分散剂改进的分散液相微萃取技术检测果汁及水果中农药残留
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摘要
分散液液微萃取(DLLME)是目前最常用的一种主要针对液体基质开发的液相微萃取技术。在该技术中,通过有机分散剂的作用将微量萃取剂以小液滴形式向样本溶液快速分散,极大增加了萃取剂与样本溶液接触面积,实现目标物的快速转移。但甲醇、乙腈等有机分散剂的使用,导致了有机溶剂用量增大和目标物分配系数改变的问题。本论文在前人工作的基础上,改进DLLME中的分散剂,进行了以下研究。
以含氯溶剂为萃取剂。(一)利用表面活性剂既溶于水又溶于有机溶剂的特点,将其作为乳化剂,替代有机分散剂实现萃取剂向样本溶液的快速分散,开发了表面活性剂辅助乳化微萃取技术,该技术与气相色谱电子捕获检测器联用检测了苹果汁和梨汁中7种杀菌剂(腐霉利、啶氧菌酯、腈菌唑、肟菌酯、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯)。方法检出限(LOD)为0.01-0.35μgL-1。(二)使用注射器将样本溶液与萃取剂的混合物吸入针筒并注入离心管中,实现萃取剂以小液滴向样本溶液的快速分散,开发了空气辅助液液微萃取技术,避免了有机分散剂的使用。该技术与气相色谱电子捕获检测器和火焰光度检测器联用,分别检测了苹果汁和梨汁中7种杀菌剂(腐霉利、啶氧菌酯、腈菌唑、肟菌酯、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯)和11种有机磷杀虫剂(敌敌畏、甲拌磷、二嗪磷、乙拌磷、乐果、甲基嘧啶磷、杀螟硫磷、倍硫磷、喹硫磷、稻丰散、杀扑磷),LOD分别为0.01-0.3μg L-1和0.02-0.6μL-1.
以熔点接近室温的低密度溶剂为萃取剂,离心后,通过低温下固化漂浮在液体样本上方的萃取剂进行收集。(一)通过超声辅助和表面活性剂加强乳化的方式,开发了基于固化漂浮液滴的超声辅助表面活性剂加强乳化微萃取技术。该技术与高效液相色谱二极管阵列检测器联用,建立了苹果汁和梨汁中6种杀菌剂(嘧霉胺、咯菌腈、腐霉利、嘧菌环胺、醚菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯)的检测方法,LOD为0.4-1.4μg L-1；(二)通过空气辅助的方式,开发了基于固化漂浮液滴的空气辅助液液微萃取技术,并与气相色谱电子捕获检测器联用,建立了苹果汁和梨汁中7种杀菌剂残留(腐霉利、啶氧菌酯、腈菌唑、肟菌酯、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯)检测方法,LOD为0.02-0.25μg L-1。
以环境友好的离子液体为萃取剂。(一)通过涡旋辅助和表面活性剂加强乳化的方式,开发了基于离子液体的涡旋辅助表面活性剂加强乳化微萃取技术。该技术与高效液相色谱紫外检测器联用,建立了苹果汁和葡萄汁中4种杀菌剂(嘧霉胺、咯菌腈、嘧菌环胺、吡唑醚菌酯)的检测方法,LOD为0.6-2.0μgL-1；(二)通过手摇-超声辅助和表面活性剂加强乳化的方式,开发了基于离子液体的手摇-超声辅助表面活性剂加强乳化微萃取技术。该技术与高效液相色谱紫外检测器联用,建立了苹果汁和葡萄汁中3种杀菌剂(嘧霉胺、咯菌腈、嘧菌环胺)的检测方法,方法的LOD为0.4-1.6μg L-1；：三)通过空气辅助的方式,开发了基于离子液体的空气辅助液液微萃取技术,并与高效液相色谱紫外检测器联用,建立了苹果汁、葡萄汁和梨汁中5种杀菌剂(嘧霉胺、咯菌腈、嘧菌酯、嘧菌环胺、吡唑醚菌酯)的检测方法,LOD为0.4-1.8μgL-1。
利用QuEChERS方法中乙腈提取液为基于固化漂浮液滴的DLLME技术中的分散剂,实现了葡萄样本中目标物的富集。该方法与高效液相色谱紫外检测器联用,检测了6种杀菌剂残留(嘧霉胺、咯菌腈、腐霉利、异菌脲、嘧菌环胺、醚菌酯),LOD为0.2-2mg kg-1.
综上,本文对使用不同类型萃取剂的DLLME技术进行研究,通过涡旋辅助、表面活性剂加强乳化以及空气辅助等促进萃取剂的分散,开发了7种新型分散液相微萃取技术,简化了操作、降低甚至避免了有害溶剂(萃取剂和分散剂)的使用。同时也对固体基质上DLLME的应用进行了探索。
Dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a popular mode of liquid phase microextraction (LPME) techniques, which is mainly used for the determination of the target analytes in aqueous matrix. In the method, with the existence of dispersive solvent, the extraction solvent is rapidly dispersed into the aqueous sample phase as fine droplets, which markedly increases the contact surface between phases and reduces the extraction time with the increasing enrichment factors. However, compared with the volume of the extraction solvent, the volume of organic dispersive solvent, such as methanol or acetonitrile, is relatively high (in the mL level). It could lead to a decrease in the partition coefficient of analytes in the extraction solvent for the solubility of the analytes increased in the sample solution. In this study, based on previous work, some innovative approaches about dispersive solvent in DLLME were carried out as follows:
Using the chlorinated solvent as extraction solvent, the methods called surfactant assisted emulsification microextraction (SAEME) and air assisted liquid liquid microextraction (AALLME) were developed, with the free of organic diepersive solvent. In SAEME, the surfactant is used as emulsifier to enhance the dispersion of the water-immiscible phase into the aqueous phase by reducing the interfacial tension between the two phases. Combining with gas chromatography (GC), it was used to analyse7fungicide residues (procymidone, picoxystrobin, myclobutani, trifloxystrobin, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin) in apple juice and pear juice samples. Limits of detection (LOD) of the method were in the range of0.01-0.4μg L-1; In AALLME, the extraction solvent was rapidly dispersed into the aqueous samples by pulling in and pushing out the mixture of aqueous sample solution and extraction solvent with a syringe several times, in which no dispersive solvent was used. Combining with GC, it was used to determinate7fungicides (procymidone, picoxystrobin, myclobutani, trifloxystrobin, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin) and11organophosphorus pesticide residues (dichlorvos, phorate, diazinon, disulfoton, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl, fenitrothion, fenthion, quinalphos, phenthoate, methidathion) in apple juice and pear juice samples and the LOD were in the range of0.01-0.3μg L-1and0.02-0.6μg L-1, respectively.
Using the extraction solvent of non-chlorine solvents with density lower than water and appropriate melting point near room temperature, two novel DLLME based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet were developed, in which the extractant layer on top of the aqueous sample could easily collected by solidifying it at low temperature. The first one was ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction technique based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet (UASEME-SFO). It was validated for simultaneous determination of6fungicide residues (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, procymidone, cyprodinil, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin) in apple juice and pear juice samples. The LOD of the method were0.4-1.4μg L-1. The second was air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction technique based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet (AALLME-SFO). It was validated for the analysis of7fungicides (procymidone, picoxystrobin, myclobutani, trifloxystrobin, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin) in apple juice and pear juice samples. The LOD of the method were0.02-0.25μg-1.
Using the environment-friendly ionic liquid as extraction solvent, three dispersive solvent-free methods were developed with the help of surfactant and air assistance. The first was vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction based on ionic liquid (IL-VASEME) method, which was validated for the determination of4funficide residues (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, cyprodinil, pyraclostrobin) in apple juice and grape juice samples. The LOD were0.6-2.0μg L-1. The second was manual shaking-ultrasound assisted-surfactant enhanced emulsification microextraction (IL-MS-UASEME) method, validated for the determination of3funficide residues (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, cyprodinil) in apple juice and grape juice samples. The LOD were0.4-1.6μg L-1. The third one was a novel AALLME based on ionic liquid (IL-AALLME) method, which was a validated for the determination of5funficide residues (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, pyraclostrobin) in apple juice, pear juice and grape juice samples. The LOD were0.4-1.8μg L-1.
DLLME method was extended to the grape sample, rather than aqueous sample. The acetonitrile extractant in QuEChERS (acronym of quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method could be the dispersive solvent in DLLME based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFO). The combination of DLLME and QuEChERS was developed for the determination of6fungicide residues (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, procymidone, iprodione, cyprodinil, kresoxim-methyl) in grape samples. The LOD were0.2-2mg kg-1.
To sum up,7novel dispersive liquid phase microextraction techniques were developed which dispersed the extraction solvent with the help of surfactant-enhanced emulsification or air assistance. These methods were simple to operate, decreased or even avoided the use of high toxic extraction solvent and dispersive solvent in conventional DLLME, DLLME-SFO and IL-DLLME. In addition, the application of DLLME-SFO in solid grape matrix was also explored.
以含氯溶剂为萃取剂。(一)利用表面活性剂既溶于水又溶于有机溶剂的特点,将其作为乳化剂,替代有机分散剂实现萃取剂向样本溶液的快速分散,开发了表面活性剂辅助乳化微萃取技术,该技术与气相色谱电子捕获检测器联用检测了苹果汁和梨汁中7种杀菌剂(腐霉利、啶氧菌酯、腈菌唑、肟菌酯、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯)。方法检出限(LOD)为0.01-0.35μgL-1。(二)使用注射器将样本溶液与萃取剂的混合物吸入针筒并注入离心管中,实现萃取剂以小液滴向样本溶液的快速分散,开发了空气辅助液液微萃取技术,避免了有机分散剂的使用。该技术与气相色谱电子捕获检测器和火焰光度检测器联用,分别检测了苹果汁和梨汁中7种杀菌剂(腐霉利、啶氧菌酯、腈菌唑、肟菌酯、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯)和11种有机磷杀虫剂(敌敌畏、甲拌磷、二嗪磷、乙拌磷、乐果、甲基嘧啶磷、杀螟硫磷、倍硫磷、喹硫磷、稻丰散、杀扑磷),LOD分别为0.01-0.3μg L-1和0.02-0.6μL-1.
以熔点接近室温的低密度溶剂为萃取剂,离心后,通过低温下固化漂浮在液体样本上方的萃取剂进行收集。(一)通过超声辅助和表面活性剂加强乳化的方式,开发了基于固化漂浮液滴的超声辅助表面活性剂加强乳化微萃取技术。该技术与高效液相色谱二极管阵列检测器联用,建立了苹果汁和梨汁中6种杀菌剂(嘧霉胺、咯菌腈、腐霉利、嘧菌环胺、醚菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯)的检测方法,LOD为0.4-1.4μg L-1；(二)通过空气辅助的方式,开发了基于固化漂浮液滴的空气辅助液液微萃取技术,并与气相色谱电子捕获检测器联用,建立了苹果汁和梨汁中7种杀菌剂残留(腐霉利、啶氧菌酯、腈菌唑、肟菌酯、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯)检测方法,LOD为0.02-0.25μg L-1。
以环境友好的离子液体为萃取剂。(一)通过涡旋辅助和表面活性剂加强乳化的方式,开发了基于离子液体的涡旋辅助表面活性剂加强乳化微萃取技术。该技术与高效液相色谱紫外检测器联用,建立了苹果汁和葡萄汁中4种杀菌剂(嘧霉胺、咯菌腈、嘧菌环胺、吡唑醚菌酯)的检测方法,LOD为0.6-2.0μgL-1；(二)通过手摇-超声辅助和表面活性剂加强乳化的方式,开发了基于离子液体的手摇-超声辅助表面活性剂加强乳化微萃取技术。该技术与高效液相色谱紫外检测器联用,建立了苹果汁和葡萄汁中3种杀菌剂(嘧霉胺、咯菌腈、嘧菌环胺)的检测方法,方法的LOD为0.4-1.6μg L-1；：三)通过空气辅助的方式,开发了基于离子液体的空气辅助液液微萃取技术,并与高效液相色谱紫外检测器联用,建立了苹果汁、葡萄汁和梨汁中5种杀菌剂(嘧霉胺、咯菌腈、嘧菌酯、嘧菌环胺、吡唑醚菌酯)的检测方法,LOD为0.4-1.8μgL-1。
利用QuEChERS方法中乙腈提取液为基于固化漂浮液滴的DLLME技术中的分散剂,实现了葡萄样本中目标物的富集。该方法与高效液相色谱紫外检测器联用,检测了6种杀菌剂残留(嘧霉胺、咯菌腈、腐霉利、异菌脲、嘧菌环胺、醚菌酯),LOD为0.2-2mg kg-1.
综上,本文对使用不同类型萃取剂的DLLME技术进行研究,通过涡旋辅助、表面活性剂加强乳化以及空气辅助等促进萃取剂的分散,开发了7种新型分散液相微萃取技术,简化了操作、降低甚至避免了有害溶剂(萃取剂和分散剂)的使用。同时也对固体基质上DLLME的应用进行了探索。
Dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a popular mode of liquid phase microextraction (LPME) techniques, which is mainly used for the determination of the target analytes in aqueous matrix. In the method, with the existence of dispersive solvent, the extraction solvent is rapidly dispersed into the aqueous sample phase as fine droplets, which markedly increases the contact surface between phases and reduces the extraction time with the increasing enrichment factors. However, compared with the volume of the extraction solvent, the volume of organic dispersive solvent, such as methanol or acetonitrile, is relatively high (in the mL level). It could lead to a decrease in the partition coefficient of analytes in the extraction solvent for the solubility of the analytes increased in the sample solution. In this study, based on previous work, some innovative approaches about dispersive solvent in DLLME were carried out as follows:
Using the chlorinated solvent as extraction solvent, the methods called surfactant assisted emulsification microextraction (SAEME) and air assisted liquid liquid microextraction (AALLME) were developed, with the free of organic diepersive solvent. In SAEME, the surfactant is used as emulsifier to enhance the dispersion of the water-immiscible phase into the aqueous phase by reducing the interfacial tension between the two phases. Combining with gas chromatography (GC), it was used to analyse7fungicide residues (procymidone, picoxystrobin, myclobutani, trifloxystrobin, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin) in apple juice and pear juice samples. Limits of detection (LOD) of the method were in the range of0.01-0.4μg L-1; In AALLME, the extraction solvent was rapidly dispersed into the aqueous samples by pulling in and pushing out the mixture of aqueous sample solution and extraction solvent with a syringe several times, in which no dispersive solvent was used. Combining with GC, it was used to determinate7fungicides (procymidone, picoxystrobin, myclobutani, trifloxystrobin, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin) and11organophosphorus pesticide residues (dichlorvos, phorate, diazinon, disulfoton, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl, fenitrothion, fenthion, quinalphos, phenthoate, methidathion) in apple juice and pear juice samples and the LOD were in the range of0.01-0.3μg L-1and0.02-0.6μg L-1, respectively.
Using the extraction solvent of non-chlorine solvents with density lower than water and appropriate melting point near room temperature, two novel DLLME based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet were developed, in which the extractant layer on top of the aqueous sample could easily collected by solidifying it at low temperature. The first one was ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction technique based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet (UASEME-SFO). It was validated for simultaneous determination of6fungicide residues (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, procymidone, cyprodinil, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin) in apple juice and pear juice samples. The LOD of the method were0.4-1.4μg L-1. The second was air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction technique based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet (AALLME-SFO). It was validated for the analysis of7fungicides (procymidone, picoxystrobin, myclobutani, trifloxystrobin, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin) in apple juice and pear juice samples. The LOD of the method were0.02-0.25μg-1.
Using the environment-friendly ionic liquid as extraction solvent, three dispersive solvent-free methods were developed with the help of surfactant and air assistance. The first was vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction based on ionic liquid (IL-VASEME) method, which was validated for the determination of4funficide residues (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, cyprodinil, pyraclostrobin) in apple juice and grape juice samples. The LOD were0.6-2.0μg L-1. The second was manual shaking-ultrasound assisted-surfactant enhanced emulsification microextraction (IL-MS-UASEME) method, validated for the determination of3funficide residues (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, cyprodinil) in apple juice and grape juice samples. The LOD were0.4-1.6μg L-1. The third one was a novel AALLME based on ionic liquid (IL-AALLME) method, which was a validated for the determination of5funficide residues (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, pyraclostrobin) in apple juice, pear juice and grape juice samples. The LOD were0.4-1.8μg L-1.
DLLME method was extended to the grape sample, rather than aqueous sample. The acetonitrile extractant in QuEChERS (acronym of quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method could be the dispersive solvent in DLLME based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFO). The combination of DLLME and QuEChERS was developed for the determination of6fungicide residues (pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, procymidone, iprodione, cyprodinil, kresoxim-methyl) in grape samples. The LOD were0.2-2mg kg-1.
To sum up,7novel dispersive liquid phase microextraction techniques were developed which dispersed the extraction solvent with the help of surfactant-enhanced emulsification or air assistance. These methods were simple to operate, decreased or even avoided the use of high toxic extraction solvent and dispersive solvent in conventional DLLME, DLLME-SFO and IL-DLLME. In addition, the application of DLLME-SFO in solid grape matrix was also explored.
引文
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