．43
[28] Nida E.A. & Taber.C.R. The Theory and Practice of Translation.[M].E.J. Leiden: Brill,1969.12
[29] 郁福敏，郭珊连．英汉习语对比[M]．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1999，6．87
[30] 张今．文学翻译理论[M]．河南大学出版社，1987，7．124
[31] 张宁．英汉习语的文化差异及翻译[J]．中国翻译，1999(3)23-25
[32] 徐丹．文化融合中的语言翻译问题[J]．中国翻译，1998(3)2-5
[33] 孙海运．方如玉．英语成语来龙去脉[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998，3．146
[34] 王东风．评奈达的读者同等反应论[C]．中国对外翻译出版公司，2000．98
[35] 王东风．翻译文学文化地位与译者的文化态度[J]．中国翻译，2002，(4)
[36] 蒋磊．英汉习语翻译的形象转换[J]．河南教育学院学报，2001(1)．38
[37] 郭建中．当代美国翻译理论[M]．武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000，9．86
[38] 陈福康．中国译学理论史稿[M]。上海外语教育出版社，1992．78
[39] 张柏然 许均．面向21世纪的译学研究[M]北京：商务印书馆，2002，2．210
[40] 姚斯，拉勃著．周宁．金元浦译：接受美学与接受理论[M]．沈阳：辽宁人民出版社，1987．年版．98-120
[41] 邓炎昌．刘润清．语言与文化[M]．北京：外语教育与研究出版社，1989，3．79
[42] 申小龙．文化语言学[M]．南昌：江西教育出版社，1993，4，64
[43] 潘耀泉．英语习语大词典[M]．北京：商务印书馆，1999．86
[44] 李佐文．论元话语对语境的构建和体现[J]．外国语，2001(3)44
[45] 陈文伯．英语成语与汉语成语[M]．外语教育与研究出版社1982
[46] 孙会军，郑庆珠翻译研究中的文化转向[J] 中国翻译， 2000(5)11-14
[47] 孙致礼．中国的文学翻译：从归化趋向异化[J]．中国翻译， 2003 (1)，40-44
[48] 石延芳 功能对等理论与汉语习语的英译[J]．国际关系学院学报，2003，(3)44-47