滨海盐碱地改良及造林技术研究
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摘要
滨海盐碱地改良及造林是一项极为艰巨的工作。本文以国家“十一五”科技支撑计划重大项目《困难立地造林》子课题《滨海盐碱地造林技术研究》为依托,通过理论与实践相结合的研究方法,借鉴国内外大量研究成果,遵循循环经济和生态效益优先的原则,将减小环境污染、促进资源再生利用与寻求滨海盐碱地改良和造林的有效方法相结合,旨在为滨海盐碱地区的生态环境建设及几种含钙工业废弃物的循环再利用提供物质支持和技术参考。研究区位于河北沧州临港经济技术开发区。本论文主要从以下几个方面进行了研究：
一、研究不同盐浓度梯度盐胁迫下丛枝菌根菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)提高三叶草瑞文德(Trifolium Riverdel)抗盐性效果,比较单接种摩西球囊霉、幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)及两者的混合菌剂对植物耐盐性影响。结果表明：随盐胁迫程度的逐渐增大,摩西球囊霉对植物根系的侵染率降低,当盐浓度达到9%o时菌根侵染率骤降,该浓度对摩西球囊霉菌根生理机能产生重要影响,12%o可看做丛枝菌根耐盐极限浓度。菌根能增强植物耐盐性,摩西球囊霉菌根能增加三叶草对Na+的吸收量,抑制盐分向上部运输,降低Na+相对含量,改善植株体内的离子平衡。混合菌剂在侵染能力和对生长促进作用方面都比单菌种好,多菌种间存在竞争关系,但在营养充足的情况下可产生互补功能。
二、对传统石膏改良盐碱土壤的理论及改良深度进行补充。将0-80cm土层分为0-20cm、20-40cm、40-60cm、60-80cm层4个层次,对石膏与盐碱土混合土柱中发生的化学反应和各种离子去向进行具体探讨,并确定最优土壤改良深度。研究3种含钙工业废弃物脱硫石膏、柠檬酸渣和粉煤灰改良盐碱地土壤的效果。结果表明：石膏改良盐碱土主要体现在难溶性盐类的生成和对碱性离子的置换上,结合大面积改良的可操作性及成本等其他因素,最终确定石膏改良层以40cm深度为宜。粉煤灰、柠檬酸渣、脱硫石膏能降低土壤PH和ESP,缓解土壤的碱化情况,同时还要注意与灌溉措施相结合,完善灌排渠道才能发挥改良材料的最大效能。
三、对野外滨海盐碱造林地中施入脱硫石膏、粉煤灰、柠檬酸渣、磁化肥、生物有机肥和普通化肥改良盐碱地综合效果效果进行对比研究。将改良后的土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤全盐、有机质及植物光合参数等多个指标进行主成分分析。结果表明：从改良盐碱地和促进绒毛白蜡生长的综合程度看,磁化肥效果>生物肥>粉煤灰>柠檬酸渣>石膏>化肥。化肥不具备改良土壤的作用,盐碱地中大量使用可加重土壤盐害毒害作用。滨海盐碱地施肥中要结合改良材料,变废为宝,多施磁化肥、有机肥和农家肥,尽量少用化肥。
四、研究铺设隔盐层、构筑集雨工程、设置防侧渗隔板和布置表面覆盖4项滨海盐碱地造林技术及造林效果。结果表明：在滨海盐碱地造林时树穴底部设炉渣隔盐层,可以隔断毛管力,疏导水分,达到降盐、冼盐、隔盐的目的,减轻过量土壤盐分对植物的毒害作用,促进植物的成活和生长。构筑集雨工程可增加单位面积降雨量,对造林树种的成活和生长有显著影响。防侧渗隔板增加隔板内土壤水分入渗量,处理下白蜡具有良好的适应性,生长旺盛。表面覆盖层有良好的保墒作用,调节浅层土壤温度的变化,对土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾都有一定补偿能力。
五、依托近4年理论研究成果,结合传统生物有机肥料加工工艺,顺应市场需求,发明新型肥料,实现科技成果转化。参考传统磁化肥生产工艺,合理调整粉煤灰和硫铁矿灰的比例,强化粉煤灰和硫铁矿灰中铁磁物质的磁功能,调整N、P、K肥和微量元素含量,紧紧围绕土壤改良中离子交换、磁性、微生物、有机质和微量元素5大要素,制造出具有改良盐碱土和提供肥效双重功能的盐碱地专用肥料。肥效试验结果表明：该肥料可以改善土壤物理化学性状,增加土壤团粒结构,影响土壤微生物微环境,有效提高植物对营养元素的吸收,提高其他肥料利用率、作物的产量和品质。
It is a very difficult work for the improvement and afforestation in coastal saline-alkali land.This article was combined with reducing environment pollution, Promoting the use of renewable resources, exploring method of the improvement and afforestation in coastal saline-alkali land, by the means of theory and practice and take example by a large amount of research achievements at home and abroad to provide material support and technical reference for construction of ecological environment and the recycling of several calcium containing industrial wastes.The study area locates at the sets the eco and tech development of Cangzhou Herbei. The main research contents are as follows:
First of all, the effection of Glomus mosseae improves the salt resistance of Trifolium riverdel and the salt tolerance by Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and the mixed fungi of them were studied. The results showed that:the infection rate of Glomus mosseae had been reduced with the gradually increasing of single salt stress; the Physiology of Glomus mosseae had been influenced seriously by salinity of 9‰; the Na+ absorption of Trifolium riverdel was increased by Glomus mosseae, most of them was gathered at the underground part thus the relative content of Na+was reduced, so the ionic equilibrium of the plant was improved; the effect of infection rate and growing by mixed fungi were better; though there were competitive relationships with different fungi, it would be complementary effect with sufficient nutrient.
Secondly, the traditional theory and depth of gesso improved the soil were added,0-20 cm, 20-40 cm,40-60 cm,60-80 cm layers of 0-80 cm layers were divided and to be the designed improved layer, chemical reactions and various ions of the mixed soil column with quantitative gypsum were discussed to determined the optimal soil improvement depth. On this basis, the improvement effect of saline-alkali soil with three calcium industrial waste desulfurization gypsum, citric acid slag and fly ash were researched to propose the optimal Scheme. The results indicated that soil amelioration of Gesso to saline-alkali was mainly reflected on the replacement of alkaline ion and the generation of hard dissolved salts; improved result was bad when the improved level was shallow, while the greater number of reacted magnesium would also weaken the improvement effect and when it was deeper, so the advisable depth of gesso modified layer was 30-50 cm, considering other factors; soil PH and ESP could be reduced by fly ash, citric acid slag and desulfurization gypsum, alleviated the alkaline soil meanwhile combine with irrigation measures and must be paid attention to and the most efficiency would be expressed in 40 cm soil column.
Thirdly, the comprehensive effect of desulfurization gypsum, fly ash, citric acid slag, magnetic fertilizer, biological organic fertilizer and common fertilizer to the improvement of saline-alkali land was studied. Multiple index after improved such as soil moisture content, soil bulk density, soil organic matter, soil salt and plant PHotosynthesis parameters were reduced to a few irrelevant comprehensive factors to be principal component analysis. The result showed that magnetic fertilizer> biological fertilizer>fly ash>citric acid slag>desulfurization gypsum>chemical fertilizer from the aspects of improved effect. All of desulfurization gypsum, fly ash and citric acid slag could improve soil and promote plant growth. The chemical fertilizer does not have the function of soil improvement, and extensive use of it can aggravate some harmful toxic effects of saline-alkali soil. So soil fertilization of coastal saline-alkali should be combined with improved materials, turned the waste into treasure.more magnetic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and manure should be used, while minimized the use of chemical fertilizers.
Fourth, improvement of coastal saline soil and afforestation effects of 4 key afforestation technology such as rainwater harvesting project, clapboard of preventing side permeability and surface coverage technology were compared. The results indicated that with salt-isolated layer toxic effects of soil salinity on plant could be reduced to promote survival and growth of plant. Per unit area of rainfall was increased by rainwater harvesting project which had a significant impact on survival and growth of plants. The amount of soil water infiltration was increased by clapboard of preventing side permeability which was helpful for salt-leaching, and tamarix grew better.surface coverage technology had better conservation function, meanwhile it had certain compensation ability of soil total nitrogen, PHosPHorus and rapidly-available potassium
Fifth, Relying on four years research, combined with the traditional fertilizer processing technology and the market demand, a new fertilizers was invented which realize the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.This new type of fertilizer referenced traditional magnetic fertilizer production process which closely around the ion exchange, magnetism, microorganism, organic matter and trace elements, thus it had double action of improving the soil and providing the effectiveness. The results showed that:unreasonable structure, lack of trace element, biological activities and fertility insufficiency were overcome by the new fertilizer on the market at present. So the fertilizer could improve soil PHysical and chemical properties, increase the soil structure group, affect the soil microbial environmental, effectively improve the plant absorption of nutrition, the fertilizer utilization ratio and crop yield which has the better benefits of economic, social and ecological.
一、研究不同盐浓度梯度盐胁迫下丛枝菌根菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)提高三叶草瑞文德(Trifolium Riverdel)抗盐性效果,比较单接种摩西球囊霉、幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)及两者的混合菌剂对植物耐盐性影响。结果表明：随盐胁迫程度的逐渐增大,摩西球囊霉对植物根系的侵染率降低,当盐浓度达到9%o时菌根侵染率骤降,该浓度对摩西球囊霉菌根生理机能产生重要影响,12%o可看做丛枝菌根耐盐极限浓度。菌根能增强植物耐盐性,摩西球囊霉菌根能增加三叶草对Na+的吸收量,抑制盐分向上部运输,降低Na+相对含量,改善植株体内的离子平衡。混合菌剂在侵染能力和对生长促进作用方面都比单菌种好,多菌种间存在竞争关系,但在营养充足的情况下可产生互补功能。
二、对传统石膏改良盐碱土壤的理论及改良深度进行补充。将0-80cm土层分为0-20cm、20-40cm、40-60cm、60-80cm层4个层次,对石膏与盐碱土混合土柱中发生的化学反应和各种离子去向进行具体探讨,并确定最优土壤改良深度。研究3种含钙工业废弃物脱硫石膏、柠檬酸渣和粉煤灰改良盐碱地土壤的效果。结果表明：石膏改良盐碱土主要体现在难溶性盐类的生成和对碱性离子的置换上,结合大面积改良的可操作性及成本等其他因素,最终确定石膏改良层以40cm深度为宜。粉煤灰、柠檬酸渣、脱硫石膏能降低土壤PH和ESP,缓解土壤的碱化情况,同时还要注意与灌溉措施相结合,完善灌排渠道才能发挥改良材料的最大效能。
三、对野外滨海盐碱造林地中施入脱硫石膏、粉煤灰、柠檬酸渣、磁化肥、生物有机肥和普通化肥改良盐碱地综合效果效果进行对比研究。将改良后的土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤全盐、有机质及植物光合参数等多个指标进行主成分分析。结果表明：从改良盐碱地和促进绒毛白蜡生长的综合程度看,磁化肥效果>生物肥>粉煤灰>柠檬酸渣>石膏>化肥。化肥不具备改良土壤的作用,盐碱地中大量使用可加重土壤盐害毒害作用。滨海盐碱地施肥中要结合改良材料,变废为宝,多施磁化肥、有机肥和农家肥,尽量少用化肥。
四、研究铺设隔盐层、构筑集雨工程、设置防侧渗隔板和布置表面覆盖4项滨海盐碱地造林技术及造林效果。结果表明：在滨海盐碱地造林时树穴底部设炉渣隔盐层,可以隔断毛管力,疏导水分,达到降盐、冼盐、隔盐的目的,减轻过量土壤盐分对植物的毒害作用,促进植物的成活和生长。构筑集雨工程可增加单位面积降雨量,对造林树种的成活和生长有显著影响。防侧渗隔板增加隔板内土壤水分入渗量,处理下白蜡具有良好的适应性,生长旺盛。表面覆盖层有良好的保墒作用,调节浅层土壤温度的变化,对土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾都有一定补偿能力。
五、依托近4年理论研究成果,结合传统生物有机肥料加工工艺,顺应市场需求,发明新型肥料,实现科技成果转化。参考传统磁化肥生产工艺,合理调整粉煤灰和硫铁矿灰的比例,强化粉煤灰和硫铁矿灰中铁磁物质的磁功能,调整N、P、K肥和微量元素含量,紧紧围绕土壤改良中离子交换、磁性、微生物、有机质和微量元素5大要素,制造出具有改良盐碱土和提供肥效双重功能的盐碱地专用肥料。肥效试验结果表明：该肥料可以改善土壤物理化学性状,增加土壤团粒结构,影响土壤微生物微环境,有效提高植物对营养元素的吸收,提高其他肥料利用率、作物的产量和品质。
It is a very difficult work for the improvement and afforestation in coastal saline-alkali land.This article was combined with reducing environment pollution, Promoting the use of renewable resources, exploring method of the improvement and afforestation in coastal saline-alkali land, by the means of theory and practice and take example by a large amount of research achievements at home and abroad to provide material support and technical reference for construction of ecological environment and the recycling of several calcium containing industrial wastes.The study area locates at the sets the eco and tech development of Cangzhou Herbei. The main research contents are as follows:
First of all, the effection of Glomus mosseae improves the salt resistance of Trifolium riverdel and the salt tolerance by Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and the mixed fungi of them were studied. The results showed that:the infection rate of Glomus mosseae had been reduced with the gradually increasing of single salt stress; the Physiology of Glomus mosseae had been influenced seriously by salinity of 9‰; the Na+ absorption of Trifolium riverdel was increased by Glomus mosseae, most of them was gathered at the underground part thus the relative content of Na+was reduced, so the ionic equilibrium of the plant was improved; the effect of infection rate and growing by mixed fungi were better; though there were competitive relationships with different fungi, it would be complementary effect with sufficient nutrient.
Secondly, the traditional theory and depth of gesso improved the soil were added,0-20 cm, 20-40 cm,40-60 cm,60-80 cm layers of 0-80 cm layers were divided and to be the designed improved layer, chemical reactions and various ions of the mixed soil column with quantitative gypsum were discussed to determined the optimal soil improvement depth. On this basis, the improvement effect of saline-alkali soil with three calcium industrial waste desulfurization gypsum, citric acid slag and fly ash were researched to propose the optimal Scheme. The results indicated that soil amelioration of Gesso to saline-alkali was mainly reflected on the replacement of alkaline ion and the generation of hard dissolved salts; improved result was bad when the improved level was shallow, while the greater number of reacted magnesium would also weaken the improvement effect and when it was deeper, so the advisable depth of gesso modified layer was 30-50 cm, considering other factors; soil PH and ESP could be reduced by fly ash, citric acid slag and desulfurization gypsum, alleviated the alkaline soil meanwhile combine with irrigation measures and must be paid attention to and the most efficiency would be expressed in 40 cm soil column.
Thirdly, the comprehensive effect of desulfurization gypsum, fly ash, citric acid slag, magnetic fertilizer, biological organic fertilizer and common fertilizer to the improvement of saline-alkali land was studied. Multiple index after improved such as soil moisture content, soil bulk density, soil organic matter, soil salt and plant PHotosynthesis parameters were reduced to a few irrelevant comprehensive factors to be principal component analysis. The result showed that magnetic fertilizer> biological fertilizer>fly ash>citric acid slag>desulfurization gypsum>chemical fertilizer from the aspects of improved effect. All of desulfurization gypsum, fly ash and citric acid slag could improve soil and promote plant growth. The chemical fertilizer does not have the function of soil improvement, and extensive use of it can aggravate some harmful toxic effects of saline-alkali soil. So soil fertilization of coastal saline-alkali should be combined with improved materials, turned the waste into treasure.more magnetic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and manure should be used, while minimized the use of chemical fertilizers.
Fourth, improvement of coastal saline soil and afforestation effects of 4 key afforestation technology such as rainwater harvesting project, clapboard of preventing side permeability and surface coverage technology were compared. The results indicated that with salt-isolated layer toxic effects of soil salinity on plant could be reduced to promote survival and growth of plant. Per unit area of rainfall was increased by rainwater harvesting project which had a significant impact on survival and growth of plants. The amount of soil water infiltration was increased by clapboard of preventing side permeability which was helpful for salt-leaching, and tamarix grew better.surface coverage technology had better conservation function, meanwhile it had certain compensation ability of soil total nitrogen, PHosPHorus and rapidly-available potassium
Fifth, Relying on four years research, combined with the traditional fertilizer processing technology and the market demand, a new fertilizers was invented which realize the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.This new type of fertilizer referenced traditional magnetic fertilizer production process which closely around the ion exchange, magnetism, microorganism, organic matter and trace elements, thus it had double action of improving the soil and providing the effectiveness. The results showed that:unreasonable structure, lack of trace element, biological activities and fertility insufficiency were overcome by the new fertilizer on the market at present. So the fertilizer could improve soil PHysical and chemical properties, increase the soil structure group, affect the soil microbial environmental, effectively improve the plant absorption of nutrition, the fertilizer utilization ratio and crop yield which has the better benefits of economic, social and ecological.
引文
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