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下扬子地区早古生代前陆盆地与油气前景分析
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摘要
下扬子地区晚奥陶世开始发生了剧烈的岩相古地理的变化,并沉积了巨厚的上奥陶统-志留系碎屑岩,覆盖于下伏碳酸盐岩台地之上。该套地层的沉积时代与华南早古生代造山时间相当,进一步确定该期盆地的性质和沉积演化过程对研究华南早古生代盆山关系和构造背景具有重要的意义。研究区在中、新生代经历了多期的叠加和改造,详细的分析每一期构造的性质、影响范围不仅对认识该区的构造格局有重要作用,而且对该区的油气勘探具有指导意义。
     本文以盆地为主线,首先通过锆石定年探讨华南早古生代造山带的时代,确定下扬子地区早古生代盆地沉积的区域构造背景;其次根据沉积厚度的变化、盆地沉降过程和碎屑锆石物源分析等探讨前陆盆地的发育和演化过程;然后以构造解析为手段研究下扬子地区早古生代前陆盆地在中、新生代的构造改造;最后以石油地质理论为指导,综合分析该区的油气成藏条件和页岩气勘探前景。
     利用锆石La-ICPMS定年测定了八都群和陈蔡群基底变质岩的变质年龄为453-442Ma,同构造花岗岩慈竹、金溪岩体年龄为分别为450Ma和430Ma左右。综合华南变质岩和同构造花岗岩已有数据和盆地研究资料得出华南早古生代造山作用主要发生在455-425Ma,与世界上典型加里东造山带形成的时间相当;基于上述认识和华南缺少泛非运动这一事实,提出华南在志留纪可能与加里东造山带相邻,并以古地磁资料为约束,将华南置于格林兰北部或挪威北部。
     基于地层对比、地层厚度、沉积相变化、沉积过程和碎屑锆石物源分析,确定了下扬子晚奥陶世-志留纪盆地是受华南早古生代造山控制形成的前陆盆地,其前渊拗陷位于浙北皖南,前缘隆起位于沿江一带,苏北地区为隆后拗陷;碎屑锆石定年数据表明前陆盆地的物源主要有五个年龄峰,即2500Ma,1800-2100Ma,900-1200Ma,740-860Ma和425-460Ma,其中前三个年龄峰的物源主要来自武夷山元古界-奥陶纪系的再旋回沉积,后两个年龄峰对应于武夷山新元古代的岩浆事件和早古生代的造山事件,并且最年轻的锆石为志留纪茅山组的沉积时代提供了一个约束;根据厚度分布、沉积相特征和物源变化可以将前陆盆地的演化分为晚奥陶世欠充填阶段、早志留世鲁丹期-特里奇早期充填阶段和特里奇晚期过充填阶段。
     根据不整合面分布、地层接触关系和断陷盆地的发育,得出下扬子地区早古生代前陆盆地在中新生代主要经历了晚三叠世、中晚侏罗世两期挤压和晚白垩世-古近纪的一期伸展断陷,早期的挤压由北西向南东,主要分布在长江沿岸以北地区,晚期的挤压由南东向北西,主要分布在长江以南地区,二者在长江沿岸地区形成对冲带;结合区域构造演化将下扬子盆地分为七个构造层,从下至上分别是震旦系-中奥陶统、上奥陶统-志留系、上古生界-中三叠统、上三叠统-中下侏罗统、上侏罗统-下白垩统构造层、上白垩统-古近系构造层和新近系-第四系构造层;依据变形的基本特征和变形期次的差异,将研究区分为10个构造单元,分别是江南褶皱带、江阴-无锡滑脱褶皱带、常州-宣城断陷盆地带、茅山褶皱冲断带、南陵-句容断陷盆地带、宁镇褶皱冲断带、铜陵-繁昌褶皱带、沿江盆地带、滁州-宿松褶皱带和苏北盆地。
     该区早古生代发育下寒武统和上奥陶统-下志留统两套黑色页岩,二者具有厚度大、分布广、有机碳含量较高、有机质成熟度高、处于生气阶段等特点,具有非常好的页岩气勘探前景,特别是江阴-无锡滑脱褶皱带构造相对稳定,下古生界成藏条件优越,是油气勘探特别是页岩气勘探的有利区带。
Great changes of lithofacies and paleogeography occurred in the Lower Yangtze region during late Ordovician and Silurian, and thick siliciclastic was deposited and covered on the previous carbonate platform. The deposition was coeval with the orogenic event in South china, so study the type of the basin and its evolution has great importance to understand the relationship between the orogenic and basin, as well as the whole tectonic setting. Complex structures were formed in the study area due to multiple phases of compression and extension during Mesozoic and Cenozoic. To analyze the feature and extent of each tectonic event is the key to understand the structure features and also beneficial for the hydrocarbon exploration.
     The thesis is focused on the basin formation and evolution. First of all, the method of zircon dating was used to analyze the timing of the orogenic event, in order to study the tectonic setting of the basin; second, comprehensive analyses of sediment thickness, subsidence process and detrital zircon provenance were carried out to study the development and evolution of the foreland basin; and then influence of Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic events on the foreland basin was studied in detail; finally, the elements of hydrocarbon and shale gas were evaluated from the aspects of source rocks, reservoir, seal and plays.
     Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the Badu and Chencai group were metamorphosed at about453-442Ma, and the syntectonic granites of Jinxi and Cizu were emplaced at about450Ma and430Ma respectively. Combined with available data of other metamorphic rocks and syntectonic granites as well as information about basin evolution, it is suggested that orogenic ativity mainly took place during455-425Ma, which was nearly coeval with the Caledonian orogeny. Based on above information and absent Pan-Africa orogeny in South China,1tentatively proposed that South China was near the Caledonian orogeny in Silurian, and place it to the north of the Greenland or the north of Scandinavian.
     According to the analyses of strata correlation, thickness, sedimentary facies, subsidence and detrital zircon provenance, it is confirmed that the basin in the lower Yangtze region was a foreland basin during late Ordovician to Silurian, which was controlled by the early Paleozoic orogeny in South China. The foredeep was located in North Zhejiang and South Anhui, the forebulge along the Yangtze River, and the backbulge in the north of Jiangsu Provenance. Detrital zircon dating indicates the provenance of the foreland basin has five age populations,2500Ma,1800-2100Ma,900-1200Ma,40-860Ma and425-460Ma. The former three populations were derived from the recycling of the Proterozoic and early Paleozoic rocks in the orogenic belt, and the later two correlated well with the Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic tectonic events, respectively. The youngest age of425Ma provided an age constrain for the timing of the foreland basin development. Combined with sedimentary features and provenance changes, it is proposed that the foreland basin was in underfilled stage during late Ordovician, filled stage in Llandovery, and overfilled stage in Wenlock.
     It is revealed that the foreland basin has experienced two phases of compression during late Triassic and middle to late Jurassic and one phase of extension in late Cretaceous and Paleogene since it formed, according to the distribution of unconformity, the contact relationship of strata and rift basin development. The first compression was from NW toward SE and mainly influenced the area of north Yangtze River, while the late compression was from SE toward NW and mainly influenced the area in the south of Yangtze river. The formation of the basin can be divided into seven tectonic sequences, and from bottom to top they are Sinian-middle Ordovician, upper Ordovician-Silurian, upper Paleozoic-middle Triassic, upper Triassic-middle Jurassic, upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous, upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Neogene-Quaternary; according to deformation style and timing, ten tectonic units are divided, including Jiangnan belt, Jiangyin-Wuxi detachment folds, Changzhou-Xuancheng rift, Maoshan thrust belts, Nanling-Jurong rift, Niangzhen thrust belts, Tongling-Fanchang thrust belt, Chuzhou-Susong thrust belts and Subei rift basin.
     Studies of source rocks, reservoir, seals and accumulation conditions of hydrocarbon reveal that the black shales of lower Cambrian and upper Ordovician-lower Silurian are thick, wide distribution, high in total organic carbon, and matured enough, which are favourable for shale gas exploration, and the Jiangyin-Wuxi area is the prospect play for the relatively simple structures.
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