溴化锂溶液降膜流动及传热传质的数值研究
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摘要
薄液膜流动以其高传热传质系数、结构简单且动力消耗小等独特优点,在传统工业和高新技术领域中得到广泛应用,例如降膜蒸发器、冷凝器、降膜吸收器和降膜反应器及核反应堆冷却和微电子器件冷却等。由于薄液膜流动固有的不稳定性表现出丰富的动力学行为,深入了解薄液膜流动的波动特性、影响因素及传热传质强化机理,已成为近年来富有挑战性的研究课题,且对于传热传质过程强化具有重要意义。
本文针对吸收器中发生的降膜吸收传热传质耦合过程,分别对水冷平板上的光滑层流降膜吸收过程、单一入口扰动频率下薄液膜流动的波动特性及影响因素和含有传热传质的波动降膜吸收过程进行了较为系统的数值模拟研究。主要研究内容如下：
同时考虑冷却水侧温度和对流传热系数的变化,建立了垂直平板上的光滑层流降膜吸收器模型。研究了不同下降位置处液膜内的温度、浓度分布规律和壁面、主体及界面的温度、浓度随着下降距离的变化规律；讨论了壁面热通量、界面热通量和质量通量随着下降距离的变化规律；分析了物性变化和冷却水侧对流传热系数对吸收过程的影响。结果表明,冷却水侧对流传热的强化对吸收器的吸收性能有很大的影响,同时总吸收传质速率常物性比变物性高。
建立了波动降膜流动模型,研究了单一入口扰动频率下液膜表面的稳态波形,分析了波不同位置处的顺流速度分布和壁面切应力等波动力学特性。结果表明,在低频率下,入口处的扰动发展为泪滴状孤波,且孤波前伴随着细小的毛细波；在高频率下,入口处的扰动发展为周期准正弦波,同时孤波波峰处出现循环流动。波内的大部分位置处的顺流速度与Nusselt速度分布吻合较好。在一些特殊位置,如孤波前的第一个波谷处,速度为负值,意味着回流的出现。壁面切应力的结果也证实了回流的出现。基于经典的边界层分离理论解释了回流产生机理,并分析了波动强化传热机理。
在波动降膜流动模型基础上,研究了入口扰动频率、Re数和壁面倾斜角等操作条件和表面张力和粘度等物性对降液膜波形和波内动力学的影响。结果表明,随着入口扰动频率的增加,表面稳态波形经历了由孤波、相互作用波和周期准正弦波的转变,时均传热系数逐渐降低；随着Re数的增加,孤波的波峰高度和循环流动尺度增加,而壁面倾斜角的增大,在流动方向的重力分力增加,进而加速了波的发展；随着表面张力的增加,波峰高度降低,且孤波前的毛细波数目增多；粘度的增加使稳态波形由孤波向周期准正弦波转变。.在所有的模拟结果中,孤波波峰处均出现循环流动,周期准正弦波波峰处无循环流动。顺流速度分布和壁面切应力结果表明,孤波前第一个毛细波波谷处出现回流,且回流强度较大,覆盖了整个波谷。当Re增加时,除了第一个毛细波波谷外,第二个毛细波波谷处也出现回流。同时分析了操作条件和物性对涡流形式和强度的影响。随着入口扰动频率的增加,孤波前第一个毛细波处的涡流经历了完全开式涡、半开式涡至消失的转变。随着表面张力的增加,孤波前第一个毛细波处涡流范围逐渐增大,由半开式涡逐渐转变为完全开式涡。随着壁面倾斜角的增加,最小液膜厚度近壁面处由小涡流逐渐发展为完全开式涡。
最后,建立了波速动坐标系下的孤波降膜吸收模型。通过得到的温度场和浓度场结果,分析了循环流动对波内温度场和浓度场的影响,给出了不同波内位置处的温度和浓度分布,同时给出了吸收热通量和质量通量、局部传热系数和传质系数随着下降距离的变化,研究了波动强化吸收机理。结果表明,波动引起了衬底和毛细波处的浓度边界层减薄强化了吸收过程,同时由于传热传质的耦合特性,波峰处的循环流动和毛细波处的液膜减薄均强化了流体与壁面的换热,降低了液膜温度,增加了传质推动力,强化吸收。
The concept of a thin liquid film falling downward an inclined or a vertical wall has been widely used in traditional industries and hi-tech fields, such as falling film evaporator, condenser, falling film absorber and falling film reactor, nuclear cooling and micro-electronic diveces cooling, because it can enhance heat and mass transfer rates without incurring much flow resistance and power consumption. The flow of falling liquid film exhibits abundant hydrodynamical behaviors because of the inherent instability. Due to its importance and universality of application, it is extremely necessary to investigate the hydrodynamic properties, heat and mass transfer of falling film and the influencing factors.
Absorber is one important component in absorption system and its characteristics have significant effects on the overall absorption efficiency. In this dissertation, the numerical study on heat and mass transfer in film absorption under laminar flow was conducted; The surface wave dynamics of vertical falling films under monochromatic-frequency flowrate-forcing perturbations was computed by VOF method. And then, the influence factors of operation conditions and physical properties on surface wave dynamics were investigated. Finally, the numerical simulation has been carried out on steam absorption by wave falling film.
A model of simultaneous heat and mass transfer process in a water-cooled vertical plate absorber under laminar flow was developed using lithium bromide/water as the working pairs. The practical convective boundary condition at the cooling water side is considered. The convective heat transfer coefficient is assumed constant, and the coolant temperature changes linearly along its flowing path. The model can predict temperature and concentration profiles across the film as well as along the downstream distance, heat and mass fluxes. In addition, the effect of cooling heat transfer coefficient on mass transfer rate was investigated. In particular, the effect of variable physical properties on the absorption process was considered and discussed.
Numerical simulation has been made on the wave evolution and flow dynamics of falling films of aqueous LiBr solution along a vertical wall. Volume of Fluid (VOF) model is used to track the free surface and Continuum Surface Force (CSF) model is used for dynamic boundary conditions considering the effect of surface tension. The characteristics of wave dynamics, such as streamwise velocity profile and wall shear stress, were analyzed. A small amplitude forcing disturbance was introduced at the inlet of the flow boundary. The simulation results show that at low frequency the small disturbance may give rise to a solitary rolling wave with a large amplitude and some small amplitude capillary waves. At high frequency the wave amplitude becomes small and accompanied capillary waves disappear. The waveform is nearly like the sinusoidal shape. Furthermore, the circulation flow was observed at the peak of solitary wave. In most sections of the wave the velocity profile is described by the self-similar parabolic form. In some unique regions, such as the first capillary wave trough, the velocity is negative, indicating the reverse flow in these areas. This is the same situation as that proved by the distribution of wall shear stress. Based on the principle of boundary layer separation, the mechanism leading to the origination of backflow phenomena was explained. And the mechanism of wave enhancement was analyzed.
Based on the wave model of falling liquid film, the influence of operation conditions and physical properties to the dynamics of the wave was examined. Operation conditions include disturbance frequency, Re and wall inclination angle. Physical properties include surface tension and viscosity. The simulation results indicated that as the increase of the disturbance frequency, the transition of solitary waves, interacting waves and sinusoidal waves took place. Furthermore, as the increase of Reynolds number, the wave amplitude, wave length and intensity of recirculation increased. As the increase of wall inclination angle, the component of gravity parallel to the wall increased, thus the wave grew faster. Peak height decreased as the increase of surface tension and wave numbers of capillary waves in front of solitary wave increased. As the increase of viscosity wave shape changed from the solitary shape to the sinusoidal one.
A model of simultaneous heat and mass transfer process of steam absorption by wavy falling film was developed. The temperature and concentration profiles at different streamwise position were presented. At the same time, the heat and mass flux, local heat and mass transfer coefficient along the downstream distance were also presented. The mechanism of wave enhancement was analyzed.
本文针对吸收器中发生的降膜吸收传热传质耦合过程,分别对水冷平板上的光滑层流降膜吸收过程、单一入口扰动频率下薄液膜流动的波动特性及影响因素和含有传热传质的波动降膜吸收过程进行了较为系统的数值模拟研究。主要研究内容如下：
同时考虑冷却水侧温度和对流传热系数的变化,建立了垂直平板上的光滑层流降膜吸收器模型。研究了不同下降位置处液膜内的温度、浓度分布规律和壁面、主体及界面的温度、浓度随着下降距离的变化规律；讨论了壁面热通量、界面热通量和质量通量随着下降距离的变化规律；分析了物性变化和冷却水侧对流传热系数对吸收过程的影响。结果表明,冷却水侧对流传热的强化对吸收器的吸收性能有很大的影响,同时总吸收传质速率常物性比变物性高。
建立了波动降膜流动模型,研究了单一入口扰动频率下液膜表面的稳态波形,分析了波不同位置处的顺流速度分布和壁面切应力等波动力学特性。结果表明,在低频率下,入口处的扰动发展为泪滴状孤波,且孤波前伴随着细小的毛细波；在高频率下,入口处的扰动发展为周期准正弦波,同时孤波波峰处出现循环流动。波内的大部分位置处的顺流速度与Nusselt速度分布吻合较好。在一些特殊位置,如孤波前的第一个波谷处,速度为负值,意味着回流的出现。壁面切应力的结果也证实了回流的出现。基于经典的边界层分离理论解释了回流产生机理,并分析了波动强化传热机理。
在波动降膜流动模型基础上,研究了入口扰动频率、Re数和壁面倾斜角等操作条件和表面张力和粘度等物性对降液膜波形和波内动力学的影响。结果表明,随着入口扰动频率的增加,表面稳态波形经历了由孤波、相互作用波和周期准正弦波的转变,时均传热系数逐渐降低；随着Re数的增加,孤波的波峰高度和循环流动尺度增加,而壁面倾斜角的增大,在流动方向的重力分力增加,进而加速了波的发展；随着表面张力的增加,波峰高度降低,且孤波前的毛细波数目增多；粘度的增加使稳态波形由孤波向周期准正弦波转变。.在所有的模拟结果中,孤波波峰处均出现循环流动,周期准正弦波波峰处无循环流动。顺流速度分布和壁面切应力结果表明,孤波前第一个毛细波波谷处出现回流,且回流强度较大,覆盖了整个波谷。当Re增加时,除了第一个毛细波波谷外,第二个毛细波波谷处也出现回流。同时分析了操作条件和物性对涡流形式和强度的影响。随着入口扰动频率的增加,孤波前第一个毛细波处的涡流经历了完全开式涡、半开式涡至消失的转变。随着表面张力的增加,孤波前第一个毛细波处涡流范围逐渐增大,由半开式涡逐渐转变为完全开式涡。随着壁面倾斜角的增加,最小液膜厚度近壁面处由小涡流逐渐发展为完全开式涡。
最后,建立了波速动坐标系下的孤波降膜吸收模型。通过得到的温度场和浓度场结果,分析了循环流动对波内温度场和浓度场的影响,给出了不同波内位置处的温度和浓度分布,同时给出了吸收热通量和质量通量、局部传热系数和传质系数随着下降距离的变化,研究了波动强化吸收机理。结果表明,波动引起了衬底和毛细波处的浓度边界层减薄强化了吸收过程,同时由于传热传质的耦合特性,波峰处的循环流动和毛细波处的液膜减薄均强化了流体与壁面的换热,降低了液膜温度,增加了传质推动力,强化吸收。
The concept of a thin liquid film falling downward an inclined or a vertical wall has been widely used in traditional industries and hi-tech fields, such as falling film evaporator, condenser, falling film absorber and falling film reactor, nuclear cooling and micro-electronic diveces cooling, because it can enhance heat and mass transfer rates without incurring much flow resistance and power consumption. The flow of falling liquid film exhibits abundant hydrodynamical behaviors because of the inherent instability. Due to its importance and universality of application, it is extremely necessary to investigate the hydrodynamic properties, heat and mass transfer of falling film and the influencing factors.
Absorber is one important component in absorption system and its characteristics have significant effects on the overall absorption efficiency. In this dissertation, the numerical study on heat and mass transfer in film absorption under laminar flow was conducted; The surface wave dynamics of vertical falling films under monochromatic-frequency flowrate-forcing perturbations was computed by VOF method. And then, the influence factors of operation conditions and physical properties on surface wave dynamics were investigated. Finally, the numerical simulation has been carried out on steam absorption by wave falling film.
A model of simultaneous heat and mass transfer process in a water-cooled vertical plate absorber under laminar flow was developed using lithium bromide/water as the working pairs. The practical convective boundary condition at the cooling water side is considered. The convective heat transfer coefficient is assumed constant, and the coolant temperature changes linearly along its flowing path. The model can predict temperature and concentration profiles across the film as well as along the downstream distance, heat and mass fluxes. In addition, the effect of cooling heat transfer coefficient on mass transfer rate was investigated. In particular, the effect of variable physical properties on the absorption process was considered and discussed.
Numerical simulation has been made on the wave evolution and flow dynamics of falling films of aqueous LiBr solution along a vertical wall. Volume of Fluid (VOF) model is used to track the free surface and Continuum Surface Force (CSF) model is used for dynamic boundary conditions considering the effect of surface tension. The characteristics of wave dynamics, such as streamwise velocity profile and wall shear stress, were analyzed. A small amplitude forcing disturbance was introduced at the inlet of the flow boundary. The simulation results show that at low frequency the small disturbance may give rise to a solitary rolling wave with a large amplitude and some small amplitude capillary waves. At high frequency the wave amplitude becomes small and accompanied capillary waves disappear. The waveform is nearly like the sinusoidal shape. Furthermore, the circulation flow was observed at the peak of solitary wave. In most sections of the wave the velocity profile is described by the self-similar parabolic form. In some unique regions, such as the first capillary wave trough, the velocity is negative, indicating the reverse flow in these areas. This is the same situation as that proved by the distribution of wall shear stress. Based on the principle of boundary layer separation, the mechanism leading to the origination of backflow phenomena was explained. And the mechanism of wave enhancement was analyzed.
Based on the wave model of falling liquid film, the influence of operation conditions and physical properties to the dynamics of the wave was examined. Operation conditions include disturbance frequency, Re and wall inclination angle. Physical properties include surface tension and viscosity. The simulation results indicated that as the increase of the disturbance frequency, the transition of solitary waves, interacting waves and sinusoidal waves took place. Furthermore, as the increase of Reynolds number, the wave amplitude, wave length and intensity of recirculation increased. As the increase of wall inclination angle, the component of gravity parallel to the wall increased, thus the wave grew faster. Peak height decreased as the increase of surface tension and wave numbers of capillary waves in front of solitary wave increased. As the increase of viscosity wave shape changed from the solitary shape to the sinusoidal one.
A model of simultaneous heat and mass transfer process of steam absorption by wavy falling film was developed. The temperature and concentration profiles at different streamwise position were presented. At the same time, the heat and mass flux, local heat and mass transfer coefficient along the downstream distance were also presented. The mechanism of wave enhancement was analyzed.
引文
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