晴空大气湍流对自由空间光通信影响及校正研究
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摘要
随着信息技术的发展,基于微波的传统通信系统已经无法满足数据传输性能和安全性能的要求。自由空间光通信具有通信容量大、保密性好、抗电磁干扰、功耗低、设备体积小、重量轻和无需频率使用许可等优点,因此已经成为无线通信技术领域的研究热点之一。当作为信息载体的激光束在大气中传输时,会受到大气衰减和湍流效应等一系列影响,导致通信系统性能降低。目前大气影响已经成为制约自由空间光通信进一步发展的瓶颈。
本文针对自由空间光通信应用,主要研究了大气对激光传输的影响机理及校正技术。全文可以分为以下几个部分：
(1)从理论上研究了大气对自由空间光通信中激光传输的影响机理和形式。介绍了大气的各种物理性质和云、雾等大气现象,分析了大气吸收和散射引起的衰减效应。阐述了大气湍流的物理模型和统计特性,根据大气激光传输的基本理论,系统研究了光强闪烁、光束扩展、光束漂移、到达角起伏和焦平面光斑弥散等影响通信性能的湍流效应。
(2)针对大气信道中的强度调制／直接检测自由空间光通信系统,改进了误码率计算模型。根据自由空间光通信系统的基本组成和工作原理,将误码率计算模型分为大气传输、光电探测和阈值判决三个模块。大气传输模块考虑了大气衰减、光束扩展和光强闪烁的影响,适用于弱起伏条件下；光电探测模块是根据强度调制／直接检测系统中雪崩二极管探测器的输出特性而建立；结合大气传输和光电探测模块,并将乘性噪声的影响添加到阈值判决模块,提出了误码率计算的改进模型。
(3)设计并实现了一套自由空间光通信模拟实验系统,并给出了在距离为1Km链路上不同大气条件下得到的闪烁指数、误码率和光强概率分布等实验结果。通过对实验数据的处理,分析了散粒噪声对于闪烁指数测量的影响,提出了在低信噪比条件下仍有效的改进测量方法；将实验参数代入误码率经典模型和改进模型,比较了两种模型计算结果的准确度；分析了背景噪声和光强起伏对系统误码率的影响；将基于极大似然拟合分布和对数正态分布两种模型得到的误码率计算值与实测值进行了比较。
(4)基于误码率改进模型,提出了一种根据信号光强和湍流强度等缓变统计量的最优阈值,实现了大气湍流影响校正。通过仿真计算和实验测量研究了最优阈值的各种特性,并使用非线性回归得到最优阈值的近似解析表达式。研究结果显示,使用这种阈值优化方法可以降低系统误码率,虽然相比理论最小值还有一定差距,但是对于弱起伏条件下的常规自由空间光通信系统是可以接受的。如果可以使信号光强保持稳定,那么最优阈值的波动可以忽略。
(5)分析了gamma-gamma分布在仿真计算中的溢出问题,并且提出了两种可以有效解决溢出的改进计算模型；提出一种FSK自由空间光通信系统的设计方案,并使用Optisystem软件对系统性能进行了仿真研究,验证了该方案的可行性。
本文的研究成果不仅可用于自由空间光通信系统误码率的仿真研究,也可以为工程系统设计评价、站点选址和相关理论研究提供一定参考。
With the rapid development of the information technology, traditional microwave communication system cannot meet the increasing demand for the performance of transmission rate and security. Free-space optical (FSO) communication has many potential advantages, such as large communication capacity, excellent security performance, resistant to electromagnetic interference, less power consumption, less volume, less mass, and being license-free. Recently it has turned to be a hot topic in the field of wireless communication research. When laser beam propagates through the atmosphere as the information carrier, it will be influenced by power attenuation and turbulence effects, and the performance of FSO systems will be degraded. The atmospheric effects have become an obstacle that limits the wide application of FSO technology.
Focusing on the FSO application, this dissertation investigated the mechanism of atmospheric effects on the laser propagation and its correction technology. The dissertation consists of five parts as follows:
Firstly, the mechanism of atmospheric effects on the laser propagation in FSO was theoretically studied. Some physical properties of atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena such as clouds and fogs were introduced. The problem of power attenuation caused by atmospheric absorption and scattering was analyzed. The physical model and the statistical characteristics of atmospheric turbulence were illustrated. Based on basic theories of the laser propagation through atmosphere, the turbulence-induced effects on the laser signal of FSO systems, such as intensity fluctuation, beam wander, beam spreading, angle of-arrival fluctuation and spot dispersion, were systematically discussed.
Secondly, the mathematical model of bit error rate(BER) for IM/DD FSO system operating in the atmospheric channel was modified. According to the basic composition and fundamental principle of FSO system, the BER model was divided into three modules including atmospheric propagation, photoelectric detection and threshold decision. Considering the influence of atmospheric attenuation, beam spreading and intensity fluctuation, the atmospheric propagation module was applicable to weak turbulence conditions. The photoelectric detection module was based on the output characteristic of APD in the IM/DD FSO system. The influence of multiplicative noise was added to the threshold decision module. On the basis of the former three modules, the modified mathematical model of BER was proposed.
Thirdly, a set of simulation experiment FSO system was designed and implemented, and experimental results such as scintillation index, BER and intensity probability distribution were obtained under various atmospheric conditions at a distance of1kilometer. By means of data processing, the influence of shot noise on the measurement of scintillation index was analyzed, and an improved method which is effective in low signal-to-noise ratio was proposed. By substitution of the experimental parameters into classical and modified BER mathematical models, the accuracy of the two models were compared. Furthermore, BER values calculated with maximum likelihood fitting distribution and lognormal distribution were both compared with measured values.
Fourthly, based on the modified BER model, a kind of optimum threshold obtained by slow-varying statistics such as signal intensity and scintillation index was proposed, and the influence induced by turbulence was corrected. Characteristics of the optimum threshold were researched by numerical simulation and experimental measurements. For convenience, an approximate analytic expression of the optimum threshold was also obtained by means of nonlinear fitting. The results showed that the system performance can be improved by this kind of optimum threshold. The optimum threshold can lead to performance loss relative to ideal level; however it is acceptable for typical FSO communication systems operating under weak fluctuation conditions. If the signal intensity is kept constant, the fluctuation of the optimum threshold level can be neglected.
Finally, the overflow problem of gamma-gamma distribution model in numerical simulation was analyzed, and two modified model by which overflow can be effectively avoided were deduced. A scheme of frequency-shift-keying (FSK) FSO system was designed, and the system performance was simulated by the Optisystem software. The simulation results show that the scheme is feasible.
The results of this dissertation are not only applicable to the simulation research of BER performance for FSO systems, but also can provide reference for engineering design, site selection and correlative theoretical researches.
本文针对自由空间光通信应用,主要研究了大气对激光传输的影响机理及校正技术。全文可以分为以下几个部分：
(1)从理论上研究了大气对自由空间光通信中激光传输的影响机理和形式。介绍了大气的各种物理性质和云、雾等大气现象,分析了大气吸收和散射引起的衰减效应。阐述了大气湍流的物理模型和统计特性,根据大气激光传输的基本理论,系统研究了光强闪烁、光束扩展、光束漂移、到达角起伏和焦平面光斑弥散等影响通信性能的湍流效应。
(2)针对大气信道中的强度调制／直接检测自由空间光通信系统,改进了误码率计算模型。根据自由空间光通信系统的基本组成和工作原理,将误码率计算模型分为大气传输、光电探测和阈值判决三个模块。大气传输模块考虑了大气衰减、光束扩展和光强闪烁的影响,适用于弱起伏条件下；光电探测模块是根据强度调制／直接检测系统中雪崩二极管探测器的输出特性而建立；结合大气传输和光电探测模块,并将乘性噪声的影响添加到阈值判决模块,提出了误码率计算的改进模型。
(3)设计并实现了一套自由空间光通信模拟实验系统,并给出了在距离为1Km链路上不同大气条件下得到的闪烁指数、误码率和光强概率分布等实验结果。通过对实验数据的处理,分析了散粒噪声对于闪烁指数测量的影响,提出了在低信噪比条件下仍有效的改进测量方法；将实验参数代入误码率经典模型和改进模型,比较了两种模型计算结果的准确度；分析了背景噪声和光强起伏对系统误码率的影响；将基于极大似然拟合分布和对数正态分布两种模型得到的误码率计算值与实测值进行了比较。
(4)基于误码率改进模型,提出了一种根据信号光强和湍流强度等缓变统计量的最优阈值,实现了大气湍流影响校正。通过仿真计算和实验测量研究了最优阈值的各种特性,并使用非线性回归得到最优阈值的近似解析表达式。研究结果显示,使用这种阈值优化方法可以降低系统误码率,虽然相比理论最小值还有一定差距,但是对于弱起伏条件下的常规自由空间光通信系统是可以接受的。如果可以使信号光强保持稳定,那么最优阈值的波动可以忽略。
(5)分析了gamma-gamma分布在仿真计算中的溢出问题,并且提出了两种可以有效解决溢出的改进计算模型；提出一种FSK自由空间光通信系统的设计方案,并使用Optisystem软件对系统性能进行了仿真研究,验证了该方案的可行性。
本文的研究成果不仅可用于自由空间光通信系统误码率的仿真研究,也可以为工程系统设计评价、站点选址和相关理论研究提供一定参考。
With the rapid development of the information technology, traditional microwave communication system cannot meet the increasing demand for the performance of transmission rate and security. Free-space optical (FSO) communication has many potential advantages, such as large communication capacity, excellent security performance, resistant to electromagnetic interference, less power consumption, less volume, less mass, and being license-free. Recently it has turned to be a hot topic in the field of wireless communication research. When laser beam propagates through the atmosphere as the information carrier, it will be influenced by power attenuation and turbulence effects, and the performance of FSO systems will be degraded. The atmospheric effects have become an obstacle that limits the wide application of FSO technology.
Focusing on the FSO application, this dissertation investigated the mechanism of atmospheric effects on the laser propagation and its correction technology. The dissertation consists of five parts as follows:
Firstly, the mechanism of atmospheric effects on the laser propagation in FSO was theoretically studied. Some physical properties of atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena such as clouds and fogs were introduced. The problem of power attenuation caused by atmospheric absorption and scattering was analyzed. The physical model and the statistical characteristics of atmospheric turbulence were illustrated. Based on basic theories of the laser propagation through atmosphere, the turbulence-induced effects on the laser signal of FSO systems, such as intensity fluctuation, beam wander, beam spreading, angle of-arrival fluctuation and spot dispersion, were systematically discussed.
Secondly, the mathematical model of bit error rate(BER) for IM/DD FSO system operating in the atmospheric channel was modified. According to the basic composition and fundamental principle of FSO system, the BER model was divided into three modules including atmospheric propagation, photoelectric detection and threshold decision. Considering the influence of atmospheric attenuation, beam spreading and intensity fluctuation, the atmospheric propagation module was applicable to weak turbulence conditions. The photoelectric detection module was based on the output characteristic of APD in the IM/DD FSO system. The influence of multiplicative noise was added to the threshold decision module. On the basis of the former three modules, the modified mathematical model of BER was proposed.
Thirdly, a set of simulation experiment FSO system was designed and implemented, and experimental results such as scintillation index, BER and intensity probability distribution were obtained under various atmospheric conditions at a distance of1kilometer. By means of data processing, the influence of shot noise on the measurement of scintillation index was analyzed, and an improved method which is effective in low signal-to-noise ratio was proposed. By substitution of the experimental parameters into classical and modified BER mathematical models, the accuracy of the two models were compared. Furthermore, BER values calculated with maximum likelihood fitting distribution and lognormal distribution were both compared with measured values.
Fourthly, based on the modified BER model, a kind of optimum threshold obtained by slow-varying statistics such as signal intensity and scintillation index was proposed, and the influence induced by turbulence was corrected. Characteristics of the optimum threshold were researched by numerical simulation and experimental measurements. For convenience, an approximate analytic expression of the optimum threshold was also obtained by means of nonlinear fitting. The results showed that the system performance can be improved by this kind of optimum threshold. The optimum threshold can lead to performance loss relative to ideal level; however it is acceptable for typical FSO communication systems operating under weak fluctuation conditions. If the signal intensity is kept constant, the fluctuation of the optimum threshold level can be neglected.
Finally, the overflow problem of gamma-gamma distribution model in numerical simulation was analyzed, and two modified model by which overflow can be effectively avoided were deduced. A scheme of frequency-shift-keying (FSK) FSO system was designed, and the system performance was simulated by the Optisystem software. The simulation results show that the scheme is feasible.
The results of this dissertation are not only applicable to the simulation research of BER performance for FSO systems, but also can provide reference for engineering design, site selection and correlative theoretical researches.
引文
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