体育教学的自组织观
摘要
20世纪70年代以来，西方教育科学领域发生了重要的范式转折：由探究普适性的教育规律转向寻求情境化的教育意义。在体育教学领域，“工具主义”的教育理念也由此逐渐被“人文关怀”所代替。20世纪兴起的自组织理论(主要包括耗散结构论、协同学、突变论、超循环论、分形理论和混沌研究等)，强调开放系统的演化动力奠基于系统内非线性自我活力之上，与“人文关怀”理念对学生自我性，主体性的呼唤相当契合，因而基于自组织理论的体育教学解释框架的建立，将是顺利实现学校体育范式转折的重要支撑。
自组织体育教学解释框架的建立包括自组织体育教学目的论、条件论、动力论、演化途径分析、演化形式研究和复杂性探索几个方面。
通过对传统体育教学目的论的剖析可以看到，“工具主义”是其本质特征，它将学校体育教学导入到一个恶性循环之中，而坚持自组织，将是摆脱恶性循环的方法。自组织体育教学目的论的主要特点是：强调内在的自组织、消解了唯一的中心、意味着开放的教学、放弃了对预测的迷恋、关注演化而非静态的体育教学。
自组织体育教学系统的建立依赖于它是否保持开放性、能否不断远离平衡态、是否发挥了非线性相互机制以及能否有效利用涨落的威力，这是耗散结构理论给予我们的启示。无论是学生系统自组织的形成，还是体育教学系统自组织的建立，都要以这几个条件的满足为出发点。
透过协同学对体育教学的审视，竞争与协同的双重推动将是自组织体育教学系统的演进动力。协同学不仅改变了我们对体育教学中差异与同一、部分与整体、竞争与协同、自由与约束、偶然与必然之间关系的看法，也使我们更为清楚地看到了基于竞争与协同的学生体育素质演进机制。体育教学系统的演化序参量在于竞争与协同联合基础之上的体育教学场，它使体育教学具备了Logistic形式的演进姿态，也更加具有可持续性。
借助于突变理论，体育教学系统中的外因与内因、渐变与突变、创新与接受之间的关系将以一种全新的面貌出现在我们面前，学生体育素质系统的演化途径将体现出渐变与突变相整合的特点。利用尖顶突变模型对运动技能的学习特点和形成规律的探讨，表明了突变(包括连续突变)伴随在体育教学之中，体育教学是一个跳跃的、突变的、充满创造的激情之旅。
超循环将是自组织体育教学系统的主要演化形式。超循环不仅将教师与学生、原有图式与外在传授、体育理论与技术更为有机地耦合在一起，而且是创造性的源泉。基于超循环的体育教学“双中心”可持续发展模式的构建，不仅突出了自组织的内在活力，而且明确了信息循环作为超循环内核的带动作用。对这一模式螺旋演进过程的分析也将更符合体育教学系统的动态特征。
分形学为我们重新审视体育教学中的无限和有限、简单与复杂、整体与部分、有序与无序、确定性与机遇、创造性思维的机制、教学评价的尺度和学科结构等问题提供了有益的启发。它表明体育教学是复杂系统，具有分形的结构，从分形元出发促发复杂的分形体将是体育教学的主要任务之一。对体育教学信息分形特征的分析也证实了这一点。
混沌洞见了简单与复杂、必然与偶然的更高层次的关联。透过混沌的视域，体育教学中的预测将不再是决定性的、精确无误的，而将被限定在一定的时间和范围之内。蝴蝶扇翅般的微弱力量，也将成为体育教学中不可忽视的积极建设性因素。混沌视野下的创造观，将与每一个人、暂时的弱小力量、非理性、相互交流的湍流和整体性紧密联接，反思将促发个体创造的生成，而连锁反应将是群体创新的机制。通过倍分叉进行体育教学混沌，将是认识和建设体育教学复杂性的重要环节。
A pattern conversion of education that from research general disciplines to seek individual meaning has occurred in developed countries since 1970s. The instrumentalism has replaced by humanism step by step. The theory of Self-organization, which mainly include dissipative structure theory, synergetics, catastrophe theory, hypercycle theory, fractal theory and the research of chaos, emphasize the evolve power as selfhood and based on nonlinearity inside the system, quite agree with the conception of humanism which pay more attentions to the students' multi-transformation and development. A explain frame of sports teaching based on self-organization so as to will be the important support which can help the conversion be realization.
The explain frame of P.E. teaching based on self-organization includes research on its teleology, condition, dynamical, evolve track, evolve format and complexity.
From the anatomy of teleology of traditional RE. teaching, we can see it clearly that Instrumentalism is its character in essence, which guides the P.E. teaching into a vicious circle. Keep self-organization is the right method to cast off it. The main character of P.E. teaching teleology based on self-organization are pay more attention to self-organization inside the system, abandon the one and only center, keep on a open teaching, give up the madly cling to forecast and see P.E. teaching system a evolving system instead of a static one.
A self-organization P.E. teaching system will build upon its openness, nonequilibrium state, nonlinearity and mechanism of fluctuation, this is the apocalypses which given by the dissipative structure theory. No matter a student system or a P.E. teaching system, they are all key points to built a self-organization system.
From the angle of synergetics, competition and cooperation will be the double evolve power in the evolvement of P.E. teaching system. It can not only change our opinions of relationship between difference and unification, whole and part, competition and cooperation, freedom and restriction, incident and necessity, but also help us clearly investigate the evolve mechanism of student's sports stuff system which based on competition and cooperation. The order parameter of P.E. teaching system is the teaching field based on competition and cooperation, which not only give the P.E. teaching system a carriage signed Logistic formal, but also keep it the ability of sustainable develop.
Recur to catastrophe theory, the relationship between outer power and inside power, gradual change and catastrophe, innovation and acceptance appears a new appearance. The evolvement track of student's sports stuff system will exhibit a character of gradual change and catastrophe. Research on the study disciplinary of sport skill by cusp catastrophe, appears that catastrophe will follow the whole process. Jumping, catastrophe and creation are the mainly character of P.E. teaching system.
Hypercycle is the mostly evolvement format of self-organized P.E. teaching system. It can not only make teacher and student, inhere knowledge and outside impart, sports theory and technic a coupling, but also the source of creative. The "double center" hypercycle pattern of P.E. teaching give prominence to inside energy and point out the important station of the information.
Fractal theory give us more helpful elicitations on surveying infinity and fmity, simple and complexity, part and whole, order and disorder, certain and chance, mechanism of creativity thinking, measure of teaching evaluate and the subject structure. It indicates that P.E. teaching system is complex and has a frame of fractal. Push it from simple fractal cell to complex fractal body is a mostly task of us.
The research of chaos help us clearly see the relationship of simple and complexity, certain and chance in a higher level. From the angle of chaos, the creativity in teaching of physical education is contacts with every one, the strengths of bluffly, thought turbulence based on intercommunion, unrational and wholeness. The recursive thin
自组织体育教学解释框架的建立包括自组织体育教学目的论、条件论、动力论、演化途径分析、演化形式研究和复杂性探索几个方面。
通过对传统体育教学目的论的剖析可以看到，“工具主义”是其本质特征，它将学校体育教学导入到一个恶性循环之中，而坚持自组织，将是摆脱恶性循环的方法。自组织体育教学目的论的主要特点是：强调内在的自组织、消解了唯一的中心、意味着开放的教学、放弃了对预测的迷恋、关注演化而非静态的体育教学。
自组织体育教学系统的建立依赖于它是否保持开放性、能否不断远离平衡态、是否发挥了非线性相互机制以及能否有效利用涨落的威力，这是耗散结构理论给予我们的启示。无论是学生系统自组织的形成，还是体育教学系统自组织的建立，都要以这几个条件的满足为出发点。
透过协同学对体育教学的审视，竞争与协同的双重推动将是自组织体育教学系统的演进动力。协同学不仅改变了我们对体育教学中差异与同一、部分与整体、竞争与协同、自由与约束、偶然与必然之间关系的看法，也使我们更为清楚地看到了基于竞争与协同的学生体育素质演进机制。体育教学系统的演化序参量在于竞争与协同联合基础之上的体育教学场，它使体育教学具备了Logistic形式的演进姿态，也更加具有可持续性。
借助于突变理论，体育教学系统中的外因与内因、渐变与突变、创新与接受之间的关系将以一种全新的面貌出现在我们面前，学生体育素质系统的演化途径将体现出渐变与突变相整合的特点。利用尖顶突变模型对运动技能的学习特点和形成规律的探讨，表明了突变(包括连续突变)伴随在体育教学之中，体育教学是一个跳跃的、突变的、充满创造的激情之旅。
超循环将是自组织体育教学系统的主要演化形式。超循环不仅将教师与学生、原有图式与外在传授、体育理论与技术更为有机地耦合在一起，而且是创造性的源泉。基于超循环的体育教学“双中心”可持续发展模式的构建，不仅突出了自组织的内在活力，而且明确了信息循环作为超循环内核的带动作用。对这一模式螺旋演进过程的分析也将更符合体育教学系统的动态特征。
分形学为我们重新审视体育教学中的无限和有限、简单与复杂、整体与部分、有序与无序、确定性与机遇、创造性思维的机制、教学评价的尺度和学科结构等问题提供了有益的启发。它表明体育教学是复杂系统，具有分形的结构，从分形元出发促发复杂的分形体将是体育教学的主要任务之一。对体育教学信息分形特征的分析也证实了这一点。
混沌洞见了简单与复杂、必然与偶然的更高层次的关联。透过混沌的视域，体育教学中的预测将不再是决定性的、精确无误的，而将被限定在一定的时间和范围之内。蝴蝶扇翅般的微弱力量，也将成为体育教学中不可忽视的积极建设性因素。混沌视野下的创造观，将与每一个人、暂时的弱小力量、非理性、相互交流的湍流和整体性紧密联接，反思将促发个体创造的生成，而连锁反应将是群体创新的机制。通过倍分叉进行体育教学混沌，将是认识和建设体育教学复杂性的重要环节。
A pattern conversion of education that from research general disciplines to seek individual meaning has occurred in developed countries since 1970s. The instrumentalism has replaced by humanism step by step. The theory of Self-organization, which mainly include dissipative structure theory, synergetics, catastrophe theory, hypercycle theory, fractal theory and the research of chaos, emphasize the evolve power as selfhood and based on nonlinearity inside the system, quite agree with the conception of humanism which pay more attentions to the students' multi-transformation and development. A explain frame of sports teaching based on self-organization so as to will be the important support which can help the conversion be realization.
The explain frame of P.E. teaching based on self-organization includes research on its teleology, condition, dynamical, evolve track, evolve format and complexity.
From the anatomy of teleology of traditional RE. teaching, we can see it clearly that Instrumentalism is its character in essence, which guides the P.E. teaching into a vicious circle. Keep self-organization is the right method to cast off it. The main character of P.E. teaching teleology based on self-organization are pay more attention to self-organization inside the system, abandon the one and only center, keep on a open teaching, give up the madly cling to forecast and see P.E. teaching system a evolving system instead of a static one.
A self-organization P.E. teaching system will build upon its openness, nonequilibrium state, nonlinearity and mechanism of fluctuation, this is the apocalypses which given by the dissipative structure theory. No matter a student system or a P.E. teaching system, they are all key points to built a self-organization system.
From the angle of synergetics, competition and cooperation will be the double evolve power in the evolvement of P.E. teaching system. It can not only change our opinions of relationship between difference and unification, whole and part, competition and cooperation, freedom and restriction, incident and necessity, but also help us clearly investigate the evolve mechanism of student's sports stuff system which based on competition and cooperation. The order parameter of P.E. teaching system is the teaching field based on competition and cooperation, which not only give the P.E. teaching system a carriage signed Logistic formal, but also keep it the ability of sustainable develop.
Recur to catastrophe theory, the relationship between outer power and inside power, gradual change and catastrophe, innovation and acceptance appears a new appearance. The evolvement track of student's sports stuff system will exhibit a character of gradual change and catastrophe. Research on the study disciplinary of sport skill by cusp catastrophe, appears that catastrophe will follow the whole process. Jumping, catastrophe and creation are the mainly character of P.E. teaching system.
Hypercycle is the mostly evolvement format of self-organized P.E. teaching system. It can not only make teacher and student, inhere knowledge and outside impart, sports theory and technic a coupling, but also the source of creative. The "double center" hypercycle pattern of P.E. teaching give prominence to inside energy and point out the important station of the information.
Fractal theory give us more helpful elicitations on surveying infinity and fmity, simple and complexity, part and whole, order and disorder, certain and chance, mechanism of creativity thinking, measure of teaching evaluate and the subject structure. It indicates that P.E. teaching system is complex and has a frame of fractal. Push it from simple fractal cell to complex fractal body is a mostly task of us.
The research of chaos help us clearly see the relationship of simple and complexity, certain and chance in a higher level. From the angle of chaos, the creativity in teaching of physical education is contacts with every one, the strengths of bluffly, thought turbulence based on intercommunion, unrational and wholeness. The recursive thin
引文
[41] 方宁生．台商IT产业资本西进与两岸产业分工．特区经济，2001，(12)：213-223
[42] 林其屏．台商投资大陆的第四波及福建的对策建议．开放潮，2001，(12)：58-60
[43] 刘雅露．缩小地区差距的财政政策研究．北京：经济科学出版社，2000，21-28
[44] 罗汉，艾燕琳．经济开放度与地区经济发展的相关分析．湖南大学学报，2004，(3)：8-11
[45] 方开泰．实用多元统计分析．上海：华东师范大学出版社，1986，291-302
[46] 黄海，罗友丰，陈志英．SPSS 10.0 for windows统计分析，北京：人民邮电出版社，2001，259-261
[47] 郭克莎．外商直接投资对我国产业结构的影响研究．管理世界，2000．(2)：34-45
[48] 于立新．西部模式—西北五省区扩大对外开放战略探析．国际贸易，2000，(10)：15-19
[1] 佚名．AICPA发布2004年影响会计行业10大信息技术．www.cpa-view.com,2004-03-05
[2] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．统计学与数据挖掘，统计与信息论坛，2002，17(1)：4-9
[3] Rasmussen J. The Role of Hierarchical Knowledge Representation in Decision Making and Systems Sanagement. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1985,15(2):234-243
[4] 李子奈，叶阿忠．高等计量经济学．第1版．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[5] 熊熊，张维．数据挖掘技术及其实现．预测，2001，(4)：64-68
[6] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．数据挖掘中的决策树技术及其应用．统计与信息论坛，2002，17(2)：4-10
[7] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．数据挖掘中的聚类分析．统计与信息论坛，2002，17(3)：4—9
[8] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．建立数据挖掘为基础的客户关系管理体系．统计与信息论坛，2002，17(4)：4—9
[9] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．关联规则挖掘概述．统计与信息论坛，2002，17(5)：4—9
[10] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．数据挖掘在信用卡公司的应用．统计与信息论坛，2002，17(6)：4—9
[11] 戴稳胜，匡宏波，谢邦昌．数据挖掘中的关联规则．统计研究，2002．(8)：40-42
[12] 朱世武，崔嵬，张尧庭等．数据挖掘与其他技术的比较．统计研究，2003，(7)：58-60
[13] 朱世武，崔嵬，张尧庭等．数据挖掘运用的理论与技术．统计研究，2003，(8)：45-50
[14] 刘同明．数据挖掘技术及其应用．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社，2001
[15] Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro.The Data-Mining Industry Coming of Age. IEEE Intelligent Systems. 1999,14(6):32-34
[16] Sam Y. Sung, Zhao Li, Chew L. Tan, et al..Forecasting Association Rules Using Existing Data Sets. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2003,15(6):1448-1459
[17] 朱绍文，王泉德，黄浩等．关联规则挖掘技术及发展方向．计算机工程，2000，26(9)：4-6
[18] 铁治欣，陈奇，俞瑞钊．关联规则采掘综述．计算机应用研究，2000，1：1-5
[19] 丁夷．关联规则在电信市场研究中的应用．西安邮电学院学报，2000，5(3)：39-41
[20] 倪志伟，蔡庆生，方瑾．用神经网络来挖掘数据库中的关联规则．系统仿真学报，2000，12(6)：685-687
[21] 苏超，左万利．基于关联规则的分类．吉林大学自然科学学报，2001，1：31-35
[22] 王翔，袁兆山．关联规则的扩展模型．小型微型计算机系统，2001，22(1)：73-74
[23] 娄兰芳，蒋志方，王乐强．数据挖掘中关联规则的有趣性研究．研究与开发，2002，10：10-13
[24] 石阳，张红云，马垣．数据挖掘中关联规则算法及其应用．鞍山师范学院学报，2002，4(1)：79-81
[25] 杨学兵．一种高效的多维关联规则挖掘算法研究．微机发展，2002，6：52-54
[26] 何炎祥，张戈，石莉．关联规则维护．计算机工程与应用，2002，10：203-205
[27] 白秀玲，崔林，王向阳等．关系数据库中关联规则的挖掘．电脑开发与应用，2002，15(10)：5-6
[28] 张智军，方颖，许云涛．基于Apriori算法的水平加权关联规则挖掘．计算机工程与应用，2003，14：197-199
[29] 罗可，吴杰．关联规则衡量标准的研究．控制与决策，2003，18(3)：277-280
[30] 李乃乾，沈钧毅，田絮资．一种新的普遍化关联规则挖掘算法．计算机工程，2003，29(7)：4-6
[31] 袁玉波，程君华．数据挖掘中的负关联规则算法．西北民族大学学报，2003，24(3)：7-11
[32] Agrawal R, Imiedlinski T, Swami A. Mining Association Rules Between Sets of Items in Large Database. In: Proc of ACM SIGMOID Conf on Management of Data. Washington, 1993, 207-216
[33] R.Agrawal, T.Imielinski, A.Swami. Database Mining: A Performance Perspctive.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 1993,5(6):914-925
[34] Edward R. Omiecinski. Alternative Interest Measures for Mining Associations in Databases. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,
2003,15(1)：57-69
[35] R．格罗思．数据挖掘：构筑企业竞争优势．侯迪，宋擒豹．第1版．西安：西安交通大学出版社，2001
[36] Jiawei Han,Micheline Kamber.数据挖掘：概念与技术．范明，孟小峰．第1版．北京：机械工业出版社，2001
[37] Chang-Hung Lee, Ming-Syan Chen, Cheng-Ru Lin. Progressive Partition Miner: An Efficient Algorithm for Mining General Temporal Association Rules. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,2003,15(4): 1004-1017
[38] Anthony K.H. Tung, Hongjun Lu, Jiawei Han,et al.Efficient Mining of Intertran-saction Association Rules. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2003,15(1):43-56
[39] Ke Wang, Yu He, Jiawei Han Ke Wang, ea tl..Pushing Support Constraints Into Association Rules Mining. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2003,15(3):642-658
[40] Vassilios S. Verykios, Ahmed K. Elmagarmid, Elisa Bertino, et al. Association Rule Hiding. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2004,16(4): 434-447
[41] 赵宏，邹雯，汪洁．证券市场预测的神经网络方法．系统工程理论与实践，1997，6：127-130
[42] 张晓红．神经网络经济预测法研究．预测，2001，20(6)：61-63
[43] 王今，韩文秀，侯岚．西方企业财务危机预测方法评析．中国软科学，2002，6；109-112
[44] 李宗伟，王美娟，郑淑华．基于径向基神经网络的股价预测．上海理工大学学报，2002，24(1)：81-82
[45] 伍海华，马嫒，高波；RBF神经网络在上市公司综合评价中的应用．青岛大学学报，2002，17(2)：1-3
[46] 鲍祖尚，蔡兆云．神经网络理论在股市建模中的应用．湖南工程学院学报，2002，12(2)：51-53
[47] 朱赟，王行愚．RBF神经网络在股市趋势预测中的应用．华东理工大学学报，2002，28(5)：547-550
[48] 周毓萍．基于神经网络的不良资产价值评估．统计与决策，2003，9：30-31
[49] 尹恕好．神经网络实证方法对我国资本市场有效性及非线性的检验．深圳证券交易所第六届会员单位、基金公司研究成果评选．2003
[50] 黄德镛，叶家冕，戴晓红等．有色金属类上市公司财务评价的自组织随机模型．昆明理工大学学报，2003，28(5)：147-150
[51] 曹顺，刘婷，基于B P神经网络的企业信用评价研究．控制工程，2003，10(5)：404-406
[52] 荣莉莉，王众托．基于知识和模糊神经网络的学习型评价系统．管理科学学报，2003，6(3)：1-7
[53] 李佳斌，王伟．人工神经网络在企业风险评估中的应用．技术经济与管理研究，2003，3：50-51
[54] 岳鹏．高技术项目投资风险评价的人工神经网络模型研究．西安财经学院学报，2003，16(4)：19-22
[55] 龚哲君，肖文韬．证券投资组合问题的人工神经网络求解．武汉化工学院学报，2003，25(1)：90-92
[56] 胡守仁，余少波，戴葵．神经网络导论．第1版．长沙：国防科技大学出版社，1993，35-42
[57] 高隽．人工神经网络原理及仿真实例．第1版．北京：机械工业出版社．2003，44-55
[58] Hongjun Lu, Rudy Setiono, Huan Liu. Effective Data Mining Using Neural Network. IEEE Transactions Knowledge and Data Engineering, 1996,8(6):957-961
[59] K.Betels,J.M.Jacques, L.Neuberg, etal. Qualitative company performance evaluation: Linear discriminant analysis and neural network models. European Journal of Operational Research, 1999, 115(3):608-615
[60] Benzing, Cythia. Using Discriminant Analysis to Predict Financial Distress.International Advances in Economic Research, 2000, (6):591-593
[61] Gouqiang Zhang, Michael Y. Hu, B. Eddy Patuwo, etal. Artificial Neural Network in Bankruptcy Prediction: General Framework and Cross-validation Analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 1999, 116(1): 16-32
[62] Pamela K.Coats, L.Franklin Fant. Recognizing Financial Distress Patterns Using a Neural Network Tool. Financial Management, 1993, (11):142-155
[63] 飞思科技产品研发中心．MATLAB6.5辅助神经网络分析与设计．第1版．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
[64] 卢文岱．SPSS for Windows统计分析．第2版．北京：电子工业出版社．2002
[65] 黎自任．经济多元分析．第1版．北京：中国统计出版社，1995
[1] Chomsky, Noam. The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory, 1955, Manuscript. Published by Plenum Press, New York in 1975,61-62
[2] Larson Richard K. On the Double Object Construction. Linguistic Inquiry. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Vol. 19, No. 3: 1988, 335-391
[3] Barss,A.and H.Lasnik.J. A Note on Anaphora and Double Objects. Linguistic Inquiry 1986,17:347-354
[4] Aoun,Joseph, and Yen-hui Audrey Li. J. Scope and Constituency. Linguistic Inquiry 1989, 20:141-172
[5] Oehrle,R.The Grammatical Status of the English Dative Alternation. Doctoral dissertation,Cambridge, MIT, Massachusetts, 1976,129-142
[6] Gu Yang. Some issues in Mandarin double object construction. Paper presented at the Hong Kong-Lund Linguistics Symposium, City University of Hong Kong. 1998.
[7] Zhang Ning. Hanyu shuangbingyu jiegou fenxi. Lu Jianming zhubian: Mianlin Xinshiji Tiaozhan de Xiandai Hanyu Yufa Yanjiu-98 Xiandai Hanyu Yufaxue Guoji Xueshu Huiyi Lunwenji. Shandong jiaoyu chubanshe, 1999,2:12-223
[8] Fu Yuxian,Zhou Xiaobing. Xiandai Hanyu Jieci Yanjiu. Guangzhou: Zhongshan daxue chubanshe, 1995,7-63
[9] Gu Yang. Shuangbingyu jiegou. Xu Liejiong zhubian: Gongxing yu Gexing: Hanyu Yuyanxue zhongde Zhengyi. Beijing Yuyan Wenhua Daxue Chubanshe, 1999,61-90
[10] Zhu Dexi.Yu Dongci 'gei' Xiangguan de Jufa Wenti. Fangyan.2, Ye Shoulu yu Xiandai Hanyu Yufa Yanjiu. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 19791,51-168
[11] Kayne, Richard S. Binding, quantifies,clitics and control. In F.Heny, ed.,Binding and Filtering,Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981,191-211 [ Reprinted in Kayne, Richard S. (1984)Connectedness and binding branching. Dordrecht: Foris]
[12] Hale, Kenneth, and Samuel Jay Keyser. On Argument Structure and the Lexical Representation of Syntactic Relations. In Kenneth Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser, eds.,The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1993,53-109
[13] Chomsky, Noam. Categories and Transformation. In The Minimalist Program. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1995,219-394
[14] Fillmore, Charles.J. 1999. Inversion and constructional inheritance. In Lexical and constructional aspects of linguistic explanation, ed. By Gert Webelhuth, Jean-Pierre Koenig & Andreas Kathol. Stanford, Ca: CSLI. 113-128
[15] Green,G..Semantics and Syntactic Regularity. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. 1974,198-208
[16] Akmajian, A. and F. Heny. An Introduction to the Principles of Transformational Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1975,153
[17] Heidi Harley, Possession and the Double Object Construction. University of Arizona. www.ling.upenn.edu/～kroch/courses/lx550/readings/HarleyGive2002.pdf,2002-12
[18] Shen Yang, Su Fangfang. Dongci ciyi de hebing xishou yu shuangbin jushi de paisheng gouzao. Shouluyu XiangGang ChengShi Daxue Disijie CiHui Yuyixue YanTaoHui. 2003,4
[19] Shen Yang. Mingci Yiwei, Dongci Hebing yu Shuangbinyu Jiegou de LeiXing Fenxi.MingCi Yiwei, Dongci Hebing yu Shuangbinyu Jiegou de Hansheng Guoheng. Shen Yang, He Yuanjian, Gu Yang: ShengCheng YuFa LiLun yu Hanyu Yufa Yanjiu. Heilongjiang Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2001,191-225
[20] Shen Yang. Jiegou, Yuyi he jushi de duili fenxi yu hubu jieshi—Cong hanyu jiegou de fenxi kan butong lilun fangfa de yinyong jiezhi. YueLu Luntan, 2002.
[21] Emonds, Joseph. A Unified Theory of Syntactic Categories: Foris 1985,191-210
[22] Su Fangfang. Youxuanlun lilun kuangjia xia de hanyu Shuangbinyu jiegou bianxi. ShanDong: Yuyan yu Wenxue Yanjiu, 2003,2(4): 14-17
[23] Pinker, S. Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1989,151-169
[24] Kayne, Richard S. French Syntax. The Transformational Cycle. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1975,67-70
[25] Mazurkewich, I. and White, L. The acquisition of the dative alternation: Unlearning Overgeneralizations in Cognition, 1984,16:83-261
[26] Collins, Chris and Hoskuldur Thrainsson. VP Internal Structure and Object Shift in Icelandic. Linguistic Inquiry 1996, 27:391-444
[42] 林其屏．台商投资大陆的第四波及福建的对策建议．开放潮，2001，(12)：58-60
[43] 刘雅露．缩小地区差距的财政政策研究．北京：经济科学出版社，2000，21-28
[44] 罗汉，艾燕琳．经济开放度与地区经济发展的相关分析．湖南大学学报，2004，(3)：8-11
[45] 方开泰．实用多元统计分析．上海：华东师范大学出版社，1986，291-302
[46] 黄海，罗友丰，陈志英．SPSS 10.0 for windows统计分析，北京：人民邮电出版社，2001，259-261
[47] 郭克莎．外商直接投资对我国产业结构的影响研究．管理世界，2000．(2)：34-45
[48] 于立新．西部模式—西北五省区扩大对外开放战略探析．国际贸易，2000，(10)：15-19
[1] 佚名．AICPA发布2004年影响会计行业10大信息技术．www.cpa-view.com,2004-03-05
[2] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．统计学与数据挖掘，统计与信息论坛，2002，17(1)：4-9
[3] Rasmussen J. The Role of Hierarchical Knowledge Representation in Decision Making and Systems Sanagement. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1985,15(2):234-243
[4] 李子奈，叶阿忠．高等计量经济学．第1版．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[5] 熊熊，张维．数据挖掘技术及其实现．预测，2001，(4)：64-68
[6] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．数据挖掘中的决策树技术及其应用．统计与信息论坛，2002，17(2)：4-10
[7] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．数据挖掘中的聚类分析．统计与信息论坛，2002，17(3)：4—9
[8] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．建立数据挖掘为基础的客户关系管理体系．统计与信息论坛，2002，17(4)：4—9
[9] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．关联规则挖掘概述．统计与信息论坛，2002，17(5)：4—9
[10] 中国人民大学统计学系数据挖掘中心．数据挖掘在信用卡公司的应用．统计与信息论坛，2002，17(6)：4—9
[11] 戴稳胜，匡宏波，谢邦昌．数据挖掘中的关联规则．统计研究，2002．(8)：40-42
[12] 朱世武，崔嵬，张尧庭等．数据挖掘与其他技术的比较．统计研究，2003，(7)：58-60
[13] 朱世武，崔嵬，张尧庭等．数据挖掘运用的理论与技术．统计研究，2003，(8)：45-50
[14] 刘同明．数据挖掘技术及其应用．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社，2001
[15] Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro.The Data-Mining Industry Coming of Age. IEEE Intelligent Systems. 1999,14(6):32-34
[16] Sam Y. Sung, Zhao Li, Chew L. Tan, et al..Forecasting Association Rules Using Existing Data Sets. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2003,15(6):1448-1459
[17] 朱绍文，王泉德，黄浩等．关联规则挖掘技术及发展方向．计算机工程，2000，26(9)：4-6
[18] 铁治欣，陈奇，俞瑞钊．关联规则采掘综述．计算机应用研究，2000，1：1-5
[19] 丁夷．关联规则在电信市场研究中的应用．西安邮电学院学报，2000，5(3)：39-41
[20] 倪志伟，蔡庆生，方瑾．用神经网络来挖掘数据库中的关联规则．系统仿真学报，2000，12(6)：685-687
[21] 苏超，左万利．基于关联规则的分类．吉林大学自然科学学报，2001，1：31-35
[22] 王翔，袁兆山．关联规则的扩展模型．小型微型计算机系统，2001，22(1)：73-74
[23] 娄兰芳，蒋志方，王乐强．数据挖掘中关联规则的有趣性研究．研究与开发，2002，10：10-13
[24] 石阳，张红云，马垣．数据挖掘中关联规则算法及其应用．鞍山师范学院学报，2002，4(1)：79-81
[25] 杨学兵．一种高效的多维关联规则挖掘算法研究．微机发展，2002，6：52-54
[26] 何炎祥，张戈，石莉．关联规则维护．计算机工程与应用，2002，10：203-205
[27] 白秀玲，崔林，王向阳等．关系数据库中关联规则的挖掘．电脑开发与应用，2002，15(10)：5-6
[28] 张智军，方颖，许云涛．基于Apriori算法的水平加权关联规则挖掘．计算机工程与应用，2003，14：197-199
[29] 罗可，吴杰．关联规则衡量标准的研究．控制与决策，2003，18(3)：277-280
[30] 李乃乾，沈钧毅，田絮资．一种新的普遍化关联规则挖掘算法．计算机工程，2003，29(7)：4-6
[31] 袁玉波，程君华．数据挖掘中的负关联规则算法．西北民族大学学报，2003，24(3)：7-11
[32] Agrawal R, Imiedlinski T, Swami A. Mining Association Rules Between Sets of Items in Large Database. In: Proc of ACM SIGMOID Conf on Management of Data. Washington, 1993, 207-216
[33] R.Agrawal, T.Imielinski, A.Swami. Database Mining: A Performance Perspctive.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 1993,5(6):914-925
[34] Edward R. Omiecinski. Alternative Interest Measures for Mining Associations in Databases. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,
2003,15(1)：57-69
[35] R．格罗思．数据挖掘：构筑企业竞争优势．侯迪，宋擒豹．第1版．西安：西安交通大学出版社，2001
[36] Jiawei Han,Micheline Kamber.数据挖掘：概念与技术．范明，孟小峰．第1版．北京：机械工业出版社，2001
[37] Chang-Hung Lee, Ming-Syan Chen, Cheng-Ru Lin. Progressive Partition Miner: An Efficient Algorithm for Mining General Temporal Association Rules. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,2003,15(4): 1004-1017
[38] Anthony K.H. Tung, Hongjun Lu, Jiawei Han,et al.Efficient Mining of Intertran-saction Association Rules. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2003,15(1):43-56
[39] Ke Wang, Yu He, Jiawei Han Ke Wang, ea tl..Pushing Support Constraints Into Association Rules Mining. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2003,15(3):642-658
[40] Vassilios S. Verykios, Ahmed K. Elmagarmid, Elisa Bertino, et al. Association Rule Hiding. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2004,16(4): 434-447
[41] 赵宏，邹雯，汪洁．证券市场预测的神经网络方法．系统工程理论与实践，1997，6：127-130
[42] 张晓红．神经网络经济预测法研究．预测，2001，20(6)：61-63
[43] 王今，韩文秀，侯岚．西方企业财务危机预测方法评析．中国软科学，2002，6；109-112
[44] 李宗伟，王美娟，郑淑华．基于径向基神经网络的股价预测．上海理工大学学报，2002，24(1)：81-82
[45] 伍海华，马嫒，高波；RBF神经网络在上市公司综合评价中的应用．青岛大学学报，2002，17(2)：1-3
[46] 鲍祖尚，蔡兆云．神经网络理论在股市建模中的应用．湖南工程学院学报，2002，12(2)：51-53
[47] 朱赟，王行愚．RBF神经网络在股市趋势预测中的应用．华东理工大学学报，2002，28(5)：547-550
[48] 周毓萍．基于神经网络的不良资产价值评估．统计与决策，2003，9：30-31
[49] 尹恕好．神经网络实证方法对我国资本市场有效性及非线性的检验．深圳证券交易所第六届会员单位、基金公司研究成果评选．2003
[50] 黄德镛，叶家冕，戴晓红等．有色金属类上市公司财务评价的自组织随机模型．昆明理工大学学报，2003，28(5)：147-150
[51] 曹顺，刘婷，基于B P神经网络的企业信用评价研究．控制工程，2003，10(5)：404-406
[52] 荣莉莉，王众托．基于知识和模糊神经网络的学习型评价系统．管理科学学报，2003，6(3)：1-7
[53] 李佳斌，王伟．人工神经网络在企业风险评估中的应用．技术经济与管理研究，2003，3：50-51
[54] 岳鹏．高技术项目投资风险评价的人工神经网络模型研究．西安财经学院学报，2003，16(4)：19-22
[55] 龚哲君，肖文韬．证券投资组合问题的人工神经网络求解．武汉化工学院学报，2003，25(1)：90-92
[56] 胡守仁，余少波，戴葵．神经网络导论．第1版．长沙：国防科技大学出版社，1993，35-42
[57] 高隽．人工神经网络原理及仿真实例．第1版．北京：机械工业出版社．2003，44-55
[58] Hongjun Lu, Rudy Setiono, Huan Liu. Effective Data Mining Using Neural Network. IEEE Transactions Knowledge and Data Engineering, 1996,8(6):957-961
[59] K.Betels,J.M.Jacques, L.Neuberg, etal. Qualitative company performance evaluation: Linear discriminant analysis and neural network models. European Journal of Operational Research, 1999, 115(3):608-615
[60] Benzing, Cythia. Using Discriminant Analysis to Predict Financial Distress.International Advances in Economic Research, 2000, (6):591-593
[61] Gouqiang Zhang, Michael Y. Hu, B. Eddy Patuwo, etal. Artificial Neural Network in Bankruptcy Prediction: General Framework and Cross-validation Analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 1999, 116(1): 16-32
[62] Pamela K.Coats, L.Franklin Fant. Recognizing Financial Distress Patterns Using a Neural Network Tool. Financial Management, 1993, (11):142-155
[63] 飞思科技产品研发中心．MATLAB6.5辅助神经网络分析与设计．第1版．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
[64] 卢文岱．SPSS for Windows统计分析．第2版．北京：电子工业出版社．2002
[65] 黎自任．经济多元分析．第1版．北京：中国统计出版社，1995
[1] Chomsky, Noam. The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory, 1955, Manuscript. Published by Plenum Press, New York in 1975,61-62
[2] Larson Richard K. On the Double Object Construction. Linguistic Inquiry. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Vol. 19, No. 3: 1988, 335-391
[3] Barss,A.and H.Lasnik.J. A Note on Anaphora and Double Objects. Linguistic Inquiry 1986,17:347-354
[4] Aoun,Joseph, and Yen-hui Audrey Li. J. Scope and Constituency. Linguistic Inquiry 1989, 20:141-172
[5] Oehrle,R.The Grammatical Status of the English Dative Alternation. Doctoral dissertation,Cambridge, MIT, Massachusetts, 1976,129-142
[6] Gu Yang. Some issues in Mandarin double object construction. Paper presented at the Hong Kong-Lund Linguistics Symposium, City University of Hong Kong. 1998.
[7] Zhang Ning. Hanyu shuangbingyu jiegou fenxi. Lu Jianming zhubian: Mianlin Xinshiji Tiaozhan de Xiandai Hanyu Yufa Yanjiu-98 Xiandai Hanyu Yufaxue Guoji Xueshu Huiyi Lunwenji. Shandong jiaoyu chubanshe, 1999,2:12-223
[8] Fu Yuxian,Zhou Xiaobing. Xiandai Hanyu Jieci Yanjiu. Guangzhou: Zhongshan daxue chubanshe, 1995,7-63
[9] Gu Yang. Shuangbingyu jiegou. Xu Liejiong zhubian: Gongxing yu Gexing: Hanyu Yuyanxue zhongde Zhengyi. Beijing Yuyan Wenhua Daxue Chubanshe, 1999,61-90
[10] Zhu Dexi.Yu Dongci 'gei' Xiangguan de Jufa Wenti. Fangyan.2, Ye Shoulu yu Xiandai Hanyu Yufa Yanjiu. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 19791,51-168
[11] Kayne, Richard S. Binding, quantifies,clitics and control. In F.Heny, ed.,Binding and Filtering,Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981,191-211 [ Reprinted in Kayne, Richard S. (1984)Connectedness and binding branching. Dordrecht: Foris]
[12] Hale, Kenneth, and Samuel Jay Keyser. On Argument Structure and the Lexical Representation of Syntactic Relations. In Kenneth Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser, eds.,The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1993,53-109
[13] Chomsky, Noam. Categories and Transformation. In The Minimalist Program. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1995,219-394
[14] Fillmore, Charles.J. 1999. Inversion and constructional inheritance. In Lexical and constructional aspects of linguistic explanation, ed. By Gert Webelhuth, Jean-Pierre Koenig & Andreas Kathol. Stanford, Ca: CSLI. 113-128
[15] Green,G..Semantics and Syntactic Regularity. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. 1974,198-208
[16] Akmajian, A. and F. Heny. An Introduction to the Principles of Transformational Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1975,153
[17] Heidi Harley, Possession and the Double Object Construction. University of Arizona. www.ling.upenn.edu/～kroch/courses/lx550/readings/HarleyGive2002.pdf,2002-12
[18] Shen Yang, Su Fangfang. Dongci ciyi de hebing xishou yu shuangbin jushi de paisheng gouzao. Shouluyu XiangGang ChengShi Daxue Disijie CiHui Yuyixue YanTaoHui. 2003,4
[19] Shen Yang. Mingci Yiwei, Dongci Hebing yu Shuangbinyu Jiegou de LeiXing Fenxi.MingCi Yiwei, Dongci Hebing yu Shuangbinyu Jiegou de Hansheng Guoheng. Shen Yang, He Yuanjian, Gu Yang: ShengCheng YuFa LiLun yu Hanyu Yufa Yanjiu. Heilongjiang Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2001,191-225
[20] Shen Yang. Jiegou, Yuyi he jushi de duili fenxi yu hubu jieshi—Cong hanyu jiegou de fenxi kan butong lilun fangfa de yinyong jiezhi. YueLu Luntan, 2002.
[21] Emonds, Joseph. A Unified Theory of Syntactic Categories: Foris 1985,191-210
[22] Su Fangfang. Youxuanlun lilun kuangjia xia de hanyu Shuangbinyu jiegou bianxi. ShanDong: Yuyan yu Wenxue Yanjiu, 2003,2(4): 14-17
[23] Pinker, S. Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1989,151-169
[24] Kayne, Richard S. French Syntax. The Transformational Cycle. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1975,67-70
[25] Mazurkewich, I. and White, L. The acquisition of the dative alternation: Unlearning Overgeneralizations in Cognition, 1984,16:83-261
[26] Collins, Chris and Hoskuldur Thrainsson. VP Internal Structure and Object Shift in Icelandic. Linguistic Inquiry 1996, 27:391-444